Internet DRAFT - draft-jpbedell-information-currency
draft-jpbedell-information-currency
Network Working Group J. Bedell
Internet-Draft infoeng.org
Intended status: Informational August 29, 2006
Expires: March 2, 2007
Information Currency Documents and Operations
draft-jpbedell-information-currency-02
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Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006).
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Abstract
Information currency is the name given to digital financial
instruments with information as the underlying asset. The document
formats for information currency and the operations defined for
information currency are described in this note.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Information Currency Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1. Information Currency Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2. Series Information Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3. Information Currency Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.1. Information Currency Issuance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.2. Information Currency Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.3. Information Currency Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4. Information Currency Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
7. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . . . 27
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1. Introduction
Economic calculation [1] enables the efficient use of scarce
resources among independent agents in an economic system. The use of
economic mechanisms in human society is ubiquitous, enabling billions
of people to live with (generally) increasing prosperity and quality
of life. Tradeable representations of underlying economic value have
been an increasingly important part of human economies for the last
several centuries. Currently, tradeable property titles are
structured for guaranteed periodic payments (in the form of bonds),
fractional ownership of capital goods and corporate entities
(corporate equities or stock shares), physical commodities (for
example, crude oil or agricultural products), and many other economic
goods. The buying and selling of property titles allocates capital
between various commercial entities, and enables the efficient use of
capital in society. The critical role of human intellectual capital
in promoting further economic development motivates the development
of new market mechanisms for the management of information using
economic means.
In the following, a new means for applying economic calculation to
the management of information is described. The basic principle is
the representation of a unit of digital information using a finite
set of digital certificates (an information currency series). Each
digital certificate is issued by a trusted authority, and has a
unique identifying URL that can be accessed to obtain the original
underlying information. Each digital certificate (information
currency unit or ICU) can be validated to ensure that it is a valid
member of the set representing the underlying information.
Furthermore, each valid ICU can be exchanged for another information
currency unit, invalidating the original ICU in the process.
The use of public-key cryptography for digital signatures of
information currency documents makes it possible to associate
arbitrary digital information with public keys.
While the principles underlying the implementation of information
currency systems are quite general, the discussion that follows will
focus on their specific realization within the ICWS implementation
[2].
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2. Information Currency Documents
The basic principle behind the concept of information currency
systems is the representation of an underlying unit of information by
exchangeable instruments of a known scarcity that can be traded
between individuals. This unit of underlying information can take a
variety of forms, including text representations (e.g. a person's
name and/or email address), uniform resource locators (URLs) of
network-available resources such as web pages, or any combination of
these or other representations.
Information currency systems are based on documents presented using
XML [3] for interoperability between implementations. XML digital
signatures [4] are used to provide integrity, message authentication,
and signer authentication services in the context of information
currency management. In the following, we describe the documents
used to represent information currency systems and the documents used
to create and manage information currency systems.
2.1. Information Currency Units
The basic unit of information currency is an information currency
unit. As implemented, this is an XML-formatted document which
provides the secret information which is the basis for the currency
unit, a cryptographic signature of the secret information, and an
identifier for the series from which the information currency unit is
derived.
An example of an information currency unit follows:
---------- BEGIN INFORMATION CURRENCY UNIT ----------
<icu>
<sid>https://leucine.infoeng.org:8443/icws/seriesInfo?seriesID=b5fe373fb6aab8ba6bad6fb933df1934c7740956</sid>
<ci>QjWragyHoQstn8IggdB5WKASAJi8weg/cjINg1Ugw6GpsVWSakSTDzX/y1jW20uEfG9btHQwTuP5
0+G33f46BsPMgVV9Sho1kzoRW4pRFFaShVgO7PL63Tz4AbB/BIrj1KKFL60T+wijvmVA8fZChzGo
x7Z9np2WEOjTBS2iC7I=</ci>
<sig>im1KV5cwk2Gj5YjeDTSZVgZy3evHGTcMXDJ8zrdsvlV/FGMUjFYED2bHSe7lUlV9KSbdnTbR5VFR
IsYGWR87VK1060yUT8K+PU1n1s/+XN2DeLom8aIrq+jxmIyQ9vo0oL6500FYBUSUhTCZb/LxMZQp
QL1dqs2x9+bmR4am1gYbYQfJD4eiaYnMxEnW3PDR1bqwz8deoAPT1BgL2lZNcdTnrrjsmGLbbAtm
QST0nAx2+e4okFGCOfJiM0NKALTtLc4kDFMTaJKDqRRcrJrLm2A+hEy13eaGXTIyqsuleN0Qo/T5
2+I1+C48sO2avDUaBvfgYP40ph2Hg4oEiAmByQ==</sig>
</icu>
---------- END INFORMATION CURRENCY UNIT ----------
The root element of an information currency unit is <icu>.
Individual information currency units, as well as each of the other
documents introduced here, belong to the namespace
"http://infoeng.org/2005/10/ic#".
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The <ci> element contains the certification information that uniquely
identifies the information currency unit. This information is
presented using Base64 [5] encoding of the bytes that provide the
underlying value. Here there are 128 bytes present in the
certification information. The certification information should be
created as a sequence of random bytes. The value of the information
currency unit is based on the fact that the certification information
bytes are recognized by the issuance server.
The <sig> element contains the signature of the certification
information, generated using the public/private cryptographic keypair
associated with the information currency series. The format of the
signature bytes is determined by the algorithm used to generate the
signature, according to the specifications for Java signatures as
described in [6]. If the algorithm used for generating the signature
is RSA, the format of the signature bytes is the PKCS #1 standard.
If the signature algorithm is DSA[7], the bytes in the signature are
the DER-encoded bytes of the ASN.1 structure SEQUENCE ::= { r
INTEGER, s INTEGER }, where r and s are the integer parameters of a
DSA signature, as defined in the DSA standard. This signature
provides a mechanism for verifying that a particular information
currency unit is part of the series associated with the cryptographic
keys.
The <sid> element is both a key identifying the series and a uniform
resource locator for the series information document describing the
series. The seriesID value is a hex representation of the digest
value of the underlying information (the digest value specified in
the <UnderlierDigestValue> element below. It can easily be verified
that the hex bytes represented by the parameter
b5fe373fb6aab8ba6bad6fb933df1934c7740956 are encoded in Base-64
encoding by tf43P7aquLprrW+5M98ZNMd0CVY=.
