Internet DRAFT - draft-peterson-modern-problems
draft-peterson-modern-problems
Network Working Group J. Peterson
Internet-Draft T. McGarry
Intended status: Informational NeuStar, Inc.
Expires: September 22, 2016 March 21, 2016
Modern Problem Statement, Use Cases, and Framework
draft-peterson-modern-problems-04.txt
Abstract
The functions of the public switched telephone network (PSTN) are
rapidly migrating to the Internet. This is generating new
requirements for many traditional elements of the PSTN, including
telephone numbers (TNs). TNs no longer serve simply as telephone
routing addresses, they are now identifiers which may be used by
Internet-based services for a variety of purposes including session
establishment, identity verification, and service enablement. This
problem statement examines how the existing tools for allocating and
managing telephone numbers do not align with the use cases of the
Internet environment, and proposes a framework for Internet-based
services relying on TNs.
Status of This Memo
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Table of Contents
1. Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1. Actors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2. Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3. Data Management Architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3. Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4. Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.1. Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.1.1. CSP Acquires TNs from Registrar . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.1.2. User Acquires TNs from CSP . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.1.3. CSP Delegates TNs to Another CSP . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.1.4. User Acquires TNs from a Delegate . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.1.5. User Acquires Numbers from Registrar . . . . . . . . 13
4.2. Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.2.1. Management of Administrative Data . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.2.1.1. CSP to Registrar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.2.1.2. User to CSP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.2.1.3. User to Registrar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.2.2. Management of Service Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.2.2.1. CSP to other CSPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.2.2.2. User to CSP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.2.3. Managing Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.2.3.1. Changing the CSP for an Existing Communications
Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.2.3.2. Terminating a Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.3. Retrieval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.3.1. Retrieval of Public Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.3.2. Retrieval of Semi-restricted Administrative Data . . 18
4.3.3. Retrieval of Semi-restricted Service Data . . . . . . 18
4.3.4. Retrieval of Restricted Data . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
8. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
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1. Problem Statement
The challenges of utilizing telephone numbers (TNs) on the Internet
have been known for some time. Internet telephony provided the first
use case for routing telephone numbers on the Internet in a manner
similar to how calls are routed in the public switched telephone
network (PSTN). As the Internet had no service for discovering the
endpoints associated with telephone numbers, ENUM [3] created a DNS-
based mechanism for resolving TNs in an IP environment, by defining
procedures for translating TNs into URIs for use by protocols such as
SIP [2]. The resulting database was designed to function in a manner
similar to the systems that route calls in the PSTN. Originally, it
was envisioned that ENUM would be deployed as a global hierarchical
service, though in practice, it has only been deployed piecemeal by
various parties. Most notably, ENUM is used as an internal network
function, and is hardly used between service provider networks. The
original ENUM concept of a single root, e164.arpa, proved to be
politically and practically challenging, and less centralized models
have thus flourished. Subsequently, the DRINKS [4] framework showed
ways that authorities might provision information about TNs at an
ENUM service or similar Internet-based directory. These technologies
have also generally tried to preserve the features and architecture
familiar from the PSTN numbering environment.
Over time, Internet telephony has encompassed functions that differ
substantially from traditional PSTN routing and management,
especially as non-traditional providers have begun to utilize
numbering resources. An increasing number of enterprises, over-the-
top Voice over IP providers, text messaging services, and related
non-carrier services have become heavy users of telephone numbers.
An enterprise, for example, could deploy an IP PBX that receives a
block of telephone numbers from a carrier and then in turn distribute
those numbers to new IP telephones when they associate with the PBX.
Internet services offer users portals where they can allocate new
telephone numbers on the fly, assign multiple "alias" telephone
numbers to a single line service, implement various mobility or find-
me-follow-me applications, and so on. Peer-to-peer telephone
networks have encouraged experiments with distributed databases for
telephone number routing and even allocation.
This dynamic control over telephone numbers has few precedents in the
traditional PSTN outside of number portability. Number portability
has been implemented in many countries, and the capability of a user
to choose and change their service provider while retaining their TN
is widely implemented now. However, TN administration processes
rooted in PSTN technology and policies dictate that this be an
exception process fraught with problems and delays. Originally,
processes were built to associate a specific TN to a specific service
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provider and never change it. With number portability, the industry
had to build new infrastructure, new administrative functions and
processes to change the association of the TN from one service
provider to another. Thanks to the increasing sophistication of
consumer mobile devices as Internet endpoints as well as telephones,
users now associate TNs with many Internet applications other than
telephony. This has generated new interest in models similar to
those in place for administering freephone services in the United
States, where a user purchases a number through a sort of number
registrar and controls its administration (such as routing) on their
own, typically using Internet services to directly make changes to
the service associated with telephone numbers.
