Internet DRAFT - draft-ietf-urnbis-rfc3406bis-urn-ns-reg
draft-ietf-urnbis-rfc3406bis-urn-ns-reg
URNBIS P. Saint-Andre
Internet-Draft &yet
Obsoletes: 3406 (if approved) February 12, 2014
Intended status: Best Current Practice
Expires: August 16, 2014
Uniform Resource Name (URN) Namespace Definition Mechanisms
draft-ietf-urnbis-rfc3406bis-urn-ns-reg-09
Abstract
This document supplements the Uniform Resource Name (URN) syntax
specification by defining the concept of a URN namespace, as well as
mechanisms for defining and registering such namespaces. This
document obsoletes RFC 3406.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
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Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on August 16, 2014.
Copyright Notice
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document authors. All rights reserved.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. What is a URN Namespace? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4. URN Namespace Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.1. Formal Namespaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.2. Informal Namespaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5. Defining a URN Namespace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5.1. Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5.2. Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.3. Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.4. Security and Privacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.5. Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6. Registration Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6.1. Namespace ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6.2. Version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6.3. Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6.4. Registrant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6.5. Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6.6. Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6.7. Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6.8. Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6.9. Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
7. Registering a URN Namespace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
7.1. Formal Namespaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
7.2. Informal Namespaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
8. Guidelines for Designated Experts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
9. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
10. Security and Privacy Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
11. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
11.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
11.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Appendix A. Changes from RFC 3406 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Appendix B. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Appendix C. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1. Introduction
A Uniform Resource Name (URN) [I-D.ietf-urnbis-rfc2141bis-urn] is a
Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) [RFC3986] that is intended to serve
as a persistent, location-independent resource identifier. This
document supplements the Uniform Resource Name (URN) syntax
specification [I-D.ietf-urnbis-rfc2141bis-urn] by defining:
1. The concept of a URN namespace.
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2. A mechanism for defining a URN namespace and associating it with
a public identifier (called a Namespace ID or "NID").
3. Procedures for registering NIDs with the Internet Assigned
Numbers Authority (IANA).
Syntactically, the NID follows the 'urn' scheme name. For instance,
a URN in the 'example' namespace [RFC6963] might be of the form
"urn:example:foo".
This document rests on two key assumptions:
1. Assignment of a URN is a managed process.
A string that conforms to the URN syntax is not necessarily a
valid URN, because a URN needs to be assigned according to the
rules of a particular namespace (in terms of syntax, semantics,
and process).
2. The space of URN namespaces is itself managed.
A string in the namespace identifier slot of the URN syntax is
not necessarily a valid URN namespace identifier, because in
order to be valid a namespace needs to be defined and registered
in accordance with the rules of this document.
URN namespaces were originally defined in [RFC2611], which was
obsoleted by [RFC3406]. Based on experience with defining and
registering URN namespaces since that time, this document specifies
URN namespaces with the smallest reasonable set of changes from
[RFC3406], while at the same time simplifying the registration
process. This document obsoletes RFC 3406.
2. Terminology
Several important terms used in this document are defined in the URN
syntax specification [I-D.ietf-urnbis-rfc2141bis-urn].
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
[RFC2119].
3. What is a URN Namespace?
A URN namespace is a collection of identifiers that are (1) unique,
(2) assigned in a consistent way, and (3) assigned according to a
common definition.
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1. The "uniqueness" constraint means that an identifier within the
namespace is never assigned to more than one resource and never
reassigned to a different resource, even if the identifier itself
is deprecated or becomes obsolete.
2. The "consistent assignment" constraint means that an identifier
within the namespace is assigned by an organization or created in
accordance with a process or algorithm that is always followed.
3. The "common definition" constraint means that there are clear
definitions for the syntax of identifiers within the namespace
and the process of assigning or creating them.
A URN namespace is identified by a particular NID in order to ensure
the global uniqueness of URNs and, optionally, to provide a cue
regarding the structure of URNs assigned within a namespace.