2.2. Series Information Document
An example of a series information document is the following:
---------- BEGIN SERIES INFORMATION ----------
<SeriesInfo xmlns="http://infoeng.org/2005/10/ic#" Id="1138f7402fb666c46c06001dda78a133fded6ae5" version="1.0">
<SeriesMetadata>
<ServiceEndpoint>https://leucine.infoeng.org:8443/icws/services/ICWS</ServiceEndpoint>
<SeriesID>https://leucine.infoeng.org:8443/icws/seriesInfo?seriesID=b5fe373fb6aab8ba6bad6fb933df1934c7740956</SeriesID>
<CreatedTime>2006-01-19T15:11:48.000-0800</CreatedTime>
<ExpiresTime>2007-01-19T15:11:48.000-0800</ExpiresTime>
<CertificateByteNumber>128</CertificateByteNumber>
<SeriesCertificateNumber>10</SeriesCertificateNumber>
<SeriesKeyInfo>
<KeyValue>
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<RSAKeyValue>
<Modulus>
p1ys5M/mUn+sdrkNUdtEBgmthOdi9HAtFd1c7LDMfT7BcwAFXbkhR0AfEtzCQjf9ky5C27F29J96
fnpgiPVV6ehCsXiauttNhPKv3W58nLzS/2R0OYsT0GmVTmJTg1TI7VAVrhXCxW0v5ezsr/Z0jFEk
7MU8vnuua9sWsY+dtdvh6WiA/fSuYiQMgwdh48/945eBRVwBFww/p6eWbK54gInw7GSCvkvlqijw
ePkeJ4ACRVS2iyTLnpHIwqrO50jh8tds820CZxJx48uak1SAhGtMEmFSv2N4Iyl2zMBMhDBZnydB
N6qO2vrmo3CPRyAWJKyP32hTMD2GBDNUaLaJyw==
</Modulus>
<Exponent>AQAB</Exponent>
</RSAKeyValue>
</KeyValue>
</SeriesKeyInfo>
</SeriesMetadata>
<UnderlyingInformation>
<UnderlierValue><rdf:RDF xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:in="http://infoeng.org/2005/10/infoeng#" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3447.txt">
<dc:identifier>http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3447.txt</dc:identifier>
<in:SHA1DigestValue>rwczDGXpUZoHRfMTA9wZrdDdiE0=</in:SHA1DigestValue>
<dc:date>2006-01-19T15:11:38.112-0800</dc:date>
</rdf:Description>
<ds:Signature xmlns:ds="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#" Id="595971a4284913b707009d72d331c97a5918cc13">
<ds:SignedInfo>
<ds:CanonicalizationMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-xml-c14n-20010315"></ds:CanonicalizationMethod>
<ds:SignatureMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#rsa-sha1"></ds:SignatureMethod>
<ds:Reference URI="">
<ds:Transforms>
<ds:Transform Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#enveloped-signature"></ds:Transform>
<ds:Transform Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-xml-c14n-20010315#WithComments"></ds:Transform>
</ds:Transforms>
<ds:DigestMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#sha1"></ds:DigestMethod>
<ds:DigestValue>WIJuWJlx8+LDr0b2jqJXDZzgO1M=</ds:DigestValue>
</ds:Reference>
</ds:SignedInfo>
<ds:SignatureValue>
bRGZJ62D/ORLpzZ2ETbynsJk4WmXHKQ34Wx55v6KV3cukf6SgTzDrJhhw/18amfVZKAKw43MZDIr
Lrn3JhlspbmKo2ELIT6gtM3+7aS1LyGN1urJ/3FiImMnXHoTdnJPYthxRxH0+Yof4j16FlEuvGkF
zgm9IHkFLHI6pULhxkLzCoXB8WTB/fZQGI9Wy0knwOQbI82rMDPXINHnYid+xDzUIzX1gCCIfLw5
R0ZMDiv93qtLLb8meXqEj3uInuohx7o2ZFu169pIUuMCJDO1HaGLHtMKlVvFub68QVZXoN/F1YyX
GwMecJdbPYB6E7jd0Wv8oXr6y0rbItiqwcj4cQ==
</ds:SignatureValue>
<ds:KeyInfo>
<ds:KeyValue>
<ds:RSAKeyValue>
<ds:Modulus>
sIMeclnOaDCQ02wZUsZOu6MfqX0HhsoWHLq61K8yWFuqWGnIMz9HWByJd3TGl8uggWphVLa5JDZ0
qqnA8dteZXrDbbsdWcVqTJ4ePggYTHOrN2QddNgtJDKpm/KiSs7Vij4tP3KHwcG3zCYRODRqaQc3
M11B9Wz7228mLacvgi5saQ5bOR+mvJKY6SwumdB6saCrYu1Exd5ipK7MLWpKuxicRh9BJip5Kxov
7opAB4IsBsel/oJtGIv6paoMENa6kzk4w765L2HhhOMcSUOBG6KuXhQKFZJ63EyWJnKP5Uvc2v4P
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RUoJFj16UEqWm7IxO/ybS1y+Vxx9vYHiSrJ6NQ==
</ds:Modulus>
<ds:Exponent>AQAB</ds:Exponent>
</ds:RSAKeyValue>
</ds:KeyValue>
</ds:KeyInfo>
</ds:Signature>
</rdf:RDF></UnderlierValue>
<UnderlierDigestValue>tf43P7aquLprrW+5M98ZNMd0CVY=</UnderlierDigestValue>
<UnderlierDigestMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#sha1"></UnderlierDigestMethod>
<UnderlierProvider>
<ProviderKeyInfo>
<KeyValue>
<RSAKeyValue>
<Modulus>
sIMeclnOaDCQ02wZUsZOu6MfqX0HhsoWHLq61K8yWFuqWGnIMz9HWByJd3TGl8uggWphVLa5JDZ0
qqnA8dteZXrDbbsdWcVqTJ4ePggYTHOrN2QddNgtJDKpm/KiSs7Vij4tP3KHwcG3zCYRODRqaQc3
M11B9Wz7228mLacvgi5saQ5bOR+mvJKY6SwumdB6saCrYu1Exd5ipK7MLWpKuxicRh9BJip5Kxov
7opAB4IsBsel/oJtGIv6paoMENa6kzk4w765L2HhhOMcSUOBG6KuXhQKFZJ63EyWJnKP5Uvc2v4P
RUoJFj16UEqWm7IxO/ybS1y+Vxx9vYHiSrJ6NQ==
</Modulus>
<Exponent>AQAB</Exponent>
</RSAKeyValue>
</KeyValue>
</ProviderKeyInfo>
</UnderlierProvider>
</UnderlyingInformation>
<ds:Signature xmlns:ds="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#" Id="53c3a32f543e83a166b72b17f17f9dc5f46d1ca2">
<ds:SignedInfo>
<ds:CanonicalizationMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-xml-c14n-20010315"></ds:CanonicalizationMethod>
<ds:SignatureMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#rsa-sha1"></ds:SignatureMethod>
<ds:Reference URI="">
<ds:Transforms>
<ds:Transform Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#enveloped-signature"></ds:Transform>
<ds:Transform Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-xml-c14n-20010315#WithComments"></ds:Transform>
</ds:Transforms>
<ds:DigestMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#sha1"></ds:DigestMethod>
<ds:DigestValue>pv2/nA2fkOVgaI61hisGOIbUnPs=</ds:DigestValue>
</ds:Reference>
</ds:SignedInfo>
<ds:SignatureValue>
DFksztKYNojwgX4DytxvMxbkjGnZtjzxgPoTqlucBBeKuRa90zqxPfxSl3gl0l6u7L8BOdY2TSfN
OssHsy2HO9OT0CdQo11z5nW2QY0EJaAe45U/LxYBXY9wlXDorf2gE0Qb64gYck63mJWFq+rE3c9r
kSUISzT8I9abdg4/9XTMYs6JjatOo+GXzn1ZdA7meyE5qnNx3qFr0CK0RUOcvOGAdOq+W4SoYIGT
uOW85l7+gPrEEAb5dUMd5nj2HxbZ9B7fS6YdpvZbkEtmJkP84QzKMtfP9hYJ4WI5Pb4JG51coVxS
Wzwj05d+liptrVoYaAmjTT2PdyoLiRoq21UkNw==
</ds:SignatureValue>
<ds:KeyInfo>
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<ds:KeyValue>
<ds:RSAKeyValue>
<ds:Modulus>
2n5hDV/7Ca/Q7qKSMwfV5CwN5cfi3FhknQyZ/rEbqc6b1vWzUUT8K9eDpJr+C07WBEbH+DtBmtmn
/RzZMW9x9qYHBWMW1fGi3nmPd7DbiOB7CN3J4ir27MSgJgw920qiso0cJVS90HQFGqMajpEjJZIt
zMP7aC8gMyiGRxVrsW6LjVwH38eP3+jH8UIXxvG1yiBhN0rFl/YERzYsD7lCXicOPNMvbM+jGuzu
7vp/S/7MeOU8/1vsC+K4/tLFo8xr2HnZFQ9l0bRpN8BXCis80EdtoE6H3pc+Z3zWjAkOUsyBuanb
LRRIY1706LbuvsIwfk4uajGzsxajwgqaTRri7Q==
</ds:Modulus>
<ds:Exponent>AQAB</ds:Exponent>
</ds:RSAKeyValue>
</ds:KeyValue>
</ds:KeyInfo>
</ds:Signature>
</SeriesInfo>
---------- END SERIES INFORMATION ----------
The series information document above, with a root SeriesInfo
element, contains a XML digital signature establishing its
authenticity.
