Internet DRAFT - draft-jeong-i2nsf-security-management-automation
draft-jeong-i2nsf-security-management-automation
I2NSF Working Group J. Jeong, Ed.
Internet-Draft P. Lingga
Intended status: Informational Sungkyunkwan University
Expires: 10 August 2024 J. Park
ETRI
D. Lopez
Telefonica I+D
S. Hares
Huawei
7 February 2024
Security Management Automation of Cloud-Based Security Services in I2NSF
Framework
draft-jeong-i2nsf-security-management-automation-07
Abstract
This document describes Security Management Automation (SMA) of
cloud-based security services in the framework of Interface to
Network Security Functions (I2NSF). The security management
automation in this document deals with closed-loop security control,
security policy translation, and security audit. To support these
three features in SMA, this document specifies an augmented
architecture of the I2NSF framework with new system components and
new interfaces.
Status of This Memo
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This Internet-Draft will expire on 10 August 2024.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2024 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
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Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
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Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Security Management Automation in I2NSF Framework . . . . . . 4
3.1. Components with I2NSF Framework for Security Management
Automation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.2. Interfaces with SMA-Based I2NSF Framework . . . . . . . . 5
4. Security Policy Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5. Security Audit System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
8.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
8.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Appendix A. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Appendix B. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Appendix C. Changes from
draft-jeong-i2nsf-security-management-automation-06 . . . 15
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1. Introduction
Interface to Network Security Functions (I2NSF) defines a framework
and interfaces for interacting with Network Security Functions (NSFs)
[RFC8192][RFC8329]. Note that an NSF is defined as software that
provides a set of security-related services, such as (i) detecting
unwanted activity, (ii) blocking or mitigating the effect of such
unwanted activity in order to fulfill service requirements, and (iii)
supporting communication stream integrity and confidentiality
[RFC8329]. The NSF can be implemented as a Virtual Network Function
(VNF) in a Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) environment
[ETSI-NFV][I-D.ietf-i2nsf-applicability].
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This document describes Security Management Automation (SMA) of
cloud-based security services in the I2NSF framework. The security
management automation includes closed-loop security control, security
policy translation, and security audit. This document specifies an
augmented architecture of the I2NSF framework for the SMA services
with new system components and new interfaces.
For reliable management for networked security services, this
document proposes a network management and verification facility
using a secuirty audit system (e.g., remote attestation and
blockchain [Bitcoin]). This security audit system can facilitate the
non-repudiation of configuration commands and monitoring data
generated in the I2NSF framework.
Therefore, with the security service automation, this document
facilitates the foundation of Intent-Based Networking (IBN) for
autonomous security services [RFC9315].
2. Terminology
This document uses the terminology described in [RFC8329] and
[I-D.ietf-i2nsf-applicability]. In addition, the following terms are
defined below:
* Security Management Automation (SMA): It means that a high-level
security policy from a user (or administrator) is well-enforced in
a target I2NSF system. The high-level security policy can be
translated into the corresponding low-level security policy by a
security policy translator and dispatched to appropriate NSFs.
Through the monitoring of the NSFs, the activity and performace of
the NSFs is monitored and analyzed. If needed, the security rules
of the low-level security policy are augmented or new security
rules are generated and configured to appropriate NSFs.
* Security Policy Translation (SPT): It means that a high-level
security policy is translated to a low-level security policy that
can be understood and configured by an NSF for a specific security
service, such as firewall, web filter, deep packet inspection,
DDoS-attack mitigation, and anti-virus.
* Feedback-Based Security Management (FSM): It means that a security
service is evolved by updating a security policy (having security
rules) and adding new security rules for detected security attacks
by processing and analzing the monitoring data of NSFs.
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+------------+
| I2NSF User |
+------------+
^
| Consumer-Facing Interface
v
+-------------------+ Registration +-----------------------+
|Security Controller|<-------------------->|Developer's Mgmt System|
+-------------------+ Interface +-----------------------+
^ ^
| |
| | Analytics Interface +-----------------------+
| +------------------------>| I2NSF Analyzer |
| +-----------------------+
| NSF-Facing Interface ^ ^ ^
| | | |
| | | |
| +------------------------------+ | |
| | +-----------------------+ |
| | | Monitoring Interface |
v v v v
+----------------+ +---------------+ +-----------------------+
| NSF-1 |-| NSF-2 |...| NSF-n |
| (Firewall) | | (Web Filter) | |(DDoS-Attack Mitigator)|
+----------------+ +---------------+ +-----------------------+
Figure 1: Security Management Automation in I2NSF Framework
3. Security Management Automation in I2NSF Framework
This section summarizes the I2NSF framework as defined in [RFC8329].
