Internet DRAFT - draft-moriarty-carisreport
draft-moriarty-carisreport
Network K. Moriarty
Internet-Draft EMC Corporation
Intended status: Informational M. Ford
Expires: November 20, 2016 Internet Society
May 19, 2016
Coordinating Attack Response at Internet Scale (CARIS) Workshop Report
draft-moriarty-carisreport-02
Abstract
The Internet Architecture Board (IAB) and the Internet Society (ISOC)
hosted a day-long Coordinating Attack Response at Internet Scale
(CARIS) workshop on 18 June 2015 in coordination with the Forum for
Incident Response and Security Teams (FIRST) Conference in Berlin.
The workshop included members of the FIRST community, attack response
working group representatives, network and security operators,
Regional Internet Registry (RIR) representatives, researchers,
vendors, and representatives from standardisation communities. Key
goals of the workshop were to improve mutual awareness,
understanding, and coordination among the diverse participating
organizations and their representatives. The workshop also aimed to
provide the attendees with greater awareness of existing efforts to
mitigate specific types of attacks, and greater understanding of the
options available to collaborate and engage with these efforts.
Status of This Memo
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This Internet-Draft will expire on November 20, 2016.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Sessions and Panel Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1. Coordination between CSIRTs and Attack Response
Mitigation Efforts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2. Scaling Response to DDoS and Botnets Effectively and
Safely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3. DNS & RIRs: Attack Response and Mitigation . . . . . . . 8
2.4. Trust Privacy and Data Markings Panel . . . . . . . . . . 9
3. Workshop Themes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4. Next Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.1. RIR and DNS Provider Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.2. Education and Guidance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.3. Transport Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.4. Updated Template for Information Exchange Groups . . . . 12
5. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Appendix A. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Appendix B. Workshop Attendees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1. Introduction
The Internet Architecture Board (IAB) and the Internet Society (ISOC)
hosted a day-long Coordinating Attack Response at Internet Scale
(CARIS) workshop on 18 June 2015 in coordination with the Forum for
Incident Response and Security Teams (FIRST) Conference in Berlin.
The workshop included members of the FIRST community, attack response
working group representatives, network and security operators,
Regional Internet Registry (RIR) representatives, researchers,
vendors, and representatives from standardisation communities. Key
goals of the workshop were to improve mutual awareness,
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understanding, and coordination among the diverse participating
organizations. The workshop also aimed to provide the attendees with
greater awareness of existing efforts to mitigate specific types of
attacks, and greater understanding of the options available to
collaborate and engage with these efforts.
The day-long workshop included a mix of invited talks and panel
discussion sessions with opportunities to collaborate throughout,
taking full advantage of the tremendous value of having these diverse
communities with common goals in one room. There were approximately
50 participants engaged in the CARIS workshop.
Attendance at the workshop was by invitation only. Prior to the
workshop, existing attack-mitigation working groups were asked to
complete a survey. The data gathered through this questionnaire,
including how third parties can participate in or contribute to the
attack-mitigation working group, was shared with all of the
participants at the workshop to better enable collaboration [ISOC].
Attendees were also selected from submissions of 2-page position
papers that included some key insight or challenge relevant to the
broader group. Paper topics included research topics related to
attack mitigation or information sharing/exchange, success stories,
lessons learned, and more in-depth studies on specific topics such as
privacy or trust.
The program committee received 25 papers and 20 template submissions.
The template submissions will be maintained by the Internet Society
and as a result of the workshop they will be amended to provide
additional value to the computer security incident response teams
(CSIRTs) and attack response communities/operators on their
information exchange capabilities. The CARIS participants found the
template submissions to be very useful in coordinating their future
attack mitigation efforts. This is a new initiative and is open for
the global community and hosted in a neutral location. All
submissions are available online and linked from the agenda [AGENDA].
The workshop talks and panels involved full participation from
attendees who were required to read all the submitted materials. The
panels were organized to spur conversation between specific groups to
see if progress could be made towards more efficient and effective
attack mitigation efforts. See [KME1] paper and [KME2] for
additional information on possible approaches to accomplish more
effective attack response and information exchanges with methods that
require fewer analysts.
The workshop was run under the Chatham House Rule to facilitate the
exchange of sensitive information involved with incident response.