The <serviceEndpoint> element provides the URL of the SOAP [8]
endpoint that can be used to perform the information currency
operations described below.
In the document above, the series indentifier for the series is
within the <seriesID> element. This is identical to the <sid>
element within each information currency unit, and provides a unique
identifier for the series, and a URL for accessing the series
information document.
The <createdTime> and <expiresTime> elements provide the times at
which the information currency series was created and at which it
expires. This time is specified in an ISO-8601 standard format.
The SeriesKeyInfo element provides the public key that is used to
generate the signature element of each information currency unit.
The child elements of SeriesKeyInfo are in the format defined by the
XML Security specification [4].
The <SeriesCertificateNumber> element provides the total number of
certificates in the series. The initial implementation of
information currency systems allows only for series with a fixed
number of units within the series, although systems for ongoing
issuance of information currency are possible. The value of
information currency units for economic calculation will be
substantially degraded in numerous significant ways if there is
inflation of the number of issued units.
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The <CertificateByteNumber> element provides the number of bytes in
the certification information of each information currency unit that
comprises the information currency series.
The <SeriesKeyInfo> element provides the cryptographic key
information for the signatures within the information currency
system. In the example, RSA is used to create the signatures of the
individual information currency units, and the RSA modulus and
exponent are defined in the Modulus and Exponent elements.
The <underlyingInformation> specifies the information that the
information currency series is based on. The <underlyingInformation>
element has a child node <UnderlierValue>, which has exactly one
child node. <UnderlierDigestValue> provides the digest value of the
canonicalized child node of the <UnderlierValue> element, with the
digest value calculated using the algorithm specified in
<UnderlierDigestMethod>. <UnderlierProvider> provides information
about the entity that submitted the underlier. <ProviderKeyInfo>
specifies the public key used to authorize the issuance.
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3. Information Currency Operations
The first implementation of information currency systems provides a
SOAP [9] interface to the issuance of information currency. The
operations described here are issuance, exchange, and verification.
3.1. Information Currency Issuance
Information currency issuance is the process of generating and
returning new information currency units based on information
submitted by a user. In the ICWS system, the issuance operation is
performed by the processing of a <IssuanceRequest> document delivered
over a SOAP connection.
An issuance request for the series above is shown here:
---------- BEGIN ISSUANCE REQUEST ----------
<IssuanceRequest xmlns="http://infoeng.org/2005/10/ic#" Id="3c572b5b28761a8276262b1d48826c50e5e42560" version="1.0">
<UnderlyingInformation><rdf:RDF xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:in="http://infoeng.org/2005/10/infoeng#" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3447.txt">
<dc:identifier>http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3447.txt</dc:identifier>
<in:SHA1DigestValue>rwczDGXpUZoHRfMTA9wZrdDdiE0=</in:SHA1DigestValue>
<dc:date>2006-01-19T15:11:38.112-0800</dc:date>
</rdf:Description>
<ds:Signature xmlns:ds="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#" Id="595971a4284913b707009d72d331c97a5918cc13">
<ds:SignedInfo>
<ds:CanonicalizationMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-xml-c14n-20010315"></ds:CanonicalizationMethod>
<ds:SignatureMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#rsa-sha1"></ds:SignatureMethod>
<ds:Reference URI="">
<ds:Transforms>
<ds:Transform Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#enveloped-signature"></ds:Transform>
<ds:Transform Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-xml-c14n-20010315#WithComments"></ds:Transform>