With regard to global uniqueness, using different NIDs for different
collections of identifiers ensures that no two URNs will be the same
for different resources, since each collection is required to
uniquely assign each identifier. However, a single resource can have
more than one URN assigned to it for different purposes (e.g., some
numbers might be valid identifiers in two different identifier
systems, where the namespace identifier differentiates between the
resulting URNs).
With regard to the structure of URNs assigned within a namespace, the
development of an identifier structure (and thereby a collection of
identifiers) depends on the requirements of the community defining
the identifiers, how the identifiers will be assigned and used, etc.
These issues are beyond the scope of URN syntax and the general rules
for URN namespaces, because they are specific to the community
defining a namespace (e.g., the bibliographic and publishing
communities in the case of the 'ISBN' and 'ISSN' namespaces, or the
developers of extensions to the Extensible Messaging and Presence
Protocol in the case of the 'XMPP' namespace).
URN namespaces inherit certain rights and responsibilities by the
nature of URNs [I-D.ietf-urnbis-rfc2141bis-urn], e.g.:
1. They uphold the general principles of a well-managed URN
namespace by providing persistent identification of resources and
unique assignment of identifier strings.
2. They can be registered in global registration services.
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4. URN Namespace Types
There are two types of URN namespace: formal and informal. These are
distinguished by the expected level of service, the information
needed to define the namespace, and the procedures for registration.
Because the majority of the namespaces registered so far have been
formal, this document concentrates on formal namespaces.
Note: [RFC3406] defined a third type of "experimental namespaces",
denoted by prefixing the namespace identifier with the string "X-".
Consistent with [RFC6648], this specification removes the
experimental category. Because experimental namespaces were never
registered, removing the experimental category has no impact on the
existing registries or future registration procedures.
4.1. Formal Namespaces
A formal namespace provides benefit to some subset of users on the
Internet (e.g., it would not make sense for a formal namespace to be
used only by a community or network that is not connected to the
Internet). For example, it would be inappropriate for a NID to
effectively force someone to use a proprietary network or service not
open to the general Internet user. The intent is that, while the
community of those who might actively use the names assigned within
that NID might be small, the potential use of identifiers within that
NID is open to any user on the Internet. Formal NIDs might be
appropriate when some aspects are not fully open. For example, a
namespace might make use of a fee-based, privately managed, or
proprietary registry for assignment of URNs in the namespace.
However, it might still benefit some Internet users if the associated
services have openly-published access protocols.
An organization that will assign URNs within a formal namespace ought
to meet the following criteria:
1. Organizational stability and the ability to maintain the URN
namespace for a long time; absent such evidence, it ought to be
clear how the namespace can remain viable if the organization can
no longer maintain the namespace.
2. Competency in name assignment. This will improve the likelihood
of persistence (e.g. to minimize the likelihood of conflicts).
3. Commitment to not reassigning existing names and to allowing old
names to continue to be valid, even if the owners or assignees of
those names are no longer members or customers of that
organization. With regard to URN resolution [RFC2276], this does
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not mean that there needs to be resolution of such names, only
that the names will not resolve to false or stale information.
A formal namespace establishes a particular NID, subject to the
following constraints (above and beyond the syntax rules specified in
[I-D.ietf-urnbis-rfc2141bis-urn]):
1. It MUST NOT be an already-registered NID.
2. It MUST NOT start with "urn-" (which is reserved for informal
namespaces).
3. It MUST be more than two characters long.
4. It MUST NOT start with "aa-", where "aa" is any combination of
two ASCII letters.
5. It MUST NOT start with the string "xn--", which is reserved for
potential representation of DNS A-labels in the future [RFC5890].
All two-letter combinations, and all two-letter combinations followed
by "-" and any sequence of valid NID characters, are reserved for
potential use as countrycode-based NIDs for eventual national
registrations of URN namespaces. The definition and scoping of rules
for allocation of responsibility for such countrycode-based
namespaces is beyond the scope of this document.