As shown in Figure 1, an I2NSF User can use security functions by
delivering high-level security policies, which specify security
requirements that the I2NSF user wants to enforce, to the Security
Controller via the Consumer-Facing Interface (CFI)
[I-D.ietf-i2nsf-consumer-facing-interface-dm].
3.1. Components with I2NSF Framework for Security Management Automation
The following are the system components for the SMA-based I2NSF
framework.
* I2NSF User: An entity that delivers a high-level security policy
to Security Controller.
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* Security Controller: An entity that controls and manages other
system components in the I2NSF framework. It translates a high-
level security policy into the corresponding low-level security
policy and selects appropriate NSFs to execute the security rules
of the low-level security policy.
* Developer's Management System (DMS): An entity that provides an
image of of a virtualized NSF for a security service to the I2NSF
framework, and registers the capability and access information of
an NSF with Security Controller.
* Network Security Function (NSF): An entity that is a Virtual
Network Function (VNF) or Container Network Function (CNF), which
is called Cloud-native Network Function, for a specific network
security service such as firewall, web filter, deep packet
inspection, DDoS-attack mitigation, and anti-virus.
* I2NSF Analyzer: An entity that collects monitoring data from NSFs
and analyzes such data for checking the activity and performance
of the NSFs using machine learning techniques (e.g., Deep Learning
[Deep-Learning]). If there is a suspicious attack activity for
the target network or NSF, I2NSF Analyzer delivers a report of the
augmentation or generation of security rules to Security
Controller.
For SMA-based security services with Feedback-Based Security
Management (FSM), I2NSF Analyzer is required as a new I2NSF component
for the legacy I2NSF framework [RFC8329] to collect monitoring data
from NSFs and analyzing the monitoring data. The actual
implementation of the analysis of monitoring data is out of the scope
of this document.
3.2. Interfaces with SMA-Based I2NSF Framework
The following are the interfaces for the SMA-based I2NSF framework.
Note that the interfaces are modeled with YANG [RFC6020] and security
policies are delivered through either RESTCONF [RFC8040] or NETCONF
[RFC6241].
* Consumer-Facing Interface: An interface between I2NSF User and
Security Controller for the delivery of a high-level security
policy [I-D.ietf-i2nsf-consumer-facing-interface-dm].
* NSF-Facing Interface: An interface between Security Controller and
an NSF for the delivery of a low-level security policy
[I-D.ietf-i2nsf-nsf-facing-interface-dm].
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* Registration Interface: An interface between a DMS and Security
Controller for the registration of an NSF's capability and access
information with the Security Controller or the query of an NSF
for a required low-level security policy
[I-D.ietf-i2nsf-registration-interface-dm].
* Monitoring Interface: An interface between an NSF and I2NSF
Analyzer for collecting monitoring data from an NSF to check the
activity and performance of an NSF for a possible malicious
traffic [I-D.ietf-i2nsf-nsf-monitoring-data-model].
* Analytics Interface: An interface between I2NSF Analyzer and
Security Controller for the delivery of an analytics report of the
augmentation or generation of security rules to Security
Controller [I-D.lingga-i2nsf-analytics-interface-dm]. This
interface lets Security Controller get the report for security
rules to its security policy management.
For SMA-based security services with FSM, Analytics Interface is
required as a new I2NSF interface for the legacy I2NSF framework
[RFC8329] to deliver an analytics report of the augmentation or
generation of security rules to Security Controller through the
analysis of the monitoring data from NSFs.
4. Security Policy Translation
To facilitate Security Policy Translation (SPT), Security Controller
needs to have a security policy translator that performs the
translation of a high-level security policy into the corresponding
low-level security policy. For the automatic SPT services, the I2NSF
framework needs to bridge a high-level YANG data model and a low-
level YANG data model in an automatic manner [I-D.ietf-i2nsf-applicab
ility][I-D.yang-i2nsf-security-policy-translation]. Note that a
high-level YANG data model is for the I2NSF Consumer-Facing Interface
[I-D.ietf-i2nsf-consumer-facing-interface-dm], and a low-level YANG
data model is for the I2NSF NSF-Facing Interface
[I-D.ietf-i2nsf-nsf-facing-interface-dm].
Figure 2 shows automatic mapping of high-level and low-level data
models. Automatic Data Model Mapper takes a high-level YANG data
module for the Consumer-Facing Inteface and a low-level YANG data
module for the NSF-Facing Interface. It then constructs a mapping
table associating the data attributes (or variables) of the high-
level YANG data module with the corresponding data attributes (or
variables) of the low-level YANG data module. Also, it generates a
set of production rules of the grammar for the construction of an XML
file of low-level security policy rules.