</ds:Transforms>
<ds:DigestMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#sha1"></ds:DigestMethod>
<ds:DigestValue>WIJuWJlx8+LDr0b2jqJXDZzgO1M=</ds:DigestValue>
</ds:Reference>
</ds:SignedInfo>
<ds:SignatureValue>
bRGZJ62D/ORLpzZ2ETbynsJk4WmXHKQ34Wx55v6KV3cukf6SgTzDrJhhw/18amfVZKAKw43MZDIr
Lrn3JhlspbmKo2ELIT6gtM3+7aS1LyGN1urJ/3FiImMnXHoTdnJPYthxRxH0+Yof4j16FlEuvGkF
zgm9IHkFLHI6pULhxkLzCoXB8WTB/fZQGI9Wy0knwOQbI82rMDPXINHnYid+xDzUIzX1gCCIfLw5
R0ZMDiv93qtLLb8meXqEj3uInuohx7o2ZFu169pIUuMCJDO1HaGLHtMKlVvFub68QVZXoN/F1YyX
GwMecJdbPYB6E7jd0Wv8oXr6y0rbItiqwcj4cQ==
</ds:SignatureValue>
<ds:KeyInfo>
<ds:KeyValue>
<ds:RSAKeyValue>
<ds:Modulus>
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sIMeclnOaDCQ02wZUsZOu6MfqX0HhsoWHLq61K8yWFuqWGnIMz9HWByJd3TGl8uggWphVLa5JDZ0
qqnA8dteZXrDbbsdWcVqTJ4ePggYTHOrN2QddNgtJDKpm/KiSs7Vij4tP3KHwcG3zCYRODRqaQc3
M11B9Wz7228mLacvgi5saQ5bOR+mvJKY6SwumdB6saCrYu1Exd5ipK7MLWpKuxicRh9BJip5Kxov
7opAB4IsBsel/oJtGIv6paoMENa6kzk4w765L2HhhOMcSUOBG6KuXhQKFZJ63EyWJnKP5Uvc2v4P
RUoJFj16UEqWm7IxO/ybS1y+Vxx9vYHiSrJ6NQ==
</ds:Modulus>
<ds:Exponent>AQAB</ds:Exponent>
</ds:RSAKeyValue>
</ds:KeyValue>
</ds:KeyInfo>
</ds:Signature>
</rdf:RDF></UnderlyingInformation>
<IssuanceParameters></IssuanceParameters>
<Validity>
<NotBefore>2006-01-19T15:11:38.969-0800</NotBefore>
<NotAfter>2006-01-19T15:11:58.959-0800</NotAfter>
</Validity>
<ds:Signature xmlns:ds="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#" Id="c8af6d0f1ec53d5ab862f192f600ab8b5fb2ce9">
<ds:SignedInfo>
<ds:CanonicalizationMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-xml-c14n-20010315"></ds:CanonicalizationMethod>
<ds:SignatureMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#rsa-sha1"></ds:SignatureMethod>
<ds:Reference URI="">
<ds:Transforms>
<ds:Transform Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#enveloped-signature"></ds:Transform>
<ds:Transform Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-xml-c14n-20010315#WithComments"></ds:Transform>
</ds:Transforms>
<ds:DigestMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#sha1"></ds:DigestMethod>
<ds:DigestValue>+Zv8hd7qWIsUt1zY8AfVZBhVx6Y=</ds:DigestValue>
</ds:Reference>
</ds:SignedInfo>
<ds:SignatureValue>
SUaZZ3LdyH9paM+weCe4oTrg8FvF3cH4bE7Mg6wZ2EzdTBoepabArD8Gp7PY6kEXUvEaqKocnreF
hCSb1i0eznNQacrdjOdlyqerPCamvQM+kGkZZjgUQBWNZyoqbF0UnWcD0m//prhMBPHKvngTD/FH
wuvW/dSMCZ2Uzhhg1UCe6mEsZfNt06rq5MVp/ItYkJqumuxVI8OxNcxVJ+6oQlzNW10ZzO722bmn
Vb324kNv0CKLB+nRQa3BptNAFYDBuFhCEY8MR4W6IRxRDPCNt/Js0mXg/CT2YkFm7PjYgbAFp5Oe
qDvnnI0MucRGtPvQ/fkdM0VakwXVfgwZEYkbAQ==
</ds:SignatureValue>
<ds:KeyInfo>
<ds:KeyValue>
<ds:RSAKeyValue>
<ds:Modulus>
sIMeclnOaDCQ02wZUsZOu6MfqX0HhsoWHLq61K8yWFuqWGnIMz9HWByJd3TGl8uggWphVLa5JDZ0
qqnA8dteZXrDbbsdWcVqTJ4ePggYTHOrN2QddNgtJDKpm/KiSs7Vij4tP3KHwcG3zCYRODRqaQc3
M11B9Wz7228mLacvgi5saQ5bOR+mvJKY6SwumdB6saCrYu1Exd5ipK7MLWpKuxicRh9BJip5Kxov
7opAB4IsBsel/oJtGIv6paoMENa6kzk4w765L2HhhOMcSUOBG6KuXhQKFZJ63EyWJnKP5Uvc2v4P
RUoJFj16UEqWm7IxO/ybS1y+Vxx9vYHiSrJ6NQ==
</ds:Modulus>
<ds:Exponent>AQAB</ds:Exponent>
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</ds:RSAKeyValue>
</ds:KeyValue>
</ds:KeyInfo>
</ds:Signature>
</IssuanceRequest>
---------- END ISSUANCE REQUEST ----------
In the request above, the key used to sign the request is used to
provide authentication, with authorization for issuance having been
previously associated with the cryptographic key used for
authentication. The root element of the IssuanceRequest has an Id
attribute that is used as a cryptographic nonce, to prevent multiple
issuances of information currency for an individual certification
request.
When the server receives the certification request, it first verifies
that the cryptographic key used to sign the request is authorized for
issuance. After the signature of the request is verified to be valid
and created by an authorized key, an information currency series is
issued and returned to the client. The number of information
currency units returned after processing the certification request is
determined by the issuer. The information currency series returned
for the certification request above follows:
---------- BEGIN INFORMATION CURRENCY SERIES ----------
<ics xmlns="http://infoeng.org/2005/10/ic#" Id="4d7d832b2c360a3e6c5502759c2d5fffeeef2ea3" version="1.0">
<icu>