As such, there was no recording, but minutes were taken and used to
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aid in the generation of this report. Comments will not be
attributed to any particular attendee, nor will organizations be
named in association with any discussion topics that were not made
public through submission templates or papers by the submitter and
organization.
2. Sessions and Panel Groups
After an initial presentation to set the stage and elaborate the
goals of the workshop, the day was divided into five sessions as
follows.
1. Coordination between CSIRTs and attack response mitigation
efforts
2. Scaling response to DDoS and Botnets effectively and safely
3. Infrastructure: DNS and RIR providers and researchers
4. Trust and Privacy with the exchange of potentially sensitive
information
5. Implications for Internet architecture and next steps
The remainder of this report will provide more detail on each of
these sessions.
2.1. Coordination between CSIRTs and Attack Response Mitigation Efforts
The first panel session on Coordination between CSIRTs and attack
mitigation efforts included representatives from several
organizations that submitted templates describing their
organization's attack mitigation efforts. This panel was
purposefully a cross section of organizations attending to see if
there were new opportunities to collaborate and improve efficiency
thereby better scaling attack mitigation. The panelists described
their efforts with the following questions in mind:
o What is the use case for their organization?
o Where are they focusing their efforts?
o How can others engage with their organization?
o Who participates in their organization today?
For each of the following organizations, additional information can
be found in their template submissions [ISOC].
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The following summaries are to be read in the context of the workshop
and not as stand alone descriptions for each organization. These
summaries are a result of the workshop discussions.
o ENISA is the European Network and Information Security Agency
[ENISA]. While ENISA provides support for the community in the
form of education, training and collaboration on security and
attack mitigation, it does not offer a service for attack response
or mitigation.
o The Anti-Phishing Working Group (APWG) offered examples of
operator driven exchanges focused on specific use cases that
involve hundreds of participating organizations daily. The APWG
operates a data clearinghouse and provides infrastructure to
support meaningful data exchanges and maintains a current set of
data through these interactions. More can be learned on the APWG
web site [APWG] in addition to their template submission.
o The Research and Education Networking Information Sharing and
Analysis Center (Ren-ISAC) employs an interesting operational
model that scales well through automation, exchanging actionable
information between 500 universities and automatically
implementing controls. Since many universities cannot respond to
incidents in real-time due to a scarcity of resources, REN-ISAC
leverage a small number of analysts to accomplish the task of
protecting many universities through automation. The key to the
success of their project is providing tools that allow
organizations to make use of incident data operationally. They
are currently working to develop open-source tools to track
metrics more formally [REN-ISAC].
o CERT.br is the Brazilian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT)
and they have made impressive progress in a short amount of time.
CERT.br is the national focal point for incident reporting,
collection and dissemination of threat and attack trend
information in Brazil. CERT.br works to increase awareness and
incident-handling capabilities in country as well as assisting to
establish new CSIRTs. In addition to providing training and
awareness campaigns, they distribute network security honeypots
and have a primary focus on network monitoring. CERT.br requires
active participation from third parties wishing to collaborate and
exchange data with them [CERT.BR].
o MyCERT's mission is to address the security concerns of Malaysian
Internet users and reduce the probability of successful attacks
[MYCERT]. They have been operational since 1997. MyCERT is
responsible for incident handling of unauthorised intrusions,
identity theft, DDoS attacks, etc. MyCERT handles computer
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security incidents in Malaysia, provides malware research, and
technical coordination. In addition to incident response and
coordination activities, MyCERT members provide talks and
training, as well as local and regional security exercises.
MyCERT also provides incident alerts and advisories on
vulnerabilities, breaches, etc.
o The CERT Coordination Center (CERT/CC) has been operational since
1998 on an international and national scale [CERTCC]. They have
long been known for their software vulnerability work and the
national vulnerability database in the US (Common Vulnerabilities
and Exposures - CVEs) and informing organizations of
vulnerabilities. CERT/CC helps to coordinate between vendors and
researchers for improved collaborations. CERT/CC provides
guidance on dealing with the aftermath of incidents, risk
assessment best practice, bug bounties, and other incident related
areas.