Most TNs today are assigned to specific geographies, at both an
international level and within national numbering plans. Numbering
practices today are tightly coupled with the manenr that service
providers interconnect, as well as how TNs are routed and
administered: the PSTN was carefully designed to delegate switching
intelligence geographically. In interexchange carrier routing in
North America, for example, calls to a particular TN are often handed
off to the terminating service provider close to the geography where
that TN is assigned. But the overwhelming success of mobile
telephones has increasing eroded the connection between numbers and
regions. Furthermore, the topology of IP networks is not anchored to
geography in the same way that the telephone network is. In an
Internet environment, establishing a network architecture for routing
TNs could depend little on geography. Adapting TNs to the Internet
requires more security, richer datasets and more complex query and
response capabilities than previous efforts have provided.
This document will create a common understanding of the problem
statement related to allocating, managing, and resolving TNs in an IP
environment. It outlines a framework and lists motivating use cases
for creating IP-based mechanisms for TNs. It is important to
acknowledge at the outset that there are various evolvling
international and national policies and processes related to TNs, and
any solutions need to be flexible enough to account for variations in
policy and requirements.
2. Definitions
This section provides definitions for actors, data types and data
management architectures as they are discussed in this document.
Different numbering spaces may instantiate these roles and concepts
differently: practices that apply to non-geographic freephone
numbers, for example, may not apply to geographic numbers, and
practices that exist under one Numbering Authority may not be
permitted under another. The purpose of this framework is to
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identify the characteristics of protocol tools that will satisfy the
diverse requirements for telephone number acquisition, management,
and retrieval on the Internet.
2.1. Actors
The following roles of actors are defined in this document:
Numbering Authority: A regulatory body within a country that manages
that country's TNs. The Numbering Authority decides national
numbering policy for the nation, region, or other domain for which
it has authority, including what TNs can be allocated, and which
are reserved.
Registry: An entity that administers the allocation of TNs based on
a Numbering Authority's policies. Numbering authorities can act
as the Registries themselves, or they can outsource the function
to other entities. There are two subtypes of Registries: an
Authoritative Registry and a Distributed Registry. The general
term Registry in this document refers to both kinds of Registries.
Authoritative Registry: An authoritative Registry is a single entity
with sole responsibility for specific numbering resources.
Distributed Registry: Distributed Registries are multiple Registries
responsible for the same numbering resources.
Registrar: An entity that distributes the telephone numbers
administered by a Registry; typically, there are many Registrars
that can distribute numbers from a single Registry, through
Registrars may serve multiple Registries as well. A Registrar has
business relationships with its assginees and collects
administrative information from them.
Communication Service Provider (CSP): A provider of communications
services to Users, where those services can be identified by TNs.
This includes both traditional telephone carriers or enterprises
as well as service providers with no presence on the PSTN who use
TNs. This framework does not assume that any single CSP provides
all the communications service related to a particular TN.
Service Enabler: An entity that works with CSPs to enable
communication service to a User; perhaps a vendor, or third-party
integrator.
User: An individual reachable through a communications service;
usually a customer of a communication service provider.
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Government Entity: An entity that, due to legal powers deriving from
national policy, has privileged access to information about number
administration under certain conditions.
Note that an individual, company or other entity may act in one or
more of the roles above; for example, a company may be a CSP and also
a Registrar. Although Numbering Authorities are listed as actors,
they are unlikely to actually participate in the protocol flows
themselves, though in some situations a Numbering Authority and
Registry may be the same administrative entitiy.
All actors that are recipients of numbering resources, be they a CSP,
Service Enabler, or User, can also be said to have a relationship to
a Registry of either an assignee or delegate:
Assignee: An actor that is assigned a TN directly by a Registrar; an
assignee always has a direct relationship with a Registrar.
Delegate: An actor that is delegated a TN from an assignee or
another delegate, who does not necessarily have a direct
relationship with a Registrar. Delegates may delegate one or more
of their TN assignment(s) to one or more further downstream
subdelegates.
