Internet DRAFT - draft-ogud-dane-vocabulary
draft-ogud-dane-vocabulary
DANE O. Gudmundsson
Internet-Draft Shinkuro Inc.
Intended status: Informational February 14, 2014
Expires: August 18, 2014
Harmonizing how applications specify DANE-like usage
draft-ogud-dane-vocabulary-02
Abstract
There is no standard terminology as how to talk about use of DNS in
various application contexts, this document goal is to facilitate
creation of such a vocabulary/taxonomy.
This document started out as proposal for specific word usage for
specifications of adding DANE like technology by different protocols/
services. DANE is a method for specifying in DNS records acceptable
keys/certificates for application servers.
The terms defined in this document should be applicable to all uses
of service specification that uses DNS records.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
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material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on August 18, 2014.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1. Requirements notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Proposed Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1. DNS Navigation Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2. DNS Integrity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.3. Service Specification Records (SSR) . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.4. Service Address Records (SAR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.5. Application Authentication Records (AAR) . . . . . . . . 6
2.6. Offered Name: Name used when indirection records are
used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3. Example specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4. IANA considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5. Security considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
6. Internationalization Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
7. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
8.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
8.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Appendix A. Document history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1. Introduction
DNS [RFC1034] is being used by many protocols to express where
services are located on the internet, today there is no good way to
express exactly what people have in mind when specifying a new
service/protocol exactly and in concise manner how the service is
looked up in the DNS.
DANE [RFC6698] is a powerful new way to provide/amend how
authentication/authorization/confidentiality of a connection to a
server can be protected by leveraging DNSSEC [RFC4033] [RFC4034]
[RFC4035] for the establishment of TLS connection [RFC5246] [RFC6347]
which in many cases uses PKIX [RFC5280]. All of these technologies
are complicated. People familiar with one or two are not necessarily
familiar with all the parts that needed to apply DANE like mechanism
to other protocols.
The goal of this document is three fold:
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o To provide common vocabulary for usage of DNS records in service
specification.
o To provide an overview of the non protocol specific parts needed
to specify an DANE like addition.
o To provide a common framework for such specifications making it
easy to review/compare the specifications. An important goal is
to allow the new specifications to avoid repeating explanations
and/or definitions.
Number of RFC's in the past have tried to use consistent terminology
when specifying how to access services both in the context of
security TLS with X.509 [RFC6125] and without security [RFC2782].
The terminology in this document is not identical but concepts are
similar. The hope is that once the standard terminology is
specified, as simple documents can provide a mapping if one is
needed.
This version of the document aims to hide complexity and focus on
generalities. This is done to make it easier for the reader to
decide if the terms here are of use and if it is worthwhile for the
DANE WG to adopt this document. Descriptions of complexities can be
added in later versions if the WG decides that is needed.
When notation "foo/bar" is used below that is because the editor is
not sure if both apply or which one is more appropriate, please
advise.
1.1. Requirements notation
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
2. Proposed Terms
The terms below are being proposed to avoid confusion when reading
protocol specifications related to DNS and DANE, for various
application protocols.
At this point all the terms below are proposals and better terms are
welcome.
2.1. DNS Navigation Records
DNS Navigation refers to any records used to traverse the DNS tree to
find the records requested. This includes
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NS records: that provide a referral to DNS servers for more specific
part of the name being looked up. Example: name server for
"example." will hand out a referral to server for
"bar.example." when asked about "foo.bar.example."
CNAME records: records that change the location of an record, this
for all practical purposes a pointer that only applies to that
specific name.
DNAME records: specify a rewrite rule for a name to a new name.
Example: "bar.example." DNAME "foo.example." means that
"www.bar.example." is to be looked up as "www.foo.example".
DNAME applies to names that are longer than the name it, i.e.
"bar.example." is not rewritten but "www.bar.example." is.
DANE specification explicitly requires all of these records to be
validated by DNSSEC.