Highlights from the panel discussion:
o Passive surveillance by state actors has impacted incident
response activities due to the erosion of trust between
communities
o Government involvement in information exchange efforts hasn't been
productive, lots of talk without useful exchanges
o There is more interest in consuming feeds of information than
sharing information
o Ego has been a big issue for improving data sharing, as have
reputation-related concerns when sharing or receiving data
o There is a perception of weakness around organizations who do
share attack information in some regions
o Sharing in isolation doesn't help, it must lead to operational
return on investment
o Language barriers have been an issue for some national CSIRTs
o Sharing too much information leads to capacity and resource issues
for receiving organizations. Organizations directly receiving
feeds can often misinterpret data and think they are under attack
when it is not the case. Operational models are preferred where
data exchanges have a direct impact on improving the efficiency of
a small number of analysts to impact many.
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o Privacy regulations restricting some organizations from sharing IP
address information have had an impact on the effectiveness of
incident data exchanges. ENISA is currently running a study on
this impact (this point was raised by several attendees).
o Too many efforts are using data just for blocking attacks and not
for operational mitigation and elimination of vulnerabilities as
part of their incident response effort. Note: Operational efforts
stand out in that they do eliminate threats and update data
warehouses.
o Involvement of vendors is needed to better scale attack response.
This is not seen as a need by all groups, but some sharing groups
with an operational focus are looking for improved efficiencies to
leverage a small number of analysts more productively. Analysts
are a limited resource in this technical area of expertise.
o Enterprises don't want more security boxes in their networks as
they don't have the resources to manage them, so involving vendors
doesn't mean deploying more equipment, but improving automated
controls and the elimination of threats wherever possible. False
positives are still an issue, which can be problematic for some
automation activities.
2.2. Scaling Response to DDoS and Botnets Effectively and Safely
The first invited talk at the workshop provided an interesting
history of Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks and the
evolution of Botnets as well as the methods to combat these threats.
The paper by Dave Dittrich [DD1] is available to learn more of this
history: this section of the report will focus on the workshop
discussion in an effort to benefit from the workshop attendees
thoughts concerning how to better scale our response to these
threats.
Key points from the discussion:
o Of the attack types discussed, DDoS and Botnets appear to be the
furthest along in terms of efficient and effective response.
Other efforts can learn from this experience. There has not been
any interaction between these two attack types that may benefit
from information exchange tied to remediation activities since
Botnets can be the source of DDoS attacks.
o There is a disparity between short-term mitigation goals and
actual eradication of DDoS and Botnet threats. The question was
raised: how do we normalize the same data in different ways to
serve different goals? In other words, DDoS traffic is often the
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result of Botnets, but the data is not shared between the service
providers and vendors responding to DDoS threats and those
actively mitigating and eradicating Botnets.
o There are ad-hoc trust groups within the OpSec community today:
CRAG is one example.
o Filtering and triage is an issue, but this is a solvable problem.
o The IETF DOTS working group was discussed and compared to a
previous effort, Real-time Inter-network defense (RID) [RFC6545].
It was stated that the two are similar, except DOTS makes use of
current data formats and protocols and has the support of multiple
DDoS vendors. One of the goals of DOTS is to have this solution
be the "glue" between vendors to communicate shared data using
standard formats and protocols developed in open source tools.
o The IETF I2NSF effort was discussed to explore ways to leverage
infrastructure to combat DDoS attacks.
o Vendors discussed existing capabilities for DDoS mitigation, while
data sharing groups discussed their mitigation activities related
to Botnets (see the submissions under the heading 'Panel on
Scaling Attack Response for DDoS and BotNets' in the workshop
agenda [AGENDA]).
o Trust and reputation of data sources is still a concern.
o One of the exchange groups has a goal of "automated takedowns" for
Botnets. However, they think they will always have a need for
manual intervention.
o The need for multiple levels of trust seemed to be prevalent among
those participating in the panel discussion. Intelligence
agencies erode trust (this was also mentioned in the first panel
in terms of surveillance activities from governments).
o Although trust was discussed in this panel and there are concerns,
it was noted that trust is not as big a barrier for DDoS and
botnet mitigation and this is likely due to the operational
experience of the participants.
