Internet DRAFT - draft-miloucheva-QoS-policy
draft-miloucheva-QoS-policy
Internet Draft I. Miloucheva (Fraunhofer),
I. Sterdiner Mayer (Netvision),
P.A.Aranda Gutierrez (Telefonica),
Ch. Chassot (CNRS-LAAS),
S. Rao (TELSCOM),
S. P. Romano (Universita' di Napoli),
A. Flitzikowski (UAM),
Ch. Brandauer (Salzburg Research)
Expires: December 20, 2008 July 18, 2008
User centric QoS policy management
for heterogeneous Internet environment
draft-miloucheva-user-policy-00.txt
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Abstract
This document presents a framework for user-centric Quality of
Service (QoS) management in heterogeneous Internet environments
(considering fixed, mobile and broadcast networks).
The framework is based on dynamic business level QoS policy
specification by different actors (such as users, operators
and administrators), as well as hierarchical policy refinement
and translation, supporting the automated configuration of QoS
mechanisms at heterogeneous network and transport entities.
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The hierarchical policy approach involves abstractions and mapping
of policies described at business, unified, operational and
configuration level considering networks with different capabilities
and QoS requirements of different actors.
The policy specification is dependent on the Service
Level Agreements (SLAs) of the particular actors.
This allows controlled and restricted usage of the network
resources by the actors according to the actor dependencies and
corresponding SLA rules.
The policy management framework includes components for dynamic
actor-based QoS policy specification, policy consistency check
and dependency analysis regarding SLAs, automated policy
provisioning and configuration at heterogeneous transport and
network entities, policy monitoring and performance
assessment, as well as automated adaptation of QoS mechanisms at
operational level.
Policy enforcement combined with policy monitoring and performance
assessment is considered, as well as automated adaptation of
policy parameters (e.g. operational policies) based on policy
performance analysis.
Interactions of components for policy specification and automated
provisioning are based on policy repository storing the unified
(intermediate) policy representations describing policy parameters,
conditions and actions.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction................................................ 3
2. Terminology used in this document........................... 4
3. QoS Policy framework for heterogeneous environment.......... 5
3.1. Actor and user-centric QoS policy specification ............ 5
3.2. Hierarchical policy mapping considering heterogeneous
networks ................................................... 5
4. Dynamic and user centric QoS policy management for
heterogeneous environment .................................. 7
4.1. Requirements for QoS policy management ..................... 7
4.2. Functions................................................... 8
4.2.1. Dynamic and user centric policy specification ............ 8
4.2.2. Automated policy adaptation and enforcement............... 9
4.2.3. Automated policy configuration............................ 9
4.2.4. Policy monitoring and assessment.......................... 10
4.3. NETQOS system prototype..................................... 10
4.4. Experiments................................................. 12
5. Conclusions ................................................ 13
6. References.................................................. 13
7. Author's Addresses.......................................... 15
8. Intellectual Property Statement............................. 16
9. Full Copyright Statement.................................... 16
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1. Introduction
In this document, QOS policy framework is discussed, which is aimed
at automated management of QoS mechanisms at transport and network
level in heterogeneous IP networking environments considering business
goals of users, service providers, and network operators.
Design and implementation of the NETQOS system prototype is
considered, developed in the European project NETQOS
(www.ist-netqos.org) [1]. Design and implementation of
the NETQOS architecture are discussed in [2], [3], [4], [5].
The QoS policy management framework is based on business policy
specifications and hierarchical policy refinement used to support
user centric preferences for QoS in heterogeneous Internet environment.
The consideration of policies of different actors including users,
as well as QoS goals for converged heterogeneous networks (mobile,
fixed, broadcast, sensor) with their specific capabilities and
QoS mechanisms, allows new business scenarios supporting enhanced QoS
guarantees and optimised traffic allocation to specific networks.
The QoS policy framework for heterogeneous Internet environment
considers the current IETF standardisations, e.g. Policy Core
Information Model (PCIM) [8], the Common Information Model (CIM) [9],
QoS Policy Information Model (QPIM) [6] and QoS data path
mechanisms [7].