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Figure 3 shows high-to-low security policy translation. A security
policy translator is a component of Security Controller. The
translator consists of three components such as Data Model Mapper,
Data Extractor, Data Converter, and Policy Generator.
High-level YANG Data Module Low-level YANG Data Module
| |
V V
+---------+------------------------------+---------+
| Policy Data Model Mapper |
+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
V
Data Model Mapping Table
Figure 2: Automatic Mapping of High-level and Low-level Data Models
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+--------------------------------------------------+
| I2NSF User |
+------------------------+-------------------------+
| Consumer-Facing Interface
|
High-level Security Policy
|
Security Controller V
+------------------------+--------------------------------+
| Security Policy | |
| Translator V |
| +---------------------+-----------------------------+ |
| | | | |
| | V | |
| | +-----+-----+ +----------+ | |
| | | Data | |Data Model| | |
| | | Extractor | | Mapper | | |
| | +-----+-----+ +----------+ | |
| | Extracted Data from | Mapping | | |
| | High-Level Policy V Model V | |
| | +-----+-----+ +----+---+ | |
| | | Data |<--------->| NSF DB | | |
| | | Converter | +--------+ | |
| | +-----+-----+ | |
| | | Required Data for | |
| | V Target NSFs | |
| | +--------+---------+ | |
| | | Policy Generator | | |
| | +--------+---------+ | |
| | | | |
| | V | |
| +---------------------+-----------------------------+ |
| | |
| V |
+------------------------+--------------------------------+
| NSF-Facing Interface
|
Low-level Security Policy
|
V
+------------------------+-------------------------+
| NSF(s) |
+--------------------------------------------------+
Figure 3: High-to-Low Security Policy Translation
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Data Model Mapper maps the attributes and their values of a high-
level security policy to the corresponding attributes and their
values of a low-level security policy. Note that the values of a
high-level security policy may involve a human language and must be
converted to an appropriate value for a low-level security policy
(e.g., employees -> 192.0.1.0/24).
Data Extractor extracts the values of the attributes related to a
security policy from a high-level security policy that was delivered
by an I2NSF User to a Security Controller through the Consumer-Facing
Interface [I-D.ietf-i2nsf-consumer-facing-interface-dm].
Data Converter converts the values of the high-level policy's
attributes into the values of the corresponding low-level policy's
attributes to generate the low-level security policy
[I-D.ietf-i2nsf-nsf-facing-interface-dm].
Policy Generator generates the corresponding low-level security
policy that is delivered by the Security Controller to an appropriate
NSF through NSF-Facing Interface
[I-D.ietf-i2nsf-nsf-facing-interface-dm].
5. Security Audit System
The I2NSF framework is weak to both an insider attack and a supply
chain attack since it trusts in NSFs provided by Developer's
Management System (DMS) and assumes that NSFs work for their security
services appropriately [I-D.ietf-i2nsf-applicability].
To detect the malicious activity of either an insider attack by a
malicious DMS or a supply chain attack by a compromised DMS, a
security audit system is required by the I2NSF framework. This
security audit system can facilitate the non-repudiation of
configuration commands and monitoring data generated in the I2NSF
framework.
A security audit system has the following four main objectives:
* To check the existence of a security policy, a management system,
and its procedures;
* To identify and understand the existing vulnerabilities and risks
of either an insider attack or a supply chain attack;
* To review existing security controls on operational and
administrative issues;
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* To provide recommendations and corrective actions to Security
Controller for further security improvement.
+-----------------------------+ +----------------+
| I2NSF User | |Developer's Mgmt|
| +------------+ | System |
+--------------+--------------+ | +--------+-------+
| Consumer-Facing Interface | |
| | Remote |
High-level Security Policy | Attestation |
| | Interface |
| | |
V | V
+--------------+--------------+ | +---------+--------+
| | V | Security |
| Security Controller +------------+---->| Audit |
| | ^ | System |
+--------------+--------------+ | +---------+--------+
| NSF-Facing Interface | ^
| | Remote |
Low-level Security Policy | Attestation |
| | Interface |
V | |
+--------------+--------------+ | +--------+-------+
| NSF(s) +------------+ | I2NSF Analyzer |
| +------------------>| |
+-----------------------------+ Monitoring +----------------+
Interface
Figure 4: Activity Auditing with Security Audit System
Figure 4 shows activity auditing with a security audit system in the
I2NSF framework. All the components in the I2NSF framwork report its
activities (such as configuration commands and monitoring data) to
Security Audit System as transactions through Remote Attestation
Interface [I-D.yang-i2nsf-remote-attestation-interface-dm]. The
security audit system can analyze the reported activities from the
I2NSF components to detect malicious activities such as an insider
attack and a supply chain attack. Note that such a security audit
system can be implemented by remote attestation
[RFC9334][I-D.yang-i2nsf-remote-attestation-interface-dm] or
Blockchain [Bitcoin]. The details of the implementation of the
security audit system are out of the scope of this document.