4.2. Informal Namespaces
Informal namespaces are full-fledged URN namespaces, with all the
associated rights and responsibilities. Informal namespaces differ
from formal namespaces in the process for assigning a NID: for an
informal namespace, the registrant does not designate the NID;
instead, IANA assigns a NID consisting of the string 'urn-' followed
by one or more digits (e.g., "urn-7") where the digits consist of the
next available number in the sequence of positive integers assigned
to informal namespaces. Thus the syntax of an informal namespace is:
"urn-" <number>
The only restrictions on <number> are that it (1) consist strictly of
ASCII digits and (2) not cause the NID to exceed the length
limitations defined in the URN syntax specification
[I-D.ietf-urnbis-rfc2141bis-urn].
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5. Defining a URN Namespace
The definition of a formal namespace ought to pay particular
attention to:
1. The purpose of the namespace.
2. The syntax of URNs assigned within the namespace.
3. The process for assigning URNs within the namespace.
4. The security implications of assigning and using the assigned
URNs.
5. Optionally, the process for resolving URNs issued within the
namepace.
The following sections explain these matters in greater detail. For
convenience, a template for defining and registering a URN namespace
is provided under Section 6. This information can be especially
helpful to entities that wish to request assignment of a URN in a
namespace and to entities that wish to provide URN resolution for a
namespace.
5.1. Purpose
The "Purpose" section of the template describes matters such as:
1. The kinds of resources identified by URNs assigned within the
namespace.
2. Why it is preferable to use URNs rather than some other
technology (e.g., URIs) and why no existing URN namespace is a
good fit.
3. The kinds of software applications that can use or resolve the
assigned URNs (e.g., by differentiating among disparate
namespaces, identifying resources in a persistent fashion, or
meaningfully resolving and accessing services associated with the
namespace).
4. The scope of the namespace (public vs. private, global vs. local
to a particular organization, nation, or industry). For example,
a namespace claiming to deal in "national identification numbers"
ought to have a global scope and address all identity number
structures, whereas a URN scheme for a particular national
identification number system would need to handle only the
structure for that nation's identity numbers.
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5. How the intended community (and the Internet community at large)
will benefit from using or resolving the assigned URNs.
5.2. Syntax
The "Syntax" section of the template describes:
1. A description of the structure of URNs within the namespace, in
conformance with the fundamental URN syntax
[I-D.ietf-urnbis-rfc2141bis-urn]. The structure might be
described in terms of a formal definition (e.g., using Augmented
BNF for Syntax Specifications (ABNF) as specified in [RFC5234]),
an algorithm for generating conformant URNs, a regular expression
for parsing the identifier into components, or by explaining that
the structure is opaque.
2. Any special character encoding rules for assigned URNs (e.g.,
which character ought to always be used for single-quotes).
3. Rules for determining equivalence between two identifiers in the
namespace. Such rules ought to always have the effect of
eliminating false negatives that might otherwise result from
comparison. If it is appropriate and helpful, reference can be
made to the equivalence rules defined in the URI specification
[RFC3986]. Examples of equivalence rules include equivalence
between uppercase and lowercase characters in the Namespace
Specific String, between hyphenated and non-hyphenated groupings
in the identifier string, or between single-quotes and double-
quotes. (Note that these are not normative statements for any
kind of best practice related to handling of equivalences between
characters in general; they are statements limited to one
particular namespace only.)
4. Any special considerations necessary for conforming with the URN
syntax. This is particularly applicable in the case of legacy
naming systems that are used in the context of URNs. For
example, if a namespace is used in contexts other than URNs, it
might make use of characters that are reserved in the URN syntax.
This section ought to note any such characters, and outline
necessary mappings to conform to URN syntax. Normally, this will
be handled by percent-encoding the character as specified in the
URI specification [RFC3986].
5.3. Assignment
The "Assignment" section of the template describes matters such as:
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1. Mechanisms or authorities for assigning URNs to resources. It
ought to make clear whether assignment is completely open (e.g.,
following a particular algorithm), completely closed (e.g., for a
private organization), or limited in various ways (e.g.,
delegated to authorities recognized by a particular
organization); if limited, it ought to explain how to become an
assigner of identifiers or how to request assignemtn of
identifers from existing assignment authorities.