2.3. DNS & RIRs: Attack Response and Mitigation
This session was a shift from other sessions in the day as the
panelists were infrastructure providers for those combating attacks.
This session was of interest to see how attack and incident
responders could better collaborate with DNS infrastructure
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organisations and RIRs. These groups have not interacted in the past
and it was interesting to see the collaboration opportunities since
the workshop participants rely on these services to do their jobs.
From the panelists perspective, DNS and RIRs are separate worlds,
where they spend a lot of time trying to educate policymakers about
how they work together to make the Internet work.
Key discussion points:
o The use of passive DNS in attack mitigation was described.
o RIRs discussed the data they maintain and provide, including
worldwide BGP update data and root DNS server data. These
datasets are available to share with researchers and could be of
interest to those working on attack response. The current way the
data is made available does not scale and ideas were discussed in
the workshop to improve the scalability should this become a more
widely used resource.
o Some of the global RIRs already actively coordinate with incident
responders in their region. In some cases they do facilitate
information sharing as well as provide education and training.
Data shared out by RIRs is anonymized.
o A concern was raised regarding overlapping efforts and a request
was made for the IETF and ISOC to pay attention to this and help.
This workshop was one step toward that in bringing together this
diverse community. The participants wished to see this type of
event repeated for future cross area collaboration between the
diverse set of groups that often only meet within their silo.
o Standards for APIs to access data consistently from RIRs and
scoring methods were discussed as possible ways to scale trust.
Questions were raised as to how this might be possible. One might
receive unverifiable data about a network. They may be able to
verify the source's identity, verify route origins, but won't be
able to verify the provenance of data.
2.4. Trust Privacy and Data Markings Panel
Why don't organizations share data? It seems to be a mix of privacy,
legal, technical/mundane, cultural, and communication issues. There
are also concerns about sharing proprietary data with competitors.
Having said that, most of these reasons were dismissed as bogus by
the more operationally focused participants in the workshop. Lawyers
need contextual education for the intersection of law and technology.
Sensitive data is still an issue as one can't control what others do
with data once it is shared.
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Key points from the panel discussion:
o Operationally focused groups do retain/rate/re-mark confidence
levels based upon the submitter's reputation.
o The Traffic Light Protocol (TLP) [TLP] was discussed. While TLP
is useful to some groups who exchange data, others find that it is
not granular enough for their needs.
o In many cases when data is shared the user never knows, and there
is no way to manage that disclosure.
o Trust is personal. When sharing circles get too large, trust
breaks down. The personal relationship aspect of information
sharing communities was emphasized by several who are actively
exchanging data. This was a very prevalent theme.
o A point of comparison was made with consumer goods and it was
observed that trademarks are a byproduct of the Industrial
Revolution. The question was raised: does trust need branding?
o Participants observing noted that there appear to be cabals
operating the groups based on the current trust notions. This was
not disputed.
o Transparency is vital to maintain trust.
o Participants working on automation have found a need to share with
organizations of all sizes as well as a need to share both
synchronously and asynchronously. In an automated model, they
must ensure data sources are 'authorized' and these efforts have
encountered questions about anonymization as well as regional
regulatory perspectives as they vary.
o Another automation effort found that people have different upper
limits for trust group scale, which is sometimes based on
individualized knowledge of other participants and having a
comfort level with them. Social interaction (beer) is a common
thread amongst sharing partners to build trust relationships. The
relationships are formed between individuals and not necessarily
between organizations.
o It's rare for any single piece of information to be clearly
identifiable as private or public. The temptation is to say
information isn't personally identifiable information (PII). In
aggregate, however, non-PII can become PII.
o There was common agreement that reputation is fundamental.
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3. Workshop Themes
During the course of the day, a couple of themes recurred in the
discussions. Firstly, in order to better scale attack response
through improvements to the efficiency and effectiveness of
information exchanges:
1. Data exchanges should not be just for the purpose of creating
blacklists that could be redundant efforts.
2. Involving service providers and vendors to better coordinate and
scale response is key.
Secondly, information security practitioners are a scarce resource:
1. Training and education was discussed to improve this gap, both to
train information security professionals and others in IT on
basic network and system hygiene.
2. Leveraging resources to better scale response, using fewer
resources is critical.