The extension of the current state-of-the art is based on:
- Hierarchical policy abstraction for provision of user-centric and
SLA based QoS policy specifications of different actors aimed at
control of applications in heterogeneous Internet environment;
- Automated policy provisioning including functions for
policy monitoring, assessment and adaptation.
User centric business policies and models for heterogeneous
Internet environment are aimed to enable the users to configure
dynamically QoS mechanisms at transport and network entities
according to their QoS and network preferences considering
technology and vendor dependent capabilities of the entities.
The framework allows the support of cost efficient resource usage
in heterogeneous Internet environment, as well as enhanced QoS
guarantees according to the business preferences of the particular
actors.
Dependent on the business QoS policies and SLAs of the actors,
the QoS policy management architecture seeks to enhance
the QoS provisioning and network efficiency for specific user
applications based on adaptation of QoS mechanisms of heterogeneous
transport and network entities.
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The QoS policy framework for heterogeneous network environments
derived from the NETQOS system [1], is characterised by:
- Dynamic user centric and scenario oriented business level QoS policy
specification considering dependencies of policies of different actors
and SLAs;
- Policy repository for storage of policy specifications and interaction
of policy management functions;
- Automated QoS policy provisioning including functions for policy
adaptation, automated configuration, monitoring and assessment;
- Hierarchical ontology based policy abstractions and mapping of
business, intermediate, operational and configuration policies of the
actors;
- Policy configuration for heterogeneous Internet environment
dependent on the capabilities of managed transport and network
entities;
- Policy monitoring and assessment mechanisms for signalling of
policy adaptation requirements;
- Automated adaptation of policy's QoS mechanisms and actions for
enhanced QoS guarantees.
2. Terminology used in this document
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in
this document are to be interpreted as described in [14].
Abbreviations used in the following text:
APM - Actor Preference Manager
POLD - Policy Descriptor
APA - Automated Policy Adaptor
MoMe - Monitoring and Measurement
NetAgent - Component for automated configuration of mechanisms at
network devices
TransAgent - Component for policy configuration of mechanisms at
transport entities.
CM - Context Manager monitoring tool interactions
HQPIM - Heterogeneous networks QoS policy information model
PCIM - Core Information Model
QPIM - QoS Policy Information Model
SLA - Service Level Agreement
QoS - Quality of Service
GUI - Graphical User Interface
This Draft considers the terminology for Policy-based management [10]
and extends it to specify QoS policy management framework and
interaction for heterogeneous network environment.
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Discussed framework is related the QoS policy information model for
heterogeneous network environment (HQPIM) [2].
3. QoS Policy framework for heterogeneous environment
3.1. Actor and user-centric QoS policy specification
The user centric policy framework is based on dynamic specification
and automated configuration of business level policies of different
actors (such as end users, service provider and ISP operators).
The policies are used by the actors to specify their specific preferences
for QoS and resources in heterogeneous network environment considering
SLAs and actors relationships [3].
Dependent on the specific QoS management scenario, preferences are
defined, as for instance requirements for specific QoS
guarantee level of applications at different networks, bandwidth
reservation options [5], selection of QoS measurement facilities for
applications and networks [2].
The policies of the actors are related to the SLA rules.
The QoS mechanisms and parameters defined by the policies of different
actors can be restricted by the actor's dependencies and SLAs
constraints. For instance, the specific amount of bandwidth, which
can be allocated to the user, can be specified as policy of network
operators and end users.
The SLA rules specify generic requirements for the user policy
mechanisms and parameters, such as network resource access permissions
and QoS parameter thresholds.
The semantic of the SLA?s objectives and the policy rules
can be presented in consistent way using ontology approaches, such
as OWL [11] and SWRL [12].
The ontology can be used also to relate the information on objects
and identities related to the policy and SLA specification [3], [4].
Ontology based descriptions of the SLA rules and business level
policy allow interoperable interfaces and automated consistency
check.