<sid>https://leucine.infoeng.org:8443/icws/seriesInfo?seriesID=b5fe373fb6aab8ba6bad6fb933df1934c7740956</sid>
<ci>QjWragyHoQstn8IggdB5WKASAJi8weg/cjINg1Ugw6GpsVWSakSTDzX/y1jW20uEfG9btHQwTuP5
0+G33f46BsPMgVV9Sho1kzoRW4pRFFaShVgO7PL63Tz4AbB/BIrj1KKFL60T+wijvmVA8fZChzGo
x7Z9np2WEOjTBS2iC7I=</ci>
<sig>im1KV5cwk2Gj5YjeDTSZVgZy3evHGTcMXDJ8zrdsvlV/FGMUjFYED2bHSe7lUlV9KSbdnTbR5VFR
IsYGWR87VK1060yUT8K+PU1n1s/+XN2DeLom8aIrq+jxmIyQ9vo0oL6500FYBUSUhTCZb/LxMZQp
QL1dqs2x9+bmR4am1gYbYQfJD4eiaYnMxEnW3PDR1bqwz8deoAPT1BgL2lZNcdTnrrjsmGLbbAtm
QST0nAx2+e4okFGCOfJiM0NKALTtLc4kDFMTaJKDqRRcrJrLm2A+hEy13eaGXTIyqsuleN0Qo/T5
2+I1+C48sO2avDUaBvfgYP40ph2Hg4oEiAmByQ==</sig>
</icu>
<icu>
<sid>https://leucine.infoeng.org:8443/icws/seriesInfo?seriesID=b5fe373fb6aab8ba6bad6fb933df1934c7740956</sid>
<ci>JULP9aw6YHatjl/zUhwTa3Fabe+bfZlPbJI4BSwFxmzyYXebtOsR3fB84BY9ax1ZiNM8JsOtBkHi
eQ6IIdl3ZZazVAmJLYqVj4Tx6EWRGZZSmes133vpfq28dgF82qWG5xYippqdcY6viLC/he/QzUE6
gQ+LZ9z30QVBpEasRgA=</ci>
<sig>ednMkmUIN1i6KkLnYK88lW3YF7R3xsiJ6uFio5e/VytAaQ3imPf5gtDvMOdDWcJwZkHKKVAcuEIq
bSBHc95bMfS2GHLYQ5ZT3usPbq4hPjiPAJpcEctiP7EMIw70TUc0cKeCFeGz5hcwVWRd4pRWZey2
aIA4IfmZwRV1qtxxiRRMjtpZjQRayGHnSu7pe9BnSODL4+3I7P/W+ITjcu+PjbH+Hef6nWL/Q+bQ
lpODClyn4ku+YpTi/xP8prb8ndQ3H8aVNhrTKUOChHubz5FwI5s6Eo5qQA97JltkfJQWL2iTiic9
CpU4mvtLoMzJDHfMfxKocuM8wXyC0eIpPeKsyA==</sig>
</icu>
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<icu>
<sid>https://leucine.infoeng.org:8443/icws/seriesInfo?seriesID=b5fe373fb6aab8ba6bad6fb933df1934c7740956</sid>
<ci>ymjD2QUbwqVsg5J2BkdNR0fnLj95xbD4DIH68Nt10Yv5mA0IV0KbmG/Bzh90XbnrTZW+wRCCCJ0x
kMmlj1r3xSNSnB8GPreUDBxPpV9SVIc7R7OPcKNs9EpH2t268nZF5Fy5PVENOQRbRgFyUdVJ7R12
k5tp5nVCsEkbx8eI7Tw=</ci>
<sig>G7CVRU/xtftykp4E0gT2AFO0/77ijdBxv5Fpp7/z/0Ryy8keyxRrIiHdrCTXIWxe3m9RnlVLmGtw
h93Fkhv4AWNpGd5pxOtGofJDCTVguzR71vYaS3DkMYSGvSafH3xdIoC/dXwDetQOp4pbgpzyS3UI
Wi0SkqXFHe428wMvJx5cZSmKQ57rCXd+7iRJOOUUsmxqLT6a1EnFybJV/KEv8yaHoGDP56b3FdJU
HTZNUsqxoslycEYMVlPMsl9NKQ9Wlm9kW2rmgQBmeNqZQ/YK/m86sw5atGT5hnxpFSrH9GsE3OO9
QB1tBftEzDjnVDZ2WzqXWHyKkoPArClcugxIyw==</sig>
</icu>
<icu>
<sid>https://leucine.infoeng.org:8443/icws/seriesInfo?seriesID=b5fe373fb6aab8ba6bad6fb933df1934c7740956</sid>
<ci>oYOoPbgTw3VMfHIV6tbkI8CnsvUE+WGsBfGpF8+lMyVadnA/2gSaRgFmRgwi+EW22m7G10LdKvLo
dVs3AoNkZdKJmqL6osr1rksaoOSJFQJMi1f4lj64dHkO8JJQTjw447PksHI7IHb24TYIowF9CER+
dP2cx4DL6Gj9e/XGBSs=</ci>
<sig>Q+UNw84a4bW/bE4g7JMUqB+IHIat7gzD5OlUndA70t+3oUGw52y4VxnAOVT47SjNrN4hYF5Usw+J
t2h3RxwaggQlKDIFyGjSn8AqQ02aUoOj+qGlbJ/rw0kPCfH4mmnApGp9GogTIXHStL+ieLUPRa4G
a+C24EJs0t7tVGXBEnLLt4qFqrF/oy+E58urMBTSYIu1CjWXqSEnnroP45vwwIVrPKao997EyhmX
pDxUqOOtvrp5nrigSaOxRn0hgQ4tce0n7OvXn3DnHVbP0QwVaP0EAqSF24oFmTZMl+iOWlNAoTn6
JsuH1Jsb+ywtaiuHJGbPgC/745W3aXQJ/9PLLA==</sig>
</icu>
<icu>
<sid>https://leucine.infoeng.org:8443/icws/seriesInfo?seriesID=b5fe373fb6aab8ba6bad6fb933df1934c7740956</sid>
<ci>3Zk2mrvOp3wG26Ow/KA8zurjzrQvzOiz8TShYQ55iwIORsd69+lUV8dmGQ43rgtGCof+uVAbXR9K
LZGpOvg6a1N8Mtj3erYrsHEPMqSxwq2Hs9c4zcDZCVOSkQw3M9bV4cqcUQtlLB8bp/spmKxS5cJC
Xx0iZGi41kOxnld8M0k=</ci>
<sig>XtFvEDVxGRIjrBHO5FQ6l/cMNzKXaTgId5cli/y2STqlcIG6NhgeVWwjNLBLLcPMgU6v9GV7hp7D
CyNK1VwUx3CE7g+l/kQo7YKyx+h4JCVFZsqDE2olDv8/eBULGzZ0CWIoQG4jS7YPuCTDn+0NL1i1
CE9bUdfQMsbZpz9vCS2O9DPyMMIAaBRwXayTP+haNUbLXJTjhsBywpUCghA+IsBC0irMfl8T0DeY
+Nh4w1tJe+F1QtbiOf+n+Z7FqI6R4ue+aOj7GWrq4R/VcLG1gyjgDxFVvveDSVUDe8mDSxY3IVmd
qNYaMdadT0qA4m+uM/1Qu1+ggMUPNtj8Cxxluw==</sig>
</icu>
<icu>
<sid>https://leucine.infoeng.org:8443/icws/seriesInfo?seriesID=b5fe373fb6aab8ba6bad6fb933df1934c7740956</sid>
<ci>svIIMtA+5O3qAmoenu1psfXTNnzz3rPOtnxvqNxKOQDzRQIF7hwlEsOUHhv0otvpLosXcqz1GR2U
ibuN5l5NhfTiQirZLCmDlZW08/wzZseK7JnbKeiRk9GPkqVQKYu6Y5Fs0fGYDHcGGixT9LDZViJz
+ezdwwv6EMKipG5oV7Y=</ci>
<sig>i/FVesnkbCD7gfO2um/iC1+1CupDUplaSVBS6r+awdxClzL1VGgaU7LCInn2sIHGXEgLnMi3dtX3
MYiQBfYp/BuRdbGdUbHI01uoiMds1QUyIks3BCQKxodxM098IHWHGdilL1IYsQSaVQWePY7qWa6z
b/PhpNycvYOB7FqNthoHJ3HZl8b3uXg4zagWETRIkK/RXB0VvcDo7998uwAqLNG+0KMaukRFU/jt
whHgQFPPTIoK4wYLwINywN5yoY+qbHBjKwQ5D3nJsqtyL7azX1qY1P1bZhrQFgLtQt7xWhxAMR6U
ha/+fsWidiwqnxyE8SuU6wHQ/TP5/74XPgCJBw==</sig>
</icu>
<icu>
<sid>https://leucine.infoeng.org:8443/icws/seriesInfo?seriesID=b5fe373fb6aab8ba6bad6fb933df1934c7740956</sid>
<ci>9XkvwOYVah5p/6OBigc4m1MHxzrCPhYI4o/rC6CAEcPNt3U6xd2nF3Pw3WUbkYxvi2bHOmA8Y+se
u+e6RFhn/RSvChY7mydmSFMLPEmG2aGE0dRnCVE+hAQZgv0a0XiJF3I/sg37/d/sHpQwGC+9UNyC
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U8S0sUVGHQpO2Wq6Xmg=</ci>