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In order to determine a minimum set of controls required to reduce
the risks from either an insider attack or a supply chain attack, the
security audit system should analyze the activities of all the
components in the I2NSF framework periodically, evaluate possible
risks, and take an action to such risks since vulnerabilities and
threats may change in different environments over time.
6. IANA Considerations
This document does not require any IANA actions.
7. Security Considerations
The same security considerations for the I2NSF framework [RFC8329]
are applicable to this document.
The development and introduction of I2NSF Analyzer and Security Audit
System in the I2NSF Framework may create new security concerns that
have to be anticipated at the design and specification time. The
usage of machine learning to analyze monitoring data of malicious
NSFs may add a risk to its model to be attacked (e.g., adversarial
attack) and can result in a bad security policy that is deployed into
the I2NSF system.
8. References
8.1. Normative References
[RFC8192] Hares, S., Lopez, D., Zarny, M., Jacquenet, C., Kumar, R.,
and J. Jeong, "Interface to Network Security Functions
(I2NSF): Problem Statement and Use Cases", RFC 8192,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8192, July 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8192>.
[RFC8329] Lopez, D., Lopez, E., Dunbar, L., Strassner, J., and R.
Kumar, "Framework for Interface to Network Security
Functions", RFC 8329, DOI 10.17487/RFC8329, February 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8329>.
[RFC6020] Bjorklund, M., Ed., "YANG - A Data Modeling Language for
the Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF)", RFC 6020,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6020, October 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6020>.
[RFC8040] Bierman, A., Bjorklund, M., and K. Watsen, "RESTCONF
Protocol", RFC 8040, DOI 10.17487/RFC8040, January 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8040>.
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[RFC6241] Enns, R., Ed., Bjorklund, M., Ed., Schoenwaelder, J., Ed.,
and A. Bierman, Ed., "Network Configuration Protocol
(NETCONF)", RFC 6241, DOI 10.17487/RFC6241, June 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6241>.
[I-D.ietf-i2nsf-consumer-facing-interface-dm]
Jeong, J. P., Chung, C., Ahn, T., Kumar, R., and S. Hares,
"I2NSF Consumer-Facing Interface YANG Data Model", Work in
Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-i2nsf-consumer-
facing-interface-dm-31, 15 May 2023,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-i2nsf-
consumer-facing-interface-dm-31>.
[I-D.ietf-i2nsf-nsf-facing-interface-dm]
Kim, J. T., Jeong, J. P., Jung-Soo, J., Hares, S., and Q.
Lin, "I2NSF Network Security Function-Facing Interface
YANG Data Model", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-
ietf-i2nsf-nsf-facing-interface-dm-29, 1 June 2022,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-i2nsf-
nsf-facing-interface-dm-29>.
[I-D.ietf-i2nsf-registration-interface-dm]
Hyun, S., Jeong, J. P., Roh, T., Wi, S., and J. Jung-Soo,
"I2NSF Registration Interface YANG Data Model for NSF
Capability Registration", Work in Progress, Internet-
Draft, draft-ietf-i2nsf-registration-interface-dm-26, 10
May 2023, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-
ietf-i2nsf-registration-interface-dm-26>.
[I-D.ietf-i2nsf-nsf-monitoring-data-model]
Jeong, J. P., Lingga, P., Hares, S., Xia, L., and H.
Birkholz, "I2NSF NSF Monitoring Interface YANG Data
Model", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-
i2nsf-nsf-monitoring-data-model-20, 1 June 2022,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-i2nsf-
nsf-monitoring-data-model-20>.
8.2. Informative References
[RFC9315] Clemm, A., Ciavaglia, L., Granville, L. Z., and J.
Tantsura, "Intent-Based Networking - Concepts and
Definitions", RFC 9315, DOI 10.17487/RFC9315, October
2022, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9315>.
[RFC9334] Birkholz, H., Thaler, D., Richardson, M., Smith, N., and
W. Pan, "Remote ATtestation procedureS (RATS)
Architecture", RFC 9334, DOI 10.17487/RFC9334, January
2023, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9334>.