3.2. Hierarchical policy mapping considering heterogeneous networks
The QoS policies for management QoS of application in converged
Internet infrastructures according the preferences of specific
actors are defined in a hierarchical way considering abstraction
levels:
- Business (high-level or actor-oriented policies),
- Intermediate QoS policies (unified policy presentations),
- Operational (technology dependent QoS mechanisms of managed
entities),
- Configuration (vendor and system oriented QoS mechanisms
of managed entities).
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The policies are mapped between the different levels using expert's
descriptions and procedures, which depend on the policy content.
The concept of the policy hierarchy and policy management for flexible
policy provisioning is shown in fig.1:
Policy Hierarchy Policy management
+-----------------+
! Business policy ! ................. policy specification
+-----------------+
!
v
+---------------------+
! Intermediate policy ! ................ policy repository
+---------------------+ (common access for
! ! policy management tools)
v v
+-------------+ +-------------+
! Operational ! ! Operational ! ........ policy adaptation
! policy ! ! policy ! (enforcement
+-------------+ +-------------+ of operational policies
! ! for managed entities)
v v
+---------------+ +--------------+
! Configuration ! !Configuration ! ..... configuration of QoS
! policy ! ! policy ! mechanisms
+---------------+ +--------------+ at managed entities
Fig. 1: Hiearchical policy mapping and management tasks
The QoS policies on business level are concise specifications of the
QoS goals of the particular actors and are related to the SLA
objectives. The internal presentation of the business policies is
structured based on generic and specific policy part:
- The generic part describes basic information about policy
identification, related SLAs, actor identifier, the network context,
service and policy type.
- The structure of the specific part depends on the policy type and
includes parameters, conditions and actions specifying the specific
policy requirements, for instance delay, bandwidth, packet
loss, or measurement requirements.
The business policies are transformed to the unified (intermediate)
policy presentation.
QoS specifications at the intermediate level identify in unified way
QoS facilities and mechanisms (for instance defined by ITU-T X.641
[13]). Intermediate policies are based on a unified presentation of
QoS mechanisms and parameters using "condition and action" paradigm
(see, RFC 3644 [6]) and QoS policy information model for heterogeneous
networks [2].
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The intermediate policy representation includes policy identification
and type, QoS request and time requirements, as well as references to
ontology information for entities, SLA and actor descriptions, as well
as descriptions of policy conditions, actions and parameters.
Intermediate QoS policies express the required QoS level for application
classes (VoIP, IPTV, audio streaming, gaming, bulk data
transfer) and network preferences independent on the particular
QoS technology integrated at the managed entities.
The automated policy configuration is based on the translation of the
intermediate policies into operational QoS parameters and mechanisms
of the managed entities (routers, transport protocol and application
entities).
The operational policies can be aimed to specify QoS mechanisms for
control the treatment of the packets to/from the end-user dependent
on the application class (content delivery, streaming, Voice over IP ).
Operational policies can be can be expressed by XACML (eXtensible
Access Control Markup Language) [16], and applied for different kind
of heterogeneous devices (routers and/or Transport level entities).
An operational policy can define for instance handling of user
traffic at particular router based on DiffServ technology, specifying
the DSCP-field (RFC 2474 [15]) for the user application.
Based on DSCP processing at the routers, traffic can be
assigned to a particular service class with specific priority.
Dependant on the managed entity capabilities (for instance router
architecture), the operational policies are transformed into
configuration policies, i.e. CLI (Command Line Interface) batches of
commands for the corresponding system (Cisco, Juniper or Linux).
4. Dynamic user centric QoS policy management for heterogeneous environment
4.1. Requirements for QoS policy management
QoS management of Internet applications in converged Internet environments
require dynamic and user-centric management strategies for handling of
the application traffic considering the specific preferences of different
actors, actor's profile, SLAs and the context.
Dynamic policy management allows that policy actors are able to define and
change dynamically the business policies specifying the QoS
level and network preferences of their applications.