See section Section 2.2
While traversing the DNS tree other records like A and AAAA are used
but these records do not change the "navigation", these records do
not explicitly need to be protected as the data retrieved from the
addresses is expected to be protected.
2.2. DNS Integrity
DNSSEC defines a records and procedures to provide integrity and
authentication to data stored in DNS [RFC4034]. The records used to
provide the keying information and chain of trust are DNSKEY, DS
records. NSEC/NSEC3 provide information about existence/non-
existence of the requested information. RRSIG provides a digital
signature for a RRset.
DNSSEC provides both Integrity and Authenticity i.e. it says the
records came from the right source and have not been changed.
Any DNS record that is DNS Integrity protected, will pass DNSSEC
validation for all DNS Navigation records leading to the name and the
record itself also passes DNSSEC validation.
In the case of CNAME and DNAME that go "sideways" i.e. to a different
branch of the DNS tree, both branches MUST be validated.
2.3. Service Specification Records (SSR)
Protocols have different ways to express servers.
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o Web servers are frequently specified by name i.e. the "www"
prefix, thus its service specification record is: "address record
stored at www.<domain>".
o Email servers have a special RR type (MX): SRR= "MX record at
<domain>"),
o Jabber uses SRV records: SSR="SRV record at _xxmp-
server.tcp.<domain>",
o ENUM uses NAPTR records etc.
o In addition there are also protocols that use a combination like
S-NAPTR a schema where NAPTR records are used to specify where to
look for SRV records. For all practical purposes NAPTR + SRV
should combined be treated as the Service Specification.
For a DANE like specification it has to be clear as what the service
specification records are and these records require DNS Integrity.
NOTE: when a client supplies a string to the server as a indicator of
what service the the client wants, the string supplied MAY depend on
redirection in DNS navigation as well as results of NAPTR records,
etc. See section Section 2.6.
NOTE: when NAPTR records as are used they should be treated same way
as DNS Navigation records even though strictly speaking it is the
application that evaluates the NAPTR record.
NOTE: When there is a CNAME at the name service is expected to be
specified at, that can be either a DNS Navigation record or a Service
Specification Record. Protocol specification should provide guidance
on interpretation.
2.4. Service Address Records (SAR)
These are the address records for the servers that offer the service.
In some cases the Service Specification records reside at the same
name or are the same as the Service Address records. Example:
original TLS/DANE[RFC6698], thus both SSR and SAR records are covered
by the same DNS integrity rule.
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2.5. Application Authentication Records (AAR)
This term refers to the records that provide information about what
are acceptable keys or certificates for the servers to offer.
Application Authentication Records MUST be protected by DNS Integrity
and each protocol specification MUST explicitly state where/how to
look up the Authentication records.
In some cases all the servers for a service will have the same
authentication information, in other cases it is going to be on a
server by server case. In the first case it is "natural" to store
the Authentication records "at" the Service Specification records.
In the second case it more natural to store them "at" the Address
Records. In this context "at" means the authentication records are
stored at name that is an extension of the location example:
"_443._tcp.www.example.com" for [RFC6698]. It is possible that
neither of these locations is the right one and in that case the
specification MUST explicitly express rules as how to find the
Authentication Records.
Note: above that there is no a requirement that the Application
Address records be covered by DNS Integrity. This is because when
the Application Authentication records reside "at" the address
records, DNS Integrity is inherited. On the other hand when when
Application Authentication Records are stored "at" the Service
Specification Record, DNS Integrity for the address records is
optional, as any connection to a bogus/wrong server should fail the
Authentication tests performed at connection time.
Note: When a Address record search has a CNAME at or DNAME above, the
name queried, where should the Authentication Records reside ? With
CNAME or with final address record ?
2.6. Offered Name: Name used when indirection records are used
In many protocols one of the first items presented by the application
is a <name> that is "related to"/"derived from" the original query
name. When DNAME is used the name queried for might be required to
be rewritten into a new name.
To disambiguate these cases following prefix terms are defined.