As an example, consider a case where a Numbering Authority also acts
as a Registry, and it issues 10,000 blocks of TNs to CSPs, which in
this case also act as Registrars. CSP/Registrars would then be
responsible for distributing numbering resources to Users and other
CSPs. In this case, an enterprise deploying IP PBXs also acts as a
CSP, and it acquires number blocks for its enterprise seats in chunks
of 100 from a CSP acting as a Registrar with whom the enterprise has
a business relationship. The enterprise is in this case the
assignee, as it receives numbering resources directly from a
Registrar. As it doles out individual numbers to its Users, the
enterprise delegates its own numbering resources to those Users and
their communications endpoints. The overall ecosystem might look as
follows.
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+---------+
|Numbering|
|Authority|Registry
+----+----+
|
V 10,000 TNs
+---------+
| CSP |Registrar
+----+----+
|
V 100 TNs
+---------+
| PBX |Assignee
+---------+
|
V 1 TN
+---------+
| User |Delegate
+---------+
Figure 1: Chain of Number Assignment
2.2. Data Types
The following data types are defined in this document:
Administrative Data: assignment data related to the TN and the
relevant actors; it includes TN status (assigned, unassigned,
etc.), contact data for the assignee or delegate, and typically
does not require real-time performance as access to this data is
not required for ordinary call or session establishment.
Service Data: data necessary to enable service for the TN; it
includes addressing data, service features, and so on, and
typically does require real-time performance, in so far as this
data typically must be queried during call set-up.
Administrative and service data can fit into three categories:
Public: data that anyone can access, for example a list of which
numbering resources (unallocated number ranges) are available for
acquisition from the Registry.
Semi-restricted: data that a subset of actors can access, for
example CSPs may be able to access other CSP's service data.
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Restricted: data that is only available to a small subset of actors,
for example a Government Entity may be able access contact
information for a User.
While it might appear there are really only two categories, public
and restricted based on requestor, the distinction between semi-
restricted and restricted is helpful for the use cases below.
2.3. Data Management Architectures
This framework generally assumes that administrative and service data
is maintained by CSPs, Registrars, and Registries. The role of a
Registry described here is a "thin" one, where the Registry manages
basic allocation information for the numbering space, such as
information about whether or not the number is assigned, and if
assigned, by which Registrar. It is the Registrar that in turn
manages detailed administrative data about those assignments, such as
contact or billing information for the assignee. In some models,
CSPs and Registrars will be composed (the same administrative
entity), and in others the Registry and Registrar may similarly be
composed. Typically, service data resides largely at the CSP itself,
though in some models a "thicker" Registry may itself contain a
pointer to the servicing CSP for a number or number block. In
addition to traditional centralized Registries, this framework also
supports environments where the same data is being managed by
multiple administrative entities, and stored in many locations. A
distribute registry system is discussed further in [15].
Data store: a service that stores and enables access to
administrative and/or service data.
Reference Address: a URL that dereferences to the location of the
data store.
Distributed data stores: refers to administrative or service data
being stored with multiple actors. For example, CSPs could
provision their service data to multiple other CSPs.
Distributed Registries: refers to multiple Registries managing the
same numbering resource. Actors could interact with one or
multiple Registries. The Registries would update each other when
change occurs. The challenge is to ensure there are no clashes,
e.g., two Registries assigning the same TN to two different
actors.
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3. Framework
The framework outlined in this document requires three Internet-based
mechanisms for managing and resolving telephone numbers (TNs) in an
IP environment. These mechanisms will likely reuse existing
protocols for sharing structured data; it is unlikely that new
protocol development work will be required, though new information
models specific to the data itself will be a major focus of framework
development. Likely candidates for reuse here include work done in
DRINKS and WEIRDS, as well as the TeRI [12] framework.
These protocol mechanisms are scoped in a way that makes them likely
to apply to a broad range of future policies for number
administration. It is not the purpose of this framework to dictate
number policy, but instead to provide tools that will work with
policies as they evolve going forward. These mechanisms therefore do
not assume that number administration is centralized, nor that number
allocations are restricted to any category of service providers,
though these tools must and will work in environments with those
properties.
The three mechanisms are:
Acquisition: a protocol mechanism for acquiring TNs, including an
enrollment process.
Management: a protocol mechanism for associating data with TNs.
Retrieval: a protocol mechanism for retrieving data about TNs.
The acquisition mechanism will enable actors to acquire TNs for use
with a communications service. The acquisition mechanism will
provide a means to request numbering resources from a service
operated by a Registrar, CSP or similar actor. TNs may be requested
either on a number-by-number basis, or as inventory blocks. Any
actor who grants numbering resources will retain metadata about the
assignment, including the responsible organization or individual to
whom numbers have been assigned.