2. Methods for ensuring that URNs within the namespace are unique.
For example, identifiers might be assigned sequentially or in
accordance with some well-defined process by a single authority,
assignment might be partitioned among delegated authorities that
are individually responsible for respecting uniqueness rules, or
URNs might be created independently following an algorithm that
itself guarantees uniqueness.
5.4. Security and Privacy
The "Security" section of the template describes any potential issues
related to security and privacy with regard to assignment, use, and
resolution of identifiers within the namespace. Examples of such
issues include the consequences of producing false negatives and
false positives during comparison for equivalence (see also
[RFC6943]), leakage of private information when identifiers are
communicated on the public Internet, the potential for directory
harvesting, and various issues discussed in the guidelines for
security considerations in RFCs [RFC3552] and the privacy
considerations for Internet protocols [RFC6973].
5.5. Resolution
The "Resolution" section specifies the rules for resolution of URNs
assigned within the namespace. If such URNs are intended to be
resolvable, the namespace needs to be registered in a Resolution
Discovery System (RDS, see [RFC2276]) such as DDDS. Resolution then
proceeds according to standard URI resolution processes, as well as
the mechanisms of the RDS. This section ought to lists the
requirements for becoming a recognized resolver of URNs in the
relevant namespace (and being so listed in the RDS registry).
Answers might include, but are not limited to:
1. The namespace is not listed with an RDS; therefore this section
is not applicable.
2. Resolution mirroring is completely open, with a mechanism for
updating an appropriate RDS.
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3. Resolution is controlled by entities to which assignment has been
delegated.
6. Registration Template
6.1. Namespace ID
Requested of IANA (formal) or assigned by IANA (informal).
6.2. Version
The version of the registration, starting with 1 and incrementing by
1 with each new version.
6.3. Date
The date when the registration is requested of IANA, using the format
YYYY-MM-DD.
6.4. Registrant
The person or organization that has registered the NID, including the
following information:
o The name and address of the registering organization.
o The name and contact information (email, phone number, and/or
postal address) of the designated contact person.
6.5. Purpose
Described under Section 5.1 of this document.
6.6. Syntax
Described under Section 5.2 of this document.
6.7. Assignment
Described under Section 5.3 of this document.
6.8. Resolution
Described under Section 5.5 of this document.
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6.9. Documentation
A pointer to an RFC, a specification published by another standards
development organization, or another stable document that provides
further information about the namespace.
7. Registering a URN Namespace
7.1. Formal Namespaces
The registration policy for formal namespaces is Expert Review as
defined in the "IANA Considerations" document [RFC5226]. The key
steps for registration of a formal namespace are:
1. Fill out the namespace registration template (see Section 6).
This can be done as part of an Internet-Draft or a specification
in another series, although that is not necessary.
2. Send the completed template to the urn-nid@ietf.org discussion
list for review.
3. If necessary to address comments received, repeat steps 1 and 2.
4. If the designated experts approve the request, the IANA will
register the requested NID.
A formal namespace registration can be revised by updating the
registration template, following the same steps outlined above for
new registrations. A revised registration should making special note
of any relevant changes in the underlying technologies or namespace
management processes.
7.2. Informal Namespaces
The registration policy for informal namespaces is First Come First
Served [RFC5226]. The key steps for registration of an informal
namespace are:
1. Write a completed namespace definition template (see Section 6).
2. Send it to the urn-nid@ietf.org discussion list for feedback.
3. Once the review period has expired, send the final template to
IANA (via the iana@iana.org email address).
An informal namespace registration can be revised by updating the
registration template, following the same steps outlined above for
new registrations.
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8. Guidelines for Designated Experts
Experience to date with NID registration requests has shown that
registrants sometimes do not initially understand some of the
subtleties of URN namespaces, and that defining the namespace in the
form of a specification enables the registrants to clearly formulate
their "contract" with the intended user community. Therefore,
although the registration policy for formal namespaces is Expert
Review and a stable specification is not strictly required, the
designated experts for NID registration requests ought to encourage
applicants to provide a stable specification documenting the
namespace definition.
