Internet DRAFT - draft-patil-mip6-whyauthdataoption
draft-patil-mip6-whyauthdataoption
MIP6 Working Group Basavaraj Patil
Internet-Draft Nokia
Expires: March 2, 2006 Gopal Dommety
Cisco
August 29, 2005
Why Authentication Data suboption is needed for MIP6
draft-patil-mip6-whyauthdataoption-01
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Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005).
Abstract
Mobile IPv6 defines a set of messages that enable the mobile node
(MN) to authenticate and perform registration with its home agent
(HA). These authentication signaling messages between the mobile
node and home agent are secured by an IPsec SA that is established
between the MN and HA. The MIP6 Working group ID
draft-ietf-mip6-auth- protocol-04.txt specifies a mechanism to secure
the binding update and binding acknowledgement messages using an
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authentication option, similar to authentication option in Mobile
IPv4, carried within the messages that are exchanged between the MN
and HA to establish a binding. This document provides the
justifications as to why the authentication option mechanism is
needed for Mobile IPv6 deployment in certain deployment environments.
Table of Contents
1. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4. Applicability Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
5. Justification for the use of the authentication option . . . . 4
5.1. Motivation for use of authentication option in
cdma2000 wireless networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
5.2. Additional arguments for the use of Authentication
option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
6. Solution Proposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
6.1. IPv4 based mobility architecture in cdma2000 networks . . 8
6.2. IPv6 based mobility architecture in cdma2000 networks . . 9
6.2.1. Overview of the mobility operation in IPv6 based
cdma2000 networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6.2.2. Authentication and Security details . . . . . . . . . 10
7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
8. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
9. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . . . 16
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1. Terminology
In this document, the key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED",
"SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT
RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" are to be interpreted as
described in BCP 14, RFC 2119 [RFC2119] and indicate requirement
levels for compliant implementations.
2. Introduction
Mobile IPv6 relies on the IPsec Security Association between the
Mobile Node (MN) and the Home Agent (HA) for authentication of the MN
to its HA before a binding cache can be created at the HA. An
alternate mechanism that does not rely on the existence of the IPsec
SA between the MN and HA for authenticating the MN is needed in
certain deployment environments. This document outlines some of the
reasons why such a mechanism is essential to ensure the applicability
of MIP6 as a protocol for wider deployment. It should be noted that
the alternate solution does not imply that the IPsec based solution
would be deprecated. It simply means that in certain deployment
scenarios there is a need for supporting MIP6 without an IPsec SA
between the MN and HA. So the alternate solution would be in
addition to the IPsec based mechanism specified in the base RFCs, RFC
3775 [RFC3775] and RFC 3776 [RFC3776]. It should be noted that some
of the challenges of deploying MIP6 in certain types of networks
arise from the dependence on IKE which does not integrate will with a
AAA backend infrastructure. IKEv2 does address this problem.
However at the present time the specification for using IKEv2 with
MIP6 [I-D.ietf-mip6-ikev2-ipsec] is still work in progress and as a
result an alternative solution is necessary.
3. Background
Mobile IPv6 signaling involves several messages. These include:
o The binding update/Binding ACK between the mobile node and the
home agent.
o The route optimization signaling messages which include HoTI/Hot,
CoTI/CoT and BU/BAck between the MN and CN. HoTI and HoT
signaling messages are routed through the MNs HA.
o Mobile prefix solicitation and advertisements between the MN and
HA.
o Home agent discovery by MNs.
The signaling messages between the MN and HA are secured using the
IPsec SA that is established between these entities. The exception
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to this are the messages involved in the home agent discovery
process.
4. Applicability Statement
The Authentication option specified in this document was designed to
be used by 3GPP2 based CDMA networks as defined in 3GPP2 X.S0011-D
[3GPP2 X.S0011-D]. These networks have all of the following
characteristics:
1. Access Networks in which there is a Strong Access Athentication
2. Networks in which there is an out-of-band mechanism to re-fresh
the security association between the Mobile Node and HA
3. Networks in which there is exist out-of-band mechanisms to
refresh the security association between the Mobile Node and AAA
4. Networks in which there is a requirement to minimize the amount
of signalling between the Mobile Node and HA
5. Networks in which the AAA infrastructure is used to authenticate
the Mobile Node
5. Justification for the use of the authentication option
The following two sections provide the reasoning for standardizing
the authentication option based registration process for Mobile IPv6.