The QoS policy framework should support controlled usage of the network
resources in Internet according to the contracted agreements for
usage services and resources, e.g. SLAs restrictions and the dependencies
of the policies of the actors.
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Automated provisioning of the actor's policies is based on mapping
of business QoS policy requirements to the specific QoS mechanisms
and capabilities of managed transport, network and application
entities in heterogeneous environments.
To provide mapping of business QoS requirements to specific mechanisms
of managed entities, hierarchical policy abstractions are needed,
which consider technology dependent QoS mechanisms of heterogeneous
entities and their effects on the QoS experience of the user.
For the refinement of policies between different layers, the expertise
of the network administrators and operators is used.
Further requirements concern the autonomous policy management design
involving:
- Actor based QoS requirements dependent on the profile (identity)
of the actors and related SLAs,
- Policy consistency check considering dependencies of policies of
different actors and SLAs,
- Automated configuration of QoS mechanisms at application, transport
and network entities based on operational policy requirements,
- Adaptation of policy parameters for enhanced guarantees,
- Policy assessment, monitoring and context learning for policy
performance improvement.
4.2. Functions
The user-centric dynamic QoS policy management in heterogeneous network
environment include interoperable functions and facilities aimed at
flexible and consistent business QoS policy specification of actors
according SLAs, automated QoS policy assessment, configuration and
adaptation for optimised QoS guarantees.
Functions are based on unified (intermediate) policy information
stored in a repository and grouped in the following main tasks:
- User-centric dynamic policy specification and storage of policies;
- Automated policy adaptation and enforcement.
- Automated policy configuration;
- Policy monitoring and assessment;
The tasks for automated policy enforcement, configuration, monitoring,
assessment and adaptation are referred as policy provisioning.
Policy abstraction and mapping from business level to
intermediate, operational and configuration level policies is
used in order to support the technology and vendor dependent
configuration of QoS mechanisms.
4.2.1. User-centric dynamic policy specification
Flexible and consistent specification of user-centric business
preferences for QoS management of their applications in heterogeneous
Internet environment considers the SLAs restrictions and actors
dependencies.
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Actor specific policy specification interfaces allow automated
translation of dynamically specified requirements and preferences
(e.g. business level policies) into intermediate (unified) policies,
which are stored in common policy repository and can be accessed by
the functions for automated policy provisioning.
The "on demand" user policy specification is restricted by the
particular SLA and dependencies of the actor's policies.
To allow automated policy translation and consistency check, the
policies, SLAs and entities are specified using ontologies [3].
Dependent on the QoS management goals of the actors, the SLAs and
the particular scenario, different business level QoS policy types
for heterogeneous network environment are considered.
Dynamic QoS policy specification is actor and scenario based.
The actor and scenario oriented policy specification interfaces allow
for different kind of users, such as mobile and fixed users, dependent
on their profile to store dynamically policies in the common policy
repository.
The common policy repository for unified (intermediate policies)
allows:
- Access to policies and check of their dependencies considering
different actors and corresponding SLAs.
- Interaction of the functions for automated policy provisioning
using common and consistent policy definitions;
- Interoperation of policy management and identity management
facilities.
The QoS policy management strategy based on translation of business
policy specifications into unified policy repository, accessed by the
QoS provisioning functions, reduces the QoS management overhead
especially for mobile applications, for instance in case of handover
and roaming.
4.2.2. Automated policy adaptation and enforcement
The automated policy adaptation includes functions for
- Mapping of intermediate to operational policies;
- Adaptation of operation policies and their mechanisms considering
policy assessment results;
- Enforcement of operational policy configuration based on triggering
of corresponding configuration agents at managed transport and
network entities.
The unified policy presentations in the repository are translated
into operational policies considering hierarchical policy mapping
specifications, SLAs and actor policy dependencies, as well as
monitoring and network context.
Operational policies define user-centric QoS mechanisms, for
instance bandwidth allocation request for user's applications,
specification of the QoS class for the user's flow, appropriate
composition of transport functions.