Naming can be difficult and contentious; the designated experts and
applicants are strongly encouraged to work together in a spirit of
good faith and mutual understanding to achieve rough consensus on
progressing registrations through the process. They are also
encouraged to bring additional expertise into the discussion if that
would be helpful in adding perspective or otherwise resolving issues.
9. IANA Considerations
This document outlines the processes for registering URN namespaces,
and has implications for the IANA in terms of registries to be
maintained. In all cases, the IANA ought to assign the appropriate
NID (formal or informal) once the procedures outlined in this
document have been completed.
10. Security and Privacy Considerations
This document largely focuses on providing mechanisms for the
declaration of public information. Nominally, these declarations
will be of relatively low security profile, however there is always
the danger of "spoofing" and providing misinformation. Information
in these declarations ought to be taken as advisory.
The definition of a URN namespace needs to account for potential
security and privacy issues related to assignment, use, and
resolution of identifiers within the namespace.
11. References
11.1. Normative References
[I-D.ietf-urnbis-rfc2141bis-urn]
Saint-Andre, P., Ed., "Uniform Resource Name (URN)
Syntax", draft-ietf-urnbis-rfc2141bis-urn-07 (work in
progress), January 2014.
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[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC3986] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66, RFC
3986, January 2005.
[RFC5226] Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 5226,
May 2008.
11.2. Informative References
[RFC2276] Sollins, K., "Architectural Principles of Uniform Resource
Name Resolution", RFC 2276, January 1998.
[RFC2611] Daigle, L., van Gulik, D., Iannella, R., and P. Faltstrom,
"URN Namespace Definition Mechanisms", BCP 33, RFC 2611,
June 1999.
[RFC3406] Daigle, L., van Gulik, D., Iannella, R., and P. Faltstrom,
"Uniform Resource Names (URN) Namespace Definition
Mechanisms", BCP 66, RFC 3406, October 2002.
[RFC3552] Rescorla, E. and B. Korver, "Guidelines for Writing RFC
Text on Security Considerations", BCP 72, RFC 3552, July
2003.
[RFC5234] Crocker, D. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234, January 2008.
[RFC5890] Klensin, J., "Internationalized Domain Names for
Applications (IDNA): Definitions and Document Framework",
RFC 5890, August 2010.
[RFC6648] Saint-Andre, P., Crocker, D., and M. Nottingham,
"Deprecating the "X-" Prefix and Similar Constructs in
Application Protocols", BCP 178, RFC 6648, June 2012.
[RFC6943] Thaler, D., "Issues in Identifier Comparison for Security
Purposes", RFC 6943, May 2013.
[RFC6963] Saint-Andre, P., "A Uniform Resource Name (URN) Namespace
for Examples", BCP 183, RFC 6963, May 2013.
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[RFC6973] Cooper, A., Tschofenig, H., Aboba, B., Peterson, J.,
Morris, J., Hansen, M., and R. Smith, "Privacy
Considerations for Internet Protocols", RFC 6973, July
2013.
Appendix A. Changes from RFC 3406
This document makes the following substantive changes from [RFC3406]:
1. Relaxes the registration policy for formal namespaces from "IETF
Review" to "Expert Review" [RFC5226].
2. Removes the category of experimental namespaces, consistent with
[RFC6648].
3. Simplifies the registration template.
In addition, some of the text has been updated to be consistent with
the definition of Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) [RFC3986] and
the processes for registering information with the IANA [RFC5226], as
well as more modern guidance with regard to security issues [RFC3552]
and identifier comparison [RFC6943].
Appendix B. Contributors
RFC 3406, which provided the basis for this document, was authored by
Leslie Daigle, Dirk-Willem van Gulik, Renato Iannella, and Patrik
Faltstrom. Their work is gratefully acknowledged.
Appendix C. Acknowledgements
Thanks to Marc Blanchet, Juha Hakala, Paul Jones, John Klensin, and
Barry Leiba for their input.
Author's Address
Peter Saint-Andre
&yet
Email: ietf@stpeter.im
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