Section 5.1 provides the key arguments for the use of authentication
option. Section 5.2 provides further explanation and additional
motivations for the authentication option.
5.1. Motivation for use of authentication option in cdma2000 wireless
networks
cdma2000 networks deployed and operational today use Mobile IPv4 for
IP mobility. Operators have gained a significant amount of
operational experience in the process of deploying and operating
these networks. 3GPP2 is now in the process of specifying Mobile IPv6
in Revision D of the 3GPP2 X.S0011-D [3GPP2 X.S0011-D] specification
(which specifies the packet data architecture). The following are
the deployment constraints that existing CDMA networks have to deal
with when deploying Mobility service based on IPv6:
o Operators intend to leverage the Mobile IPv4 deployment and
operational experience by ensuring that Mobile IPv6 has a similar
deployment and operating model.
o Operators will have two parallel networks, one that offers IPv4
mobility with MIP4 and another providing IPv6 mobility using MIP6.
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o The same backend subscriber profile database, security keys etc.
are intended to be used for both mobility services.
o The same user configuration information, i.e the identity and keys
associated with a user will be used for IP mobility service in
IPv4 and/or IPv6 networks. The only security association that is
preconfigured is a shared secret between the mobile node and the
home-AAA server. This is in contrast with the currently specified
Mobile IPv6 model which requires an IPsec SA between the MN and
HA. It can be argued that IKEv2 does provide the capability to be
integrated with a AAA backend. However IKEv2 is not an option
that can be considered because of the deployment timelines of
operators relying on 3GPP2 standards.
o Current Mobile IPv6 specification does not facilitate the dynamic
assignment of home agent and home address. In order to allow such
dynamic assignments (which are already supported in Mobile IPv4),
a new mechanism is needed. The mechanism defined in the auth-
option ID [I-D.ietf-mip6-auth-protocol] is capable of handling
authentication even in the case of dynamic assignments.
o The identity of a user in MIP4 based cdma2000 networks is an NAI.
Mobile IPv6 as per RFC3775 specifies the IPv6 home address as the
identity of the mobile node.
MIP6 as specified today does not satisfy these requirements. The
auth-option ID [I-D.ietf-mip6-auth-protocol] along with the
Identifier option ID [I-D.ietf-mip6-mn-ident-option] are enabling the
deployment of Mobile IPv6 in a manner that is similar to what is
deployed in cdma2000 networks today. This authentication model is
very similar to the one adopted by the MIPv4 WG. This is explained
in detail in the 3GPP2 X.S0011-D [3GPP2 X.S0011-D] specification.
Hence, with the current MIP6 specifications and architecture that
relies on IPsec as the sole means for securing the signaling between
the MN and HA, it is not possible to accomplish a deployment that
mirrors that of MIP4 for cdma deployments. Therefore, the MIP6 WG
has by consensus developed a solution that can optionally be used to
authenticate the MN-HA signaling messages without relying on the
existence of the IPsec SA.
5.2. Additional arguments for the use of Authentication option
The use of IPsec for performing Registration with a home agent is not
always an optimal solution. While it is true that IPsec is an
integral part of the IPv6 stack, it is still a considerable overhead
from a deployment perspective of using IPsec as the security
mechanism for the signaling messages between the MN and HA. This
statement is a result of experience gained from deployment of Mobile
IPv4. MIP4 does not rely on IPsec for securing the Registration
signaling messages.
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Deployment of Mobile IPv6 on a large scale is possible only when the
protocol is flexible for being adapted to various scenarios. The
scenario being considered is the deployment in cdma2000 net- works.
cdma2000 networks are currently deployed in many countries today.