The management mechanism will let actors provision data associated
with TNs. For example, if a User has been assigned a TN, they may
select a CSP to provide a particular service associated with the TN,
or a CSP may assign a TN to a User upon service activation. In
either case, a mechanism is needed to provision data associated with
the TN at that CSP.
The retrieval mechanism will enable actors to learn information about
TNs, typically by sending a request to a CSP. For some information,
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an actor may need to send a request to a Registry rather than a CSP.
Different parties may be authorized to receive different information
about TNs.
As an example, a CSP might use the acquisition interface to acquire a
chunk of numbers from a Registrar. Users might then provision
administrative data associated with those numbers at the CSP through
the management interface, and query for service data relating to
those numbers through the retrieval interface of the CSP.
+--------+
|Registry|
+---+----+
|
V
+---------+
|Registrar|
+---------+
\
\\
Acquisition \\
\\+-------+
\ CSP |
+---+---+
A A
| |
Management | | Retrieval
| |
| |
+-------++ ++-------+
| User | | User |
+--------+ +--------+
Figure 2: Example of the Three Interfaces
4. Use Cases
The high-level use cases in this section will provide an overview of
the expected operation of the three interfaces in the MODERN problem
space.
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4.1. Acquisition
There are various scenarios for how TNs can be acquired by the
relevant actors: a CSP, Service Enabler, or User. There are three
actors from which numbers can be acquired: a Registrar, a CSP and a
User (presumably one who is delegating to another party). It is
assumed that Registrars are either composed with Registries, or that
Registrars have established business relationships with Registries
that enable them to distribute the numbers that the Registries here
administer. In these use cases, a User may acquire TNs either from a
CSP or a Registry, or from an intermediate delegate.
4.1.1. CSP Acquires TNs from Registrar
The most fundamental and traditional numbering use case is one where
a CSP, such as a carrier, requests a block of numbers from a
Registrar to hold as inventory or assign to customers.
Through some out-of-band business process, a CSP develops a
relationship with a Registrar. The Registrar maintains a profile of
the CSP and what qualifications they possess for requesting TNs. The
CSP may then request TNs from within a specific pool of numbers in
the authority of the Registry; such as region, mobile, wireline,
tollfree, etc. The Registrar must authenticate and authorize the
CSP, and then either grant or deny a request. When an assignment
occurs, the Registry creates and stores administrative information
related to the assignment such as TN status and contact information,
and removes the specific TN(s) from the pool of those that are
available for assignment. As a part of the acqusition and assignment
process, the Registry provides any necessary credentials (for
example, STIR certificates [13]) to the CSP to be used to prove the
assignment for future transactions.
Before it is eligible to receive TN assignments, per the policy of a
national authority, the CSP may need to have submitted (again,
through some out-of-band process) additional qualifying information
such as current utilization rate or a demand forecast.
There are two scenarios under which a CSP requests resources; they
are requesting inventory, or they are requesting for a specific User
or delegate. TNs assigned to a User are always considered assigned
by the Registrar, not inventory. In this use case, after receiving a
number assignment from the Registrar, a User will then obtain
communications service from a CSP, and provide to the CSP the TN to
be used for that service along with the credential. The CSP will
associate service information for that TN, e.g., service address, and
make it available to other CSPs to enable interoperability. The CSP
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may need to update the Registrar regarding this service activation
(this is part of the "TN status" maintained by the Registrar).
4.1.2. User Acquires TNs from CSP
Today, a User typically acquires a TN from CSP when signing up for
communications service or turning on a new device. In this use case,
the User becomes the delegate of the CSP.
A User creates or has a relationship with the CSP, and subscribes to
a communications service which includes the use of a TN. The CSP
collects and stores administrative data about the User. The CSP then
activates the User on their network and creates any necessary service
data to enable interoperability with other CSPs. The CSP could also
update public or privileged databases accessible by other Actors.
The CSP provides any necessary credentials to the User (for example,
a STIR certificate [13]) to prove the assignment for future
transactions. Such credential could be delegated from the one
provided by the Registrar to the CSP to continue the chain of
assignment.
The CSP could assign a TN from its existing inventory or it could
acquire a new TN from the Registrar as part of the assignment
process. If it assigns it from its existing inventory it would
remove the specific TN from the pool of those available for
assignment. It may also update the Registrar about the assignment so
the Registrar has current assignment data.