4. Next Steps
4.1. RIR and DNS Provider Resources
Workshop participants expressed an interest in expanded information
on the resources and assistance offered by the RIRs and DNS
providers. Participants are going to define what is needed.
4.2. Education and Guidance
Another reccurring theme was the lack of knowledge in the community
of basic security principles such as ingress and egress filtering
explained in BCP38 [RFC2827]. The CSIRTS, operators, and vendors of
attack mitigation tools found this particularly frustrating. As a
result, follow up activities may include determining if security
guidance BCPs require updates or to determine whether there are
opportunities to educate people on these basic principles already
documented by the IETF.
4.3. Transport Options
One of the more lively discussions was the need for better transports
for information exchange. Real-time Inter-network Defense (RID)
[RFC6545] was written more than 10 years ago. While the patterns
established in RID still show promise, there are updated solutions
being worked on. One such solution is in the IETF DOTS working
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group, that has an approach similar to RID with updated formats and
protocols to meet the demands of todays DDoS attacks. While TAXII
(another transport option) is just in transition to OASIS, its base
is similar to RID in its use of SOAP-like messaging, which will
likely prevent it from scaling to the demands of the Internet.
Vendors also cited several interoperability challenges of TAXII in
workshop discussions. Alternatively, XMPP-Grid has been proposed in
the IETF SACM working group and it offers promise as the data
exchange protocol for deployment at scale. XMPP [RFC6120] inherently
meets the requirements for today's information exchanges with
features such as publish/subscribe, federation, and use of a control
channel. XMPP-Grid is gaining traction with at least 10 vendors
using it in their products and several more planning to add support
[I-D.appala-mile-xmpp-grid]. Review and discussion of this draft
would be helpful as it transitions to the MILE working group as an
outcome of the workshop. REST was also brought up as a needed
interface because of the low barrier to use [REST]. The IETF MILE
Working Group has discussed a draft detailing a common RESTful
interface (ROLIE) that could be used with any data format and this
may also be of interest [I-D.ietf-mile-rolie].
4.4. Updated Template for Information Exchange Groups
One of the submission options was for organizations actively
exchanging data to submit a form describing their work to reduce
computer security incidents. The CSIRTs, in particular, liked having
access to this information in a neutral location like the Internet
Society. However, they wanted to see amendments to the format to
improve its usefulness. There was a desire to have this used by
additional information exchange groups, thereby creating a living
library to improve awareness of how to become a member, benefit from,
or contribute to the success of the attack response and CSIRT
information exchange platforms.
5. Security Considerations
The CARIS workshop was focused on security and methods to improve the
effectiveness and efficiency of attack response to enable better
scaling. This report provides a summary of the workshop discussions
and identifies some outcomes to improve security. As such, no
additional considerations are provided in this section.
6. Informative References
[AGENDA] "Agenda: Coordinating Attack Response at Internet Scale
(CARIS) Workshop", 2015,
<https://www.iab.org/activities/workshops/caris/agenda/>.
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[APWG] "APWG Homepage", 2015, <http://www.antiphishing.org>.
[CERT.BR] "Brazilian National Computer Emergency Response Team
Homepage", 2015, <http://www.cert.br/en/>.
[CERTCC] "CERT Coordination Center Homepage", 2015,
<https://www.cert.org>.
[DD1] Dittrich, D., "Taking Down Botnets - Background", April
2015, <https://www.iab.org/wp-content/IAB-uploads/2015/04/
CARIS_2015_submission_21.pdf>.
[ENISA] "European Union Agency for Network and Information
Security Homepage", 2015, <https://www.enisa.europa.eu>.
[I-D.appala-mile-xmpp-grid]
Cam-Winget, N., Appala, S., and S. Pope, "XMPP Protocol
Extensions for Use with IODEF", draft-appala-mile-xmpp-
grid-00 (work in progress), October 2015.
[I-D.ietf-mile-rolie]
Field, J., "Resource-Oriented Lightweight Indicator
Exchange", draft-ietf-mile-rolie-01 (work in progress),
December 2015.
[ISOC] "CARIS Workshop Template Submissions", 2015,
<https://internetsociety2.wufoo.com/reports/caris-
workshop-template-submissions/>.