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The methods for the enforcement of the operational policies can be:
- Application driven. In this case the enforcement is performed,
when the policy controlled application of the particular actors
(user) is detected (launched);
- Triggered by the policy specification functions. In this case,
the policy enforcement is done, when the intermediate policy
for specific actor's application is stored in the repository.
The efficiency considerations for the policy enforcement method
depend on the policy content and usage of the policy controlled
application.
4.2.3. Automated policy configuration
The automated policy configuration functions are invoked by the
policy adaptation facilities, whenever an operational
policy is enforced.
Dependent on the managed entity, appropriate configuration agents
are used for policy configuration at the transport and network
entities.
The configuration agents translate the operational policy into
technology and vendor dependent QoS mechanisms taking into account
the specific capabilities of the heterogeneous entities.
4.2.4. Policy monitoring and assessment
Automated QoS policy monitoring and assessment is aimed to:
- evaluate the policy performance based on measurements and other
techniques, as well as
- to signal the policy performance degradations, based on which
the policy adaptation functions can adapt the parameters of
the operational policies.
The policy monitoring functions are invoked, when the policy is enforced.
Based on the unified policy specification in the repository,
the policy monitoring and assessment function configure appropriate
actions for policy performance evaluation.
Policy monitoring actions includes execution of measurement scenarios
based on active and passive measurements, learning techniques,
as well as modelling and prediction of context data
(e.g. patterns and events).
4.3. NETQOS system prototype
The components and interactions for automated actor oriented policy
specification and provisioning in heterogeneous network environment
are described considering the NETQOS architecture [1].
The architecture is based on autonomous concepts and ontology
oriented framework for interoperable and consistent policy
specification and provisioning [4].
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The components for automated QoS specification and provisioning
include;
- Actor Preference Manager (APM) for actor and scenario oriented
business level QoS policy specification;
- Policy Description and Management (POLD) allowing unified policy
access / storage;
- Automated Policy Adaptor (APA) for policy decision, enforcement
and adaptation;
- Monitoring and Measurement (MoMe) for policy performance analysis
and assessment of policy performance;
- NetAgent and TransAgent for policy configuration at the managed
entities, such as router or transport protocols, considering
their particular capabilities;
- Context Manager for control of interactions between different policy
management components.
The interoperation of the components is based on common policy
repository for unified (intermediate) policy specifications.
Ontology is used for policy specification and translation of
business policies to intermediate, operation and configuration
level specifications.
The components, integrated in the NETQoS system prototype for
QoS policy management in heterogeneous network environment,
and their generic interactions are illustrated in fig. 2:
Policy monitoring Management
& assessment of of
enforced policies interactions
+--------+ |-------------|
| MoMe |<--------- | CM |
+--------+ |-------------|
| |
v v
+------+ +-------+ +-------------+ Policy decision,
+-------->| APM | --->| POLD |<---> | APA | adaptation,
actor's +------+ +-------+ +-------------+ enforcement
business | | | (operational
QoS | | | policy)
policies | | |
interface Storage v Access | |
+---------------------+ +------+ +----------+
| policy repository | | Net | | Transport|
| (unified policies) | |Agent | | Agent |
| policy translation | +------+ +----------+
+---------------------+ Configuration
of operational policies
at heterogeneous entities
Fig.2: Interactions of NETQOS system components for
dynamic QoS policy provisioning
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At the business level, QoS policies are entered dynamically by the
actors using APM GUIs, which are designed considering the role, knowledge
and expertise of the particular actors (operator, user, customer).
The business level QoS requirements of the actors are checked
by APM GUIs for consistency using the ontology descriptions.
internal business level policy descriptions are generated.
For the automated provisioning, business level policies are
translated (refined) into intermediate (unified) QoS policy abstractions
stored in the repository.
The access to the policy repository is performed by the POLD component.
POLD functions translate and store the business policies of the actors
as intermediate (unified) QoS policies in the repository.