Similar rules apply NAPTR + SRV combinations. It is important for
many applications to be able to express what name is presented by the
application to the server at connection time.
Query: The name the application issued the query for to discover SSR
/service.
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Final: The name after all the indirection records have been applied.
SRV The name on the SRV record used.
NAPTR The name on the first NAPTR record used, prefix with Final if
that is the one wanted.
Intermediate A particular location in the indirection chain. The
specification needs to handle this case if it ever occurs.
NOTE: not sure this is needed???ogud???
3. Example specification
This section is an short example for a protocol that is like SSH
[RFC4253] we will call this protocol HISS. This is not an actual
full specification, just here to give an idea of how to go about
extending DANE-like to a random protocol using the terminology from
this document.
Location of HISS protocol DNS records:
Service Specification Records:
HISS uses address records as the service specification record.
This record MUST have "DNS Integrity" as explained in RFC-to-
be-this-document. CNAME/DNAME are treated as a DNS Navigation
record.
Service Address Records:
see: Service Specification Records.
Application Authentication Records:
The protocol uses the DNS HISSFP that is stored at the same
name as the service is specified. The HISSFP record, if
present, takes precedence over keys stored in client cache.
Offered Name
Not used.
The HISS protocol and HISSFP DNS RR do not exist
4. IANA considerations
None
[RFC Editor: Please remove this section before publication ]
5. Security considerations
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This documents goal is to improve specifications of adding security
via DANE technology to protocols, thus the overwriting goal is to
decrease confusion and increase clarity, with the end goal of
improving security. This document does not specify a protocol. XX
Needs more work XX
6. Internationalization Considerations
When selecting terms to use in standards documents it is important to
select works that do not confuse international readers. This
document goes out of its way in selecting English terms that are
dissimilar to avoid confusions.
7. Acknowledgements
Number of people have commented that this is interesting work. Peter
Saint-Andre tried to apply the terms to one of his documents and
provided many good suggestions.
8. References
8.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC6698] Hoffman, P. and J. Schlyter, "The DNS-Based Authentication
of Named Entities (DANE) Transport Layer Security (TLS)
Protocol: TLSA", RFC 6698, August 2012.
8.2. Informative References
[RFC1034] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - concepts and facilities",
STD 13, RFC 1034, November 1987.
[RFC2782] Gulbrandsen, A., Vixie, P., and L. Esibov, "A DNS RR for
specifying the location of services (DNS SRV)", RFC 2782,
February 2000.
[RFC4033] Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
Rose, "DNS Security Introduction and Requirements", RFC
4033, March 2005.
[RFC4034] Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
Rose, "Resource Records for the DNS Security Extensions",
RFC 4034, March 2005.
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[RFC4035] Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
Rose, "Protocol Modifications for the DNS Security
Extensions", RFC 4035, March 2005.
[RFC4253] Ylonen, T. and C. Lonvick, "The Secure Shell (SSH)
Transport Layer Protocol", RFC 4253, January 2006.
[RFC5246] Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security
(TLS) Protocol Version 1.2", RFC 5246, August 2008.
[RFC5280] Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S.,
Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key
Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List
(CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, May 2008.
[RFC6125] Saint-Andre, P. and J. Hodges, "Representation and
Verification of Domain-Based Application Service Identity
within Internet Public Key Infrastructure Using X.509
(PKIX) Certificates in the Context of Transport Layer
Security (TLS)", RFC 6125, March 2011.
[RFC6347] Rescorla, E. and N. Modadugu, "Datagram Transport Layer
Security Version 1.2", RFC 6347, January 2012.
Appendix A. Document history
[RFC Editor: Please remove this section before publication ]
02 Textual improvements, applied comments from Peter Saint-Andre.
01 Added definition of offered names, expanded DNAME/CNAME text added
NAPTR and SRV.
00 Initial version
Author's Address
Olafur Gudmundsson
Shinkuro Inc.
4922 Fairmont Av, Suite 250
Bethesda, MD 20814
USA
Email: ogud@ogud.com
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