<sig>A3JmcB0JkmPtMYQUXgxDAlf5Gy4fgTlK17Su/iaf3FNQ/bFt7DldgrvljL1Q30aTfCvQGJoeG2HN
TEWNvHjTwiVA81uL/cu22yw0sOGEd6cuxf8P2WH10uqCLrL+5rMCTVZiWAei31dteqR4aZSe9Lv8
DIo4aYLCSxo2znDUvyDgjKTlvwIT2su06WUNnSPRGItZdUxvPm+jtlXRiTTQFip16m0GyJV5JXeD
Ty2qmirHkPksl91+ZHu0zOO9kjyi+gePUJteK1JVLCYSU6QpYbnfWrBe1KlbA4WsHQX1C217+1pq
/zooeWiv+rjUEDot42U1g427fv+qEMQqKIIHtQ==</sig>
</icu>
<icu>
<sid>https://leucine.infoeng.org:8443/icws/seriesInfo?seriesID=b5fe373fb6aab8ba6bad6fb933df1934c7740956</sid>
<ci>3YTX5aip+WfL373XG88XQdruxg1s5BXuWszKxV/iCJ7QCWpT7EUAsK6+RDJhvJ2b7E/CDBsVgkfw
H0bBz3Xh90NXl47pxRTg46bEwxNB0PZmvg1BwwYB4t9428wR/k/3SC1gfbCJZgt35vZTGs5ICdYz
HEt4vZc5eg+jvtU9UZ0=</ci>
<sig>i/RthTFVEXXfdg21Bps+dY3q0dP5Dj/di1ncx8AyVQLIzesUmuUsZrgKFUPI4Wbs3qjnTEz0X+e6
XSEq73Vu/jIgNa+zBdwXdrDL6D5dSFA59Owjz4CDG9Oz3iWMrKgJKN6g0+QntxUTbKBGwXaccebD
06e9L6THJxEHul5GNikEvWOxxhvw0loqD2sHvg7z9g3z/TLStLRNQusXtvqzUjGCsxDjuHsVRoDP
V8v0C0DTm+gCMEE3xNEwwH/powdM2cBAuPaT7CQNc+pMjLoamq/1/gSd0EPVmht3Lnd6Vd4GvvAl
/CbikFZzq8APpkfqXMBoaPsRIXN6Fc4pqFEDbg==</sig>
</icu>
<icu>
<sid>https://leucine.infoeng.org:8443/icws/seriesInfo?seriesID=b5fe373fb6aab8ba6bad6fb933df1934c7740956</sid>
<ci>BnWPwYmPhATeTV/bl50cW0J0V+NwuP1WvAlWyHTx02G0FzB7ukuBPL+Weo1UMqEcl+n9RyP1UnPJ
rgavbBFNRV5SkT8WduFIDyoYO3BIMn1CWS8QnBKR1PgZKJNn37/ZPxkXWReApVIlwofS6vUzpb4E
VNZWQKRqWjMiXBvOkTw=</ci>
<sig>ECT0UT08DwzphUQadOljAFpUcqg+0VzRVAyz2kGbh1iOf1QYil5l7CBCmq9a0Jpt4BLKx+J1oGAG
G2BlWu9NyPitkYa2GntnfqG5ytP+YokEVPERxdaCFfaQLu/lBrsDpP1jqYDHAnXuuOaigphxJZ67
iL4gy743pkarafWiXyV9u1SIT6bOOSXdEJj94QqgDhnAwAOybbKwN4mt1fUR4mROhZJvBRjUyhh7
y+3h4z0pA0lK+eNW9XcpuvzwgpO4JLXwDtaMxH9WS8T7HAQa2YHdvxhLVNculHiwJ563z7wV76+a
5rP83CfW+E7kfzqnxub3zgZThDI3X0xlwkcAGA==</sig>
</icu>
<ds:Signature xmlns:ds="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#" Id="7d174bdc9cecb134fdfbeb12abf6e00a2e71e181">
<ds:SignedInfo>
<ds:CanonicalizationMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-xml-c14n-20010315"></ds:CanonicalizationMethod>
<ds:SignatureMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#rsa-sha1"></ds:SignatureMethod>
<ds:Reference URI="">
<ds:Transforms>
<ds:Transform Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#enveloped-signature"></ds:Transform>
<ds:Transform Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-xml-c14n-20010315#WithComments"></ds:Transform>
</ds:Transforms>
<ds:DigestMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#sha1"></ds:DigestMethod>
<ds:DigestValue>EXF/DD2pRhKkZ3RRwzAf89dHWac=</ds:DigestValue>
</ds:Reference>
</ds:SignedInfo>
<ds:SignatureValue>
vYQOWZuClZUVm5aUVdEB97HWFXgVy3O8uWXeTV00pHZip6EsaJlmTzsOe9hmETLkpz5X/JHWqg6z
ghgIVlmB4xwJKE4AQbwBtb0gjTf8YyI4BuAaE4XiazleMOi5rJXOpfyKsWX5stpFwl+TZW6SdB2b
PvPFY6o/nvZU4Ix1LzVJMkS7pTNO1/2wAfr9eoNWVE8qhrTjlZAgQxZkY7hJULRwxnxNkBKosEEJ
ir2rDtnBD/ReC3r7tnZJKBGDwmE8traegGgz0u5eFlm20E8LT0gF0K6gWoqDDdJy6FUGQIbHVjxL
CDZTys9rOxUQSiCJemOW7SI4HOoaL6u1eRXPTw==
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</ds:SignatureValue>
<ds:KeyInfo>
<ds:KeyValue>
<ds:RSAKeyValue>
<ds:Modulus>
2n5hDV/7Ca/Q7qKSMwfV5CwN5cfi3FhknQyZ/rEbqc6b1vWzUUT8K9eDpJr+C07WBEbH+DtBmtmn
/RzZMW9x9qYHBWMW1fGi3nmPd7DbiOB7CN3J4ir27MSgJgw920qiso0cJVS90HQFGqMajpEjJZIt
zMP7aC8gMyiGRxVrsW6LjVwH38eP3+jH8UIXxvG1yiBhN0rFl/YERzYsD7lCXicOPNMvbM+jGuzu
7vp/S/7MeOU8/1vsC+K4/tLFo8xr2HnZFQ9l0bRpN8BXCis80EdtoE6H3pc+Z3zWjAkOUsyBuanb
LRRIY1706LbuvsIwfk4uajGzsxajwgqaTRri7Q==
</ds:Modulus>
<ds:Exponent>AQAB</ds:Exponent>
</ds:RSAKeyValue>
</ds:KeyValue>
</ds:KeyInfo>
</ds:Signature>
</ics>
---------- END INFORMATION CURRENCY SERIES ----------
3.2. Information Currency Exchange
The sole possession of information currency units is equivalent to
their secrecy, and the value of information currencies is based on
their scarcity. Therefore, when an information currency unit is
exchanged between individuals in a market trade, it is necessary to
exchange that information currency unit with the issuer so that the
original ICU is invalidated and a new ICU is issued in its place.
The exchangeCertificate operation takes as an input string the
original certificate. If the input information currency unit is
valid, the old information currency unit is invalidated and a new
information currency unit is generated and returned. If the input
information currency unit is invalid, the original information
currency unit is returned unchanged.