When the policy enforcement is required (by launching of the actor's
policy controlled application), the APA (Automated Policy Adaptor)
component obtains the intermediate policies dealing with the application
from the repository using POLD and transforms them into operational
policies (represented as XACML messages).
The operational policies are defined for managed entities and allow
the mapping of the unified policy requirements to the specific QoS
mechanisms of the managed heterogeneous entities (routers, services
protocols).
The Transport and Network Agents, which are invoked by APA,
receive the operational policies and enforcement instructions for
automated configuration considering the specific capabilities of the
transport and network entities.
When the operational policy is enforced, the MoMe component for
evaluation of policy performance and detection of policy degradation is
automatically triggered.
MoMe can detect specific events related to the policy (i.e. congestion,
overloaded connection, etc.), and send signalling message to the APA
components for adaptation of operational QoS policy mechanisms.
4.4. Experiments
Using the NETQOS system prototype, following scenarios are
studied in trial experiments [17]:
1. User-centric and dynamic Business QoS policy specification.
The focus here was to demonstrate dynamic specification and
translation of user's preferences for QoS of streaming video
application considering different networks, as well as consistency
check of business level policies considering SLAs and policies
of other actors.
The scenario has shown the benefits of the ontology-oriented policy
specification using the actor and scenario oriented GUI, as well
as efficient methods for translation of the user's business QoS
policies to the intermediate unified policy presentations in the
common policy repository.
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2.Policy provisioning driven by an application launch.
This scenario was aimed to show the automated policy provisioning actions,
which are required in order to configure automatically an intermediate
policy, stored already in the repository, when the user's application,
controlled by the policy is launched.
The provisioning actions, which was demonstrated, are:
- Translation of intermediate policy into operational policy
considering DiffServ QoS mechanisms [15],
- Policy enforcement and triggering of the corresponding network and
transport configuration Agents;
- Automated policy configuration by mapping of operational policies
to concrete configuration policies dependent on capabilities of the
routers;
- Activation of policy monitoring and measurement functions.
3. Automated policy adaptation triggered by policy monitoring actions
In this scenario, the policy monitoring and measurement (MoMe) component
was used to detect degradation of the policy performance considering the
intermediate level policy specification.
Based on MoMe signalling about the performance problem of the streaming
video quality, the adaptation of the operational policy mechanisms for the
corresponding intermediate policy was triggered by APA.
As result, the network agent could configure new QoS policy at the
routers using the DSCP-field for the user application traffic.
5. Conclusions and Further Work
QoS policy framework for dynamic and user-centric QoS management in
heterogeneous network environment derived from the NETQOS actor-based
QoS management architecture [1], [2], [3], [4] was presented.
The main focus was the hierarchical QoS policy abstraction considering
mapping of business to intermediate (unified), operational and
configuration policies for specification and configuration of QoS
mechanisms.
Unified common policy repository for dynamic QoS policy specification
and automated QoS policy provisioning dependent on SLAs was discussed.
Components and interactions for flexible QoS policy specification
and automated provisioning including policy adaptation, configuration
and monitoring for optimised QoS guarantees were identified.
Currently, there is a need for more experience with the developed
NETQOS prototype and prototype enhancement for further policy
scenarios in heterogeneous Internet[17].
Further work is aimed to study QoS policy management scenarios for
applications considering user location.
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The specified framework will be extended to define interoperation
of QoS policy and identity management facilities for heterogeneous
Internet with special focus of relationships of different kind of actors.
6. References
[1] EU IST project, Policy Based Management of Heterogeneous
Networks for Guaranteed QoS (NETQOS), www.ist-netqos.org.
[2] P.A.Aranda Gutierrez, I. Miloucheva,Ch. Chassot, K. Drira,
A. Flitzikowski, Ch. Brandauer, S. Romano, S. Rao,
QoS policies for heterogeneous access network environment,
draft-paag-qos-policy-00.txt, Internet Draft, Work in Progress,
February 2007
[3] I. Miloucheva, D. Wagner, Ch. Niephaus, ?User centric QoS
policy management for heterogeneous Internet environment?,
ICT-Mobile Summit, Stockholm, Sweden, June, 2008.