[KME1] Moriarty, K., "Transforming Expectations for Threat-
Intelligence Sharing", August 2013,
<http://www.emc.com/collateral/emc-perspective/
h12175-transf-expect-for-threat-intell-sharing.pdf>.
[KME2] Moriarty, K., "Kathleen Moriarty Blog Series", July 2015,
<http://blogs.rsa.com/author/kathleen-moriarty/>.
[MYCERT] "Malaysia Computer Emergency Response Team Homepage",
2015, <https://www.mycert.org.my/en/>.
[REN-ISAC]
"Research and Education Networking Information Sharing and
Analysis Center Homepage", 2015, <http://ren-isac.net>.
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[REST] Fielding, R., "Architectural Styles and the Design of
Network-based Software Architectures", Ph.D. Dissertation,
University of California, Irvine, 2000,
<http://www.ics.uci.edu/~fielding/pubs/dissertation/
fielding_dissertation.pdf>.
[RFC2827] Ferguson, P. and D. Senie, "Network Ingress Filtering:
Defeating Denial of Service Attacks which employ IP Source
Address Spoofing", BCP 38, RFC 2827, DOI 10.17487/RFC2827,
May 2000, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2827>.
[RFC6120] Saint-Andre, P., "Extensible Messaging and Presence
Protocol (XMPP): Core", RFC 6120, DOI 10.17487/RFC6120,
March 2011, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6120>.
[RFC6545] Moriarty, K., "Real-time Inter-network Defense (RID)",
RFC 6545, DOI 10.17487/RFC6545, April 2012,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6545>.
[TLP] "Traffic Light Protocol (TLP) Matrix and Frequently Asked
Questions", 2015, <https://www.us-cert.gov/tlp>.
Appendix A. Acknowledgements
Thanks are due to the members of the program committee (in
alphabetical order) for their efforts to make the CARIS workshop
possible and a productive session with cross area expertise: Matthew
Ford (Internet Society, UK), Ted Hardie (Google, USA), Joe Hildebrand
(Cisco, USA), Eliot Lear (Cisco, Switzerland), Kathleen M. Moriarty
(EMC Corporation, USA), Andrew Sullivan (Dyn, USA), Brian Trammell
(ETH Zurich, Switzerland).
Thanks are also due to the CARIS workshop sponsors:
o FIRST provided a room and excellent facilities in partnership with
their annual conference in Berlin.
o The Internet Society hosted the social event, a boat ride through
the canals of Berlin.
o EMC Corporation provided lunch, snacks and coffee throughout the
day to keep the attendees going.
Appendix B. Workshop Attendees
In alphabetical order by first name, workshop attendees were: Adli
Wahid, Alexey Melnikov, Andrew Sullivan, Arnold Sykosch, Brian
Trammell, Chris Morrow, Cristine Hoepers, Dario Forte, Dave Cridland,
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Dave Dittrich, Eliot Lear, Foy Shiver, Frank Xialiang, Graciella
Martinez, Jessica Stienberger, Jim Duncan, Joe Hildebrand, John Bond,
John Graham-Cummings, John Kristoff, Kathleen Moriarty, Klaus
Steding-Jessen, Linda Dunbar, Marco Obiso, Martin Stiemerling, Mat
Ford, Merike Kaeo, Michael Daly, Mio Suzuki, Mirjam Kuehne, Mr. Fu
TianFu , Nancy Cam-Winget, Nik Teague, Pat Cain, Roland Dobbins,
Roman Danyliw, Rosella Mattioli, Sandeep Bhatt , Scott Pinkerton,
Sharifah Roziah Mohd Kassim, Stuart Murdoch, Takeshi Takahashi, Ted
Hardie, Tobias Gondrom, Tom Millar, Tomas Sander, Ulrich
Seldeslachts, Valerie Duncan, Wes Young
Authors' Addresses
Kathleen M. Moriarty
EMC Corporation
176 South Street
Hopkinton, MA
United States
Email: Kathleen.Moriarty@emc.com
Mat Ford
Internet Society
Galerie Jean-Malbuisson 15
Geneva
Switzerland
Email: ford@isoc.org
Moriarty & Ford Expires November 20, 2016 [Page 15]