The packet data network architecture of cdma2000 [3GPP2 X.S0011-D]
includes a MIP4 foreign agent/Home agent and a Radius based AAA
infrastrucutre for authentication, authorization and accounting
purposes. The AAA infrastructure provides the authentication
capability in the case of Mobile IPv4.
Typically, the Mobile Node shares a security association with the
AAA-Home entity. This is the preferred mode of operation over having
a shared secret between the MN and HA because the AAA-Home entity
provides a central location for provisioning and administering the
shared secrets for a large number of mobiles (millions). This mode
of operation also makes dynamic home address and dynamic home agent
assignment easier. A similar approach is needed for the deployment
of Mobile IPv6 in these networks. There is no practical mechanism to
use IPsec directly with the AAA infrastructure with out the use of
IKE or some other mechanism that enables the establishment of the
IPsec SA between the MN and HA.
Mobile IPv6 as specified in RFC3775 and RFC3776 implies a very
specific model for deployment. It anticipates the Mobile nodes
having a static home IPv6 address and a designated home agent. An
IPsec SA is expected to be created, either via manual keying or
established dynamically by using IKE. These assumptions do not
necessarily fit in very well for the deployment model envisioned in
cdma2000 networks.
cdma2000 networks would prefer to allocate home addresses to MNs on a
dynamic basis. The advantage of doing so is the fact that the HA can
be assigned on a link that is close to the MNs point of attachment.
While route-optimization negates the benefit of having a home-agent
on a link close to the MN, it cannot be always guaranteed that the MN
and CN will use or support route optimization. There may also be
instances where the operator prefers to not allow route optimization
for various reasons such as accounting aggregation or enforcing
service contracts. In such cases an HA that is close to the MNs
point of attachment reduces the issues of latency etc. of forward and
reverse tunnelling of packets between the MN and HA.
cdma2000 networks that are operational today have large numbers of
subscribers who are authenticated via the AAA infrastrucure.
Deployment of Mobile IPv6 should leverage the existing AAA
infrastructure. The security model needed in these networks is an SA
between the MN and AAA-Home entity. This is the primary security
association that should be used for authenticating and authorizing
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users to utilize MIPv6 service. This SA is then used for
establishing session keys between the MN and the dynamically assigned
HA for authenticating subsequent binding updates and binding
acknowledgements between them. Establishing an IPsec SA between the
MN and HA using AAA infrastrucure is not specified for Mobile IPv6
today. RFC3776 explains how IKE is used for establishing the SA
between the MN and HA. And even in this case, the MN has a
designated home address. cdma2000 network operators would prefer to
assign home addresses to the MN on a dynamic basis and do this
preferably using the AAA infrastrucutre which contains subscriber
profile and capability information.
A large subset of MNs in cdma2000 networks do not have IKE
capability. As a result the use of RFC3776 for setting up the MN-HA
IPsec SA is not an option. It should also be noted that IKE requires
several transactions before it is able to establish the IPsec SA.
cdma2000 network operators are extremely conscious in terms of the
number of messages sent and received over the air-interface for
signaling. The overhead associated with sending/receiving a large
number of signaling messages over the air interface has a direct
impact on the overall capacity and cost for the operator.
Optimization of the number of messages needed for using a service
like Mobile IPv6 is of great concern. As a result the use of IKE for
Mobile IPv6 deployment is detrimental to the operators bottom line.
Another downside of IKE for setting up the IPsec SA between the MN
and HA is that IKE does not integrate very well with the Radius based
AAA back-end. Since operators rely on the AAA infrastrucure to
provision subscribers as well as define profiles, keys etc. in the
AAA-Home, there is no getting away from the use of AAA in cdma2000
networks. IKEv2 does address this problem. However from a timeline
perspective the availability of IKEv2 specifications for Mobile IPv6
[I-D.ietf-mip6-ikev2-ipsec] and implementations do not meet the need
of operators that are currently relying on 3GPP2 specifications.