The result of the certificate exchange operation, starting with the
information currency unit above, is shown below:
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---------- BEGIN ORIGINAL INFORMATION CURRENCY UNIT ----------
<icu xmlns="http://infoeng.org/2005/10/ic#" Id="71a1876155efe5cee51bdb4c8176e5e1ed61cfd3" version="1.0">
<sid>https://leucine.infoeng.org:8443/icws/seriesInfo?seriesID=b5fe373fb6aab8ba6bad6fb933df1934c7740956</sid>
<ci>QjWragyHoQstn8IggdB5WKASAJi8weg/cjINg1Ugw6GpsVWSakSTDzX/y1jW20uEfG9btHQwTuP5
0+G33f46BsPMgVV9Sho1kzoRW4pRFFaShVgO7PL63Tz4AbB/BIrj1KKFL60T+wijvmVA8fZChzGo
x7Z9np2WEOjTBS2iC7I=</ci>
<sig>im1KV5cwk2Gj5YjeDTSZVgZy3evHGTcMXDJ8zrdsvlV/FGMUjFYED2bHSe7lUlV9KSbdnTbR5VFR
IsYGWR87VK1060yUT8K+PU1n1s/+XN2DeLom8aIrq+jxmIyQ9vo0oL6500FYBUSUhTCZb/LxMZQp
QL1dqs2x9+bmR4am1gYbYQfJD4eiaYnMxEnW3PDR1bqwz8deoAPT1BgL2lZNcdTnrrjsmGLbbAtm
QST0nAx2+e4okFGCOfJiM0NKALTtLc4kDFMTaJKDqRRcrJrLm2A+hEy13eaGXTIyqsuleN0Qo/T5
2+I1+C48sO2avDUaBvfgYP40ph2Hg4oEiAmByQ==</sig>
</icu>
---------- END ORIGINAL INFORMATION CURRENCY UNIT ----------
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---------- BEGIN NEWLY ISSUED INFORMATION CURRENCY UNIT ----------
<icu xmlns="http://infoeng.org/2005/10/ic#" Id="2e1f223ff64084ce58b18cae24f874d532e38093" version="1.0">
<sid>https://leucine.infoeng.org:8443/icws/seriesInfo?seriesID=b5fe373fb6aab8ba6bad6fb933df1934c7740956</sid>
<ci>Tix2N1CfQNacxkj12MsS/8C6YJR6xm8cpzMK7kFRieJpCKj9IlKAKMTV10+Yy5VucDdP5+HLCyXE
Dv8KSscLV8xca+O9q8Nl1n+NT39r2lMY86cvmt4GUrSIfNwxJsLaB+qBVsK9/Rd8S42TaOambbZq
19Y8o9bnC5AjEBVLXG0=</ci>
<sig>BvsKhiS/X8lnFIcKolMmbsZ5tR44bJyUzhco6b10oZbLtrmmB/uNOQ4AiYuED0/ogAjWHuShxh49
550RiWqY0JwnH8M+dd9ysep1ZwuXsUqNeMQPLzIFMbbPsgOSIFoc+suw1zzplY9gfXnDWz0E2zR1
MVwj/y9LIwH3EU9srrYarP4NmyHNA/iaOVSM5WqzgMCqsb3v96inzLLNH9oIOfdNd1yal/FW/Hoj
TyZ0N3Ng6BwLb1TXIIR8FD8BS2WJ+RK67YRN+CMHXNytngKbx8wMsdpmEJ7hYFL+dexJZntCLDp7
cbWd0H2Vt6+/l5wAqJkR2Bo4febEoVc5lBRafw==</sig>
<ds:Signature xmlns:ds="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#" Id="3fc8ead39d7d39c7ef0a4d156f231a3792623715">
<ds:SignedInfo>
<ds:CanonicalizationMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-xml-c14n-20010315"></ds:CanonicalizationMethod>
<ds:SignatureMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#rsa-sha1"></ds:SignatureMethod>
<ds:Reference URI="">
<ds:Transforms>
<ds:Transform Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#enveloped-signature"></ds:Transform>
<ds:Transform Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-xml-c14n-20010315#WithComments"></ds:Transform>
</ds:Transforms>
<ds:DigestMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#sha1"></ds:DigestMethod>
<ds:DigestValue>lShRBUQTp1HYTJ/04mSiPj7mH94=</ds:DigestValue>
</ds:Reference>
</ds:SignedInfo>
<ds:SignatureValue>
LJHPUeVEjwyuQkXWjJzzgvQrLOXLzX83beVg69YINBgZMGK8DA+eM1hn0vW28lwisGSLGhe9rbeQ
vqjhU4MYrNyRHQUUz2ipeEeCLkT+WD8y3Qx8D+OfGCYcYp2P+RfqnIOnu/uiREgKacjUSXvrlfbm
g1edqJrdHoJ1ZGcA/nF305g+0K6Bk/W0Pf4GFLFgsKj8JRcZ0noFJUD72wd8TMAsq4hVMlGItxsM
bYPYFyF+QQvJjDjIhr3BYGFtLseJyuCcjc71KQm0ngUhvSoVl5ED5rhsyInuE7l0J0zyjUgFyrYZ
bfWoNRaSDrwTkvY/Wix+6XRv8ymTHal54nnKzg==
</ds:SignatureValue>
<ds:KeyInfo>
<ds:KeyValue>
<ds:RSAKeyValue>
<ds:Modulus>
2n5hDV/7Ca/Q7qKSMwfV5CwN5cfi3FhknQyZ/rEbqc6b1vWzUUT8K9eDpJr+C07WBEbH+DtBmtmn
/RzZMW9x9qYHBWMW1fGi3nmPd7DbiOB7CN3J4ir27MSgJgw920qiso0cJVS90HQFGqMajpEjJZIt
zMP7aC8gMyiGRxVrsW6LjVwH38eP3+jH8UIXxvG1yiBhN0rFl/YERzYsD7lCXicOPNMvbM+jGuzu
7vp/S/7MeOU8/1vsC+K4/tLFo8xr2HnZFQ9l0bRpN8BXCis80EdtoE6H3pc+Z3zWjAkOUsyBuanb
LRRIY1706LbuvsIwfk4uajGzsxajwgqaTRri7Q==
</ds:Modulus>
<ds:Exponent>AQAB</ds:Exponent>
</ds:RSAKeyValue>
</ds:KeyValue>
</ds:KeyInfo>
</ds:Signature>
</icu>
---------- END NEWLY ISSUED INFORMATION CURRENCY UNIT ----------
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The newly issued information currency unit is recognized by the
issuer as valid, while the previous information currency unit is no
longer accepted as valid by the issuer.