[4] I.Miloucheva, D.Wagner, P.A.A.Gutierrez, ?Architecture for
dynamic management of QoS policies for heterogeneous Internet
environments?, Next Generation Mobile Applications, Services
and Technologies (NGMAST), Cardiff, Wales, UK, September, 2007.
[5] D. Hetzer, I. Miloucheva, K.l Jonas, ?Policy based resource
management for QoS aware applications in heterogeneous network
environments?, International Conference on Communications and
Networking (CHINACOM), Shanghai , China , August 22-24, 2007.
[6] Y. Snir, Y. Ramberg, J. Strassner, R. Cohen, B. Moore, ?Policy
Quality of Service Information Model?, RFC 3644, Nov. 2003.
[7] B. Moore, D. Durham, J. Strassner, A. Westerinen, W. Weiss,
?Information Model for Describing Network Device QoS Datapath
Mechanisms?, RFC 3670, January 2004.
[8] B. Moore, E. Elleson, J. Strassner, A. Westerinen, ?Policy Core
Information Model-Version 1 Specification?, RFC 3060, Febr.2001.
[9] B. Moore, Policy Core Information Model (PCIM) Extensions,
RFC 3460, January 2003.
[10] A. Westerinen, J. Schnizlein, J. Strassner, M. Scherling,
R. Quinn, S. Herzog, A. Huynh, M. Carlson, J. Perry, J. and M.
Waldbusser, ?Terminology for Policy-based Management?, IETF
RFC 3198, November 2001.
[11] OWL Web Ontology Language Semantics and Abstract Syntax,
http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-features/ .
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[12] SWRL: A Semantic Web Rule Language Combining OWL and RuleML,
W3C, http://www.w3.org/Submission/SWRL/.
[13] ITU-T Recommendation X.641, Series X: Data Networks and Open
System Communication, OSI networking and system aspects ?
Quality of Service: Framework, 12, 1997.
[14] S. Bradner, "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[15] K. Nichols, S. Blake, F. Baker, D. Black, Definition of the
Differentiated Services Field (DS Field) in the IPv4 and
IPv6 Headers, RFC 2474, December 1998.
[16] OASIS eXtensible Access Control Markup Language (XACML) TC,
XACML 2.0 Specification Set, XACML 3.0 Work in Progress.
[17] EU IST NETQOS project, Deliverable 3.3, Trials execution,
www.ist-netqos.org
7. Author's Addresses
Ilka Miloucheva
Fraunhofer Institute, SATCOM FOKUS,Schloss Birlinghoven
53757 Sankt Augustin, Germany
Phone: +49-2241-14-3471
Email: ilka.miloucheva@fokus.fraunhofer.de
Irit Sterdiner Mayer
Netvision, Herzeliya, Israel
Phone: 09-9551207
Email: ibuma@netvision.net.il
P.A Aranda Gutierrez
Telefonica, Investigacion y Desarrollo, S.A.U.
C/Emilio Vargas,6, ES-28034 Madrid, Spain
Phone: +34-91-337-4702
Email: paag@tid.es
Adam Flizikowski
Adam Mickiewicz University (UAM), Department of Applied Informatics
ul.Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
Phone: +48-505-086-892
Email: adamf@amu.edu.pl
Christophe CHASSOT
INSA/DGEI - LAAS/OLC, LAAS/CNRS
7 Avenue du Colonel Roche, 31077 Toulouse cedex 04
Phone: 05 61 33 78 16
Email: chassot@laas.fr - Bureau 41 Email : chassot@insa-toulouse.fr
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Sathya Rao
TELSCOM Company, Bern, Switzerland
Phone: 0041 31 3762033
Email: rao@telscom.ch
Simon P. Romano
Universita' di Napoli Federico II
Computer Science Department, Napoli, Italy
Phone: +39 081 7683823
e-mail: spromano@unina.it
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