In summary the current model of Mobile IPv6 deployment which mandates
the existence of an IPsec SA between the MN and HA, as specified in
RFCs 3775 and 3776, is too rigid and does not meet the requirements
of operators building networks based on the cdma2000 [3GPP2
X.S0011-D] specifications. This is a problem that needs to be
addressed in order to ensure wide-scale deployment of the protocol.
6. Solution Proposal
The above issues can be addressed by developing a solution that
allows MIPv6 deployment that does not mandate the use of IPsec for
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securing the binding update and binding acknowledgment messages
between the MN and HA. A solution similar to the one that is used in
Mobile IPv4 today can be applied to Mobile IPv6 as well. The
experience gained in deploying Mobile IPv4 in cdma2000 networks on a
large scale can be reused for Mobile IPv6 also. The only con-
sideration is that the alternative solution should not be vulner-
able to attacks that are otherwise prevented by the use of IPsec.
Sections 4.1 and 4.2 describe the IPv4 based mobility architecture in
cdma networks and IPv6 based mobility architecture in cdma Net- works
respectively.
6.1. IPv4 based mobility architecture in cdma2000 networks
The figure below shows a high level view of the key network elements
that play a role in providing IP mobility using Mobile IPv4.
+--------------+ +----------------------+
| +------+ | | +------+ |
| | | | | | | |
| |F-AAA | | | |H-AAAH| |
| | +-------------------+ | |
| +---+--+ | | +--+---+ |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
+------+ | +---+--+ | | +--+---+ |
| | | | | | | | | |
| MN +- -|- -+ PDSN + -- -- -- -- - + HA | |
| | | | /FA | | | | | |
+------+ | +------+ | | +------+ |
| | | |
+--------------+ +----------------------+
Figure 1: cdma2000 packet data network architecture with Mobile IPv4
cdma mobility architecture based on MIPv4 is explained below. In
this architecture, mobility is tightly integrated with the AAA
infrastructure. The Mobile is configured with a NAI (Network Access
Identifier) and a MN-AAA Key. The MN-AAA key is a shared Key that is
shared between the MN and the Home AAA server.
Below is the access link setup procedure:
1. Bring up PPP on MN/PDSN (access router link). PPP
authentication is skipped. Mobile IP Authentication is
performed via the FA.
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2. PDSN sends a Mobile IP challenge to the MN on PPP link (RFC
3012).
3. MN sends a MIP registration request (RRQ), which includes the
users NAI, challenge and a MN-AAA extension which has challenge
response and a MN-HA extension which is generated based on the
MN-HA key.
4. PDSN extracts the MIP NAI/Challenge and response from MIP MN-AAA
extension sends an Access Request to F-AAA (challenge/response
using MD5).
5. F-AAA may forward it to H-AAA if needed (based on realm).
6. AAA authenticates the chap-challenge/response and returns
"success" if authentication succeeds.
7. PDSN forwards Registration Request (RRQ) to HA.
8. HA authenticates the RRQ (MHAE extension). HA may optionally
authenticate with AAA infrastructure (just like PDSN as in #4).
9. If authentication is successful, HA creates a binding and sends
a success Registration Reply (RRP) to PDSN.
10. PDSN creates a visitor entry and forwards the RRP to MN.
6.2. IPv6 based mobility architecture in cdma2000 networks
Due to the need for co-existence with MIPv4, and having the same
operational model, the 3GPP2 standards body is adopting the following
mobility architecture for MIPv6.
Access Domain Home Domain
+--------------+ +----------------------+
| +------+ | | +------+ |
| | | | | | | |
| |F-AAA | | | |H-AAA | |
| | +-------------------+ | |
| +---+--+ | | +--+---+ |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
+------+ | +---+--+ | | +--+---+ |
| | | | | | | | | |
| MN +- -|- -+ PDSN + -- -- -- -- - + HA | |
| | | | /AR | | | | | |
+------+ | +------+ | | +------+ |
| | | |
+--------------+ +----------------------+
Figure 2: cdma2000 packet data network architecture with Mobile IPv6
The Mobile is configured with an NAI (Network Access Identifier) and
a MN-AAA Key. The MN-AAA key is a shared Key between the MN and the
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Home AAA server.