3.3. Information Currency Verification
In order to verify with the issuer of an information currency series
that an information currency unit is valid, a verification
certificate is prepared based on the content of the information
currency unit. The certification information from the information
currency unit is digested and placed in a <digestValue> element, and
the series ID is placed in a <sid> element, for a document with a
root element of <VerificationCertificate>, as shown here:
---------- BEGIN INPUT VERIFICATION CERTIFICATE----------
<VerificationCertificate xmlns="http://infoeng.org/2005/10/ic#" Id="301e38bf42eaaf6235e9b3c229673302374424cc" version="1.0">
<seriesID>https://leucine.infoeng.org:8443/icws/seriesInfo?seriesID=b5fe373fb6aab8ba6bad6fb933df1934c7740956</seriesID>
<digestValue>VIRQSn+nFBHswPK759ElGNwDbXQ=</digestValue>
<randomValue>g+mUulK9N/H6H+wYfnrENTvGrNg=</randomValue>
</VerificationCertificate>
---------- END INPUT VERIFICATION CERTIFICATE ----------
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---------- BEGIN OUTPUT VERIFICATION CERTIFICATE----------
<VerificationCertificate xmlns="http://infoeng.org/2005/10/ic#" Id="1de475093e1ea2dd18a272e019400a7e2c8379be" version="1.0">
<seriesID>https://leucine.infoeng.org:8443/icws/seriesInfo?seriesID=b5fe373fb6aab8ba6bad6fb933df1934c7740956</seriesID>
<digestValue>VIRQSn+nFBHswPK759ElGNwDbXQ=</digestValue>
<randomValue>r03nlAik/KOcnXRX0T5fh5ZWppk=</randomValue>
<ds:Signature xmlns:ds="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#" Id="2f5260df0d717f63a4488d17f79350fb3ee35b00">
<ds:SignedInfo>
<ds:CanonicalizationMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-xml-c14n-20010315"></ds:CanonicalizationMethod>
<ds:SignatureMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#rsa-sha1"></ds:SignatureMethod>
<ds:Reference URI="">
<ds:Transforms>
<ds:Transform Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#enveloped-signature"></ds:Transform>
<ds:Transform Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-xml-c14n-20010315#WithComments"></ds:Transform>
</ds:Transforms>
<ds:DigestMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#sha1"></ds:DigestMethod>
<ds:DigestValue>9lfb7zjOdbRclXj5c1nDaZPj5Pw=</ds:DigestValue>
</ds:Reference>
</ds:SignedInfo>
<ds:SignatureValue>
jLfWBPTo+tsxNO2uZwWKg+SBYXYpj5NPaUY9kIeybIUnVhR/UElEke0VEVfyHb0besodaN8LQVgM
cVkBTwQa1susUf7+++umUSJdFY2M9uRShq7Lgv5FBnXc1E4Y+JgRUPFVgg1nSh8GcLAKDktpnLXb
+2L5MjJsQ4/MWo5LZb9uZ5UmlR/dldkz8FVsVJm4uTgw0jlDjRRXadzuDFkXpY0OLVZc7c/mMT7Y
5hkUCbw0J71qdx8wrYuWZ4EJcX6GrYvVm0eBcDOz5fPfB5KxB7R0U34UlL70dbxw9buIjk1KXv4z
zHJ/F05LNh7h78CKYvj1gI14bOkm5AjU5bnqHg==
</ds:SignatureValue>
<ds:KeyInfo>
<ds:KeyValue>
<ds:RSAKeyValue>
<ds:Modulus>
p1ys5M/mUn+sdrkNUdtEBgmthOdi9HAtFd1c7LDMfT7BcwAFXbkhR0AfEtzCQjf9ky5C27F29J96
fnpgiPVV6ehCsXiauttNhPKv3W58nLzS/2R0OYsT0GmVTmJTg1TI7VAVrhXCxW0v5ezsr/Z0jFEk
7MU8vnuua9sWsY+dtdvh6WiA/fSuYiQMgwdh48/945eBRVwBFww/p6eWbK54gInw7GSCvkvlqijw
ePkeJ4ACRVS2iyTLnpHIwqrO50jh8tds820CZxJx48uak1SAhGtMEmFSv2N4Iyl2zMBMhDBZnydB
N6qO2vrmo3CPRyAWJKyP32hTMD2GBDNUaLaJyw==
</ds:Modulus>
<ds:Exponent>AQAB</ds:Exponent>
</ds:RSAKeyValue>
</ds:KeyValue>
</ds:KeyInfo>
</ds:Signature>
</VerificationCertificate>
---------- END OUTPUT VERIFICATION CERTIFICATE ----------
The three components of of the original verification certificate are
the series id (seriesID), the digest value (digestValue), and the
random value (randomValue). The digest value is the SHA-1 digest
value of the bytes in the certification information. The random
value in the verification certificate is a random base-64 encoded
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byte array, with a length of x bytes.
The returned verification certificate contains two fields identical
to the original verification certificate, the seriesID and
digestValue, representing the original certificate. The randomValue
in the returned certificate provides the information that the client
can use to verify that the original certificate is valid.
If the digest value presented by the client in the original
verification certificate is valid, the signature value within the
original ICU is used as a shared secret. The randomValue in the
returned verification certificate is then the SHA-1 digest value of
the byte array formed by the concatenation of the signature bytes and
the random bytes provided by the client. To verify that this
randomValue signifies that the certificate is valid, the client can
use the randomValue generated by the client and the signature bytes
within the information currency unit to prepare the expected digest
value, and compare the expected returned randomValue with the
received randomValue. To verify that the server has the private key
used to generate the signature bytes in the original information
currency unit, the XML signature of the response verification
certificate is generated using the series-specific private key.
The fact that the verification certificate uses a digest value means
that a holder of an ICU can provide a third party with a verification
certificate to demonstrate that they possess a valid ICU. Upon
receipt of the verification certificate and the randomValue expected
to be returned for that verification certificate, the third party can
transmit the verification certificate to the ICU issuer for
verification that the generator of the verification certificate
possesses a valid certificate.
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4. Information Currency Applications
Information, whether open-source or closely guarded, can have
undeniable economic value, and information currency is designed to
quantify this value and enable it to be utilized in more general
economic calculation. The first application of information currency
is the management of software development through information
currency marketplaces. Upon receiving information currency for
information submitted, the creators of information have economic
instruments that they may sell to compensate them for their effort.
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5. Security Considerations
The participants in an information currency transaction should take
care to ensure that their transaction messages are encrypted. This
is because an attacker intercepting the information currency
exchanged by particpants can potentially steal the economic value of
the information currency by exchanging the intercepted information
currency to obtain exclusive ownership for themselves.
XML digital signatures provide authentication and message integrity
for information currency documents. The information currency issuer
establishes its identity using public-key cryptography. Newly-issued
information currency is signed with the private key of the issuer,
and each information currency unit is signed with a per-series key.
The per-series private key is used to create the <sig> elements
within each exchanged information currency unit, and the information
currency unit newly-issued after an exchange is signed with the
issuer's private key. The issuer uses the series private key to sign
responses to verification certificates. The use of public-key
cryptography offers the possibility of using economic transactions to
evaluate the trustworthiness of a public-key infrastructure, but if
or how this will be realized in practice remains to be determined.
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6. IANA Considerations
This document has no actions for IANA.
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7. Acknowledgments
This work is dedicated to those who have made economic progress
possible.
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8. References
[1] von Mises, "Human Action", 1996.
http://www.mises.org/humanaction/chap13sec1.asp
[2] "Information Currency Web Services (ICWS) software".
http://infoeng.sourceforge.net
[3] Bray, T., Paoli, J., Sperberg-McQueen, C., Maler, E., Yergeau,
F., and J. Cowan, "Extensible Markup Language".
http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-xml11-20040204/
[4] Eastlake, D., Reagle, J., and D. Solo, "(Extensible Markup
Language) XML-Signature Syntax and Processing", RFC 3275,
March 2002.
[5] Josefsson, S., "The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings",
RFC 3548, July 2003.
[6] "Java Cryptography Specification: API Specification &
Reference".
http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/docs/guide/security/
CryptoSpec.html
[7] US National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Digital
Signature Standard (DSS)", FIPS 186-2, January 2000.
[8] Gudgin, M., Ed., Hadley, M., Ed., Mendelsohn, N., Ed., Moreau,
J., Ed., and H. Nielsen, Ed., "SOAP Version 1.2".
http://www.w3.org/TR/soap12
[9] "SOAP Version 1.2 Part0: Primer".
http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/REC-soap12-part0-20030624/
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Author's Address
J. Patrick Bedell
http://infoeng.org
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Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006).
This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions
contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors
retain all their rights.
This document and the information contained herein are provided on an
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OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET
ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE
INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED
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Intellectual Property
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this document or the extent to which any license under such rights
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on the procedures with respect to rights in RFC documents can be
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Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any
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Acknowledgment
Funding for the RFC Editor function is provided by the IETF
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Bedell Expires March 2, 2007 [Page 27]