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[I-D.lingga-i2nsf-analytics-interface-dm]
Lingga, P., Jeong, J. P., and Y. Choi, "I2NSF Analytics
Interface YANG Data Model", Work in Progress, Internet-
Draft, draft-lingga-i2nsf-analytics-interface-dm-03, 7
February 2024,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/api/v1/doc/document/draft-
lingga-i2nsf-analytics-interface-dm/>.
[I-D.ietf-i2nsf-applicability]
Jeong, J. P., Hyun, S., Ahn, T., Hares, S., and D. Lopez,
"Applicability of Interfaces to Network Security Functions
to Network-Based Security Services", Work in Progress,
Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-i2nsf-applicability-18, 16
September 2019, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/
draft-ietf-i2nsf-applicability-18>.
[I-D.yang-i2nsf-security-policy-translation]
Jeong, J. P., Lingga, P., and J. Yang, "Guidelines for
Security Policy Translation in Interface to Network
Security Functions", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft,
draft-yang-i2nsf-security-policy-translation-16, 7
February 2024,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/api/v1/doc/document/draft-
yang-i2nsf-security-policy-translation/>.
[I-D.yang-i2nsf-remote-attestation-interface-dm]
Yang, P., chenmeiling, Su, L., Lopez, D., Jeong, J. P.,
and L. Dunbar, "I2NSF Remote Attestation Interface YANG
Data Model", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-yang-
i2nsf-remote-attestation-interface-dm-01, 5 June 2022,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-yang-i2nsf-
remote-attestation-interface-dm-01>.
[ETSI-NFV] "Network Functions Virtualisation (NFV); Architectural
Framework", Available:
https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_gs/
nfv/001_099/002/01.02.01_60/gs_nfv002v010201p.pdf,
December 2014.
[Bitcoin] Nakamoto, S., "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash
System", URL: https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf, May 2009.
[Deep-Learning]
Goodfellow, I., Bengio, Y., and A. Courville, "Deep
Learning", Publisher: The MIT Press,
URL: https://www.deeplearningbook.org/, November 2016.
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Appendix A. Acknowledgments
This document benefited from discussions in the I2NSF Working Group,
especially from Linda Dunbar and Yoav Nir. This document took
advantage of the review and comments from the following experts: Qin
Wu and Adrian Farrel. The authors sincerely appreciate their sincere
efforts and kind help.
This work was supported by Institute of Information & Communications
Technology Planning & Evaluation (IITP) grant funded by the Korea
Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT)(2020-0-00395-003, Standard
Development of Blockchain based Network Management Automation
Technology).
This work was supported in part by Institute of Information &
Communications Technology Planning & Evaluation (IITP) grant funded
by the Korea Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT)(No. 2022-0-01015,
Development of Candidate Element Technology for Intelligent 6G Mobile
Core Network).
Appendix B. Contributors
The following are coauthors of this document:
Yunchul Choi
Standards & Open Source Research Division
Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute
218 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu,
Daejeon
34129
Republic of Korea
Email: cyc79@etri.re.kr
Younghan Kim
School of Electronic Engineering
Soongsil University
369, Sangdo-ro, Dongjak-gu
Seoul
06978
Republic of Korea
Email: younghak@ssu.ac.kr
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Appendix C. Changes from draft-jeong-i2nsf-security-management-
automation-06
The following changes are made from draft-jeong-i2nsf-security-
management-automation-06:
* This version is for only maintenance.
Authors' Addresses
Jaehoon Paul Jeong (editor)
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Sungkyunkwan University
2066 Seobu-Ro, Jangan-Gu
Suwon
Gyeonggi-Do
16419
Republic of Korea
Phone: +82 31 299 4957
Email: pauljeong@skku.edu
URI: http://iotlab.skku.edu/people-jaehoon-jeong.php
Patrick Lingga
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Sungkyunkwan University
2066 Seobu-Ro, Jangan-Gu
Suwon
Gyeonggi-Do
16419
Republic of Korea
Phone: +82 31 299 4957
Email: patricklink@skku.edu
Jung-Soo Park
Standards & Open Source Research Division
Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute
218 Gajeong-Ro, Yuseong-Gu
Daejeon
34129
Republic of Korea
Phone: +82 42 860 6514
Email: pjs@etri.re.kr
Jeong, et al. Expires 10 August 2024 [Page 15]
Internet-Draft I2NSF Security Management Automation February 2024
Diego R. Lopez
Telefonica I+D
Jose Manuel Lara, 9
41013 Seville
Spain
Phone: +34 682 051 091
Email: diego.r.lopez@telefonica.com
Susan Hares
Huawei
7453 Hickory Hill
Saline, MI 48176
United States of America
Phone: +1-734-604-0332
Email: shares@ndzh.com
Jeong, et al. Expires 10 August 2024 [Page 16]