6.2.1. Overview of the mobility operation in IPv6 based cdma2000
networks
The following steps explain a very high level overview of IP mobility
in cdma2000 networks:
The MS performs Link Layer establishment. This includes setting
up the PPP link. PPP-Chap authentication is performed. This is
authenticated by the PDSN/AR by sending an Access Request to the
F-AAA (and to the H-AAA when/if needed). Optionally, the MS
acquires bootstrap information from the Home Network (via the
PDSN; PDSN receives this information in Access Accept). Bootstrap
information includes Home address and Home agent assignment. The
MS uses stateless DHCPv6 [RFC 3736] to obtain the bootstrap
information from the PDSN.
The MS begins to use the HoA that was assigned in step a. If no
HoA was assigned at step a, the MS generates (auto-configures) an
IPv6 global unicast address based on the prefix information
received at step a.
At this step the MS sends a Binding Update to the selected Home
Agent. In the BU, the MS includes the NAI option, timestamp
option and MN-AAA auth option.
The HA extracts the NAI, authenticator etc. from the BU and sends
an access request to the Home RADIUS server.
The Home RADIUS server authenticates and authorizes the user and
sends back a RADIUS Access-Accept to the HA indicating successful
authentication and authorization. At this step the Home RADIUS
server also distributes Integrity Key to the HA for subsequent
MN-HA processing. The Integrity Key is generated using the MN-
HAAA shared key and the timestamp (for randomness).
At this step the HA performs replay check with the ID field in the
received BU. The HA also performs proxy Duplicate Address
Detection (DAD) on the MS's home address (global) using proxy
Neighbor Solicitation as specified in RFC 2461.
Assuming that proxy DAD is successful, the HA sends back a Binding
Acknowledgment to the MS. In this BA message the HA includes the
MN-HA mobility option, NAI mobility option and the ID mobility
option. The MN-HA authenticator is calculated based on the
Integrity Key that was derived in the Home RADIUS server at step
e.
6.2.2. Authentication and Security details
Access Link Setup, Access Authentication and Bootstrapping:
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1. MN brings up PPP session. PDSN triggers the MN to perform CHAP
authentication, as part of access authentication, while bringing
up PPP link.
2. The MN is authenticated using PPP-CHAP by the H-AAA (Home AAA),
via the F-AAA (Foreign AAA).
3. H-AAA may optionally send HoA and HA IP address to the PDSN for
bootstrapping the MN (skipping details).
Mobile IPv6 Authentication:
The Call Flow for the initial authentication (the number in the
parenthesis corresponds to the explanation below)
MN HA H-AAA
| BU to HA (4) | RADIUS Access-ReQ(5)
|---------------------------------------->|------------------->|(6)
| (including NAI option, MN-ID option, | |
| Mesg ID option, MN-AAA Auth Option) |RADIUS Access-Accept|(7)
|
|<-------------------|
| | |
| HA/AAAH authenticates MN
|
| |(8)
|
| |
|
| BA to MN (9) |
|
|<----------------------------------------|--------------------|
| (including MN-ID option, |
|
| Message ID option, MN-HA auth Options) |(10)
| |
Figure 3: Flow diagram for initial authentication
4. MN sends Binding Update (BU) to the HA. Binding Update is
authenticated using MN-AAA option. The authenticator in MN-AAA
option is calculated using hash of BU and MN-AAA shared key. It
uses HMAC_SHA1 algorithm. The SPI field in MN-AAA is set to 3
(defined in the draft) BU also includes NAI and timestamp among
other details. The hash of BU includes the 'timestamp' option
and thus provides proof of liveness to prevent replay.
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5. HA on receiving the BU, extracts the NAI, timestamp,
authenticator from MN-AAA option and generates hash of BU. HA
sends an Access Request to the AAA and puts this information in
3gpp2 defined VSAs (Vendor Specific Attributes). The NAI is put
in username in Access Request. The other attributes sent are:
timestamp option, hash of the BU (till SPI field of MN-AAA auth
option) and the authentication data from MN-AAA auth option.
6. AAA (Radius server which interprets these attributes),
authenticates the MN based on the hash of BU and authenticator.
Proceed to #7
7. AAA calculates session key based on MN-AAA shared secret and
timestamp and sends this to HA in Access-Accept (in a 3gpp2
defined VSA).
8. (skipping details for timestamp processing at HA) HA creates a
binding and a security association per auth-draft. The key for
this association is retrieved from Access Accept and is referred
to as session key. HA associates a fixed SPI of 5 with this SA
and is associated with the binding for the MN
9. HA sends a Binding Acknowledgement (BA) to the MN. BA has the
MN-HA authentication option, authenticated using the session key.
This option has the SPI set to 5.
10. On receiving a BA, MN calculates the session-key (using same
method as AAA) and associates it with SPI value of 5.
MN derives the session key and SA using the timestamp in the BU that
MN sent and the MN-AAA shared key. MN uses this key to authenticate
the MN-HA option in Binding Ack.. If authentication is successful,
MN creates a security association with SPI=5. This key is used to
authenticate further BU to the HA using the MN-HA auth option. Once
the binding lifetime expires and binding is deleted, the binding as
well as the security association based on the Integrity Key is
removed at the MN and HA.
Migration from MobileIPv4 to MobileIPv6 utilizes the same network
architecture and specially the same AAA infrastructure. Thus, it is
natural to have similar signaling in MIP6 as in MIP4, specifically
the authentication with AAA infrastructure.
7. Security Considerations
The security requirements for the signaling messages between the MN
and HA when using the authentication option mechanism are the same as
those when using IPsec to secure them.
8. Conclusion
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Mobile IPv6 has been standardized only recently. Deployment of this
protocol on a large scale is in the interest of the IETF and the
working group as well as the many people who have worked on this. A
rigid model for deployment will cause the protocol to be limited to
an academic exercise only. It is extremely critical that the working
group consider the needs of the industry and the deployment scenarios
and address them accordingly. Hence the solution proposed in I-D
draft-ietf-mip6-auth-protocol-xx.txt should be standardized by the
MIP6 WG in the IETF.
9. Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Alpesh Patel, AC Mahendra, Kuntal
Chowdhury and Vijay Devarapalli for their input and discussions.
Jari Arkko has reviewed the ID and provided valuable feedback.
Thomas Narten in his role as the IETF liaison to 3GPP2 has ensured
that the IETF understands the 3GPP2 requirements.
10. References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC3775] Johnson, D., Perkins, C., and J. Arkko, "Mobility Support
in IPv6", RFC 3775, June 2004.
[RFC3776] Arkko, J., Devarapalli, V., and F. Dupont, "Using IPsec to
Protect Mobile IPv6 Signaling Between Mobile Nodes and
Home Agents", RFC 3776, June 2004.
[3GPP2 X.S0011-D]
"3GPP2 X.S0011-D "cdma2000 Wireless IP Network Standard"".
[RFC3344] Perkins, C., "IP Mobility Support for IPv4", RFC 3344,
August 2002.
[I-D.ietf-mip6-auth-protocol]
Leung, K., "Authentication Protocol for Mobile IPv6",
draft-ietf-mip6-auth-protocol-05 (work in progress),
August 2005.
[I-D.ietf-mip6-mn-ident-option]
Leung, K., "Mobile Node Identifier Option for Mobile
IPv6", draft-ietf-mip6-mn-ident-option-02 (work in
progress), February 2005.
[I-D.ietf-mip6-ikev2-ipsec]
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Devarapalli, V., "Mobile IPv6 Operation with IKEv2 and the
revised IPsec Architecture",
draft-ietf-mip6-ikev2-ipsec-02 (work in progress),
July 2005.
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Authors' Addresses
Basavaraj Patil
Nokia
6000 Connection Drive
Irving, TX 75039
USA
Email: basavaraj.patil@nokia.com
Gopal Dommety
Cisco
170 West Tasman Drive
San Jose, CA 95134
USA
Email: gdommety@cisco.com
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Internet-Draft Why authdata option for MIP6 August 2005
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