4.1.3. CSP Delegates TNs to Another CSP
A reseller or a service bureau might acquire a block of numbers from
a CSP to be issued to Users.
In this case, the delegate CSP has a business relationship with the
assignee CSP. The assignee CSP collects and stores administrative
data about the delegate. The assignee then activates the delegate on
their network and creates any necessary service data to enable
interoperability with other CSPs. The CSP could also update public
or privileged databases accessible by other Actors. The CSP provides
any necessary credentials to the delegate CSP (for example, a STIR
certificate [13]) to prove the assignment for future transactions.
Such credentials could be delegated from the one provided by the
Registry to the CSP to continue the chain of assignment.
The CSP could assign a block from its existing inventory or it could
acquire new TNs from the Registrar as part of the assignment process.
If it assigns it from its existing inventory it would remove the
specific TN from the pool of those available for assignment. It may
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also update the Registrar about the assignment so the Registrar has
current assignment data. The Delegate may need to provide
utilization and assignment data to the Registry, either directly or
through the CSP.
4.1.4. User Acquires TNs from a Delegate
Aquiring a TN from a delegate follows the process in Section 4.1.2,
as it should be similar to how a User acquires TNs from a CSP. In
this case, the delegate re-delegating the TNs would be performing
functions done by the CSP, e.g., providing any credentials,
collecting administrative data, creative service data, and so on.
4.1.5. User Acquires Numbers from Registrar
Today, a user wishing to acquire a freephone number may browse the
existing inventory through one or more Registrars, comparing their
prices and services. Each such Registrar either is a CSP, or has a
business relationship wtih a CSP to provide services for that
freephone number.
Acquiring a TN from a Registrar follows the process in Section 4.1.1,
as it should be similar to how a CSP acquires TNs from a Registrar.
In this case, the User must establish some business relationship
directly to a Registrar, similarly to how such functions are
conducted today when Users purchase domain names. For the purpose of
status information kept by the Registry, TNs assigned to a User are
always considered assigned, not inventory.
In this use case, after receiving a number assignment from the
Registrar, a User will then obtain communications service from a CSP,
and provide to the CSP the TN to be used for that service. The CSP
will associate service information for that TN, e.g., service
address, and make it available to other CSPs to enable
interoperability.
4.2. Management
The management protocol mechanism is needed to associate
administrative and service data with TNs, and may be used to refresh
or rollover associated credentials.
4.2.1. Management of Administrative Data
Administrative data is primarily related to the status of the TN, its
administrative contacts, and the actors involved in providing service
to the TN. Protocol interactions for administrative data will
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therefore predominantly occur between CSPs and Users to the
Registrar, or between Users and delegate CSPs to the CSP.
Most administrative data is not a good candidate for a distributed
data store model. Access to it does not require real-time
performance therefore local caches are not necessary. And it will
include sensitive information such as user and contact data.
Some of the data could lend itself to being publicly available, such
as CSP and TN assignment status. In that case it would be deemed
public information for the purposes of the retrieval interface.
4.2.1.1. CSP to Registrar
After a CSP acquires a TN or block of TNs from the Registrar (per
Section 4.1.1 above), it then provides administrative data to the
Registrar as a step in the acquisition process. The Registrar will
authenticate the CSP and determine if the CSP is authorized to
provision the administrative data for the TNs in question. The
Registry will update the status of the TN, i.e., that it is
unavailable for assignment. The Registrar will also maintain
administrative data provided by the CSP.
Changes to this administrative data will not be frequent. Examples
of changes would be terminating service (see Section 4.2.3.2) and
changing a CSP or delegate. Changes should be authenticated by a
credential to prove administrative responsibility for the TN.
In a distributed Registry model, TN status, e.g., allocated,
assigned, available, unavailable, would need to be provided to other
Registries in real-time. Other administrative data could be sent to
all Registries or other Registries could get a reference address to
the host Registry's data store.
4.2.1.2. User to CSP
After a User acquires a TN or block of TNs from a CSP, the User will
provide administrative data to the CSP. The CSP commonly acts as a
Regisrar in this case, maintaining the administrative data and only
notify the Registry of the change in TN status. In this case, the
Registry maintains a reference address to the CSP/Registrar's
administrative data store so relevant actors have the ability to
access the data. Alternatively a CSP could send the administrative
data to an external Registrar to store. If there is a delegate
between the CSP and user, they will have to ensure there is a
mechanism for the delegate to update the CSP as change occurs.
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4.2.1.3. User to Registrar
If the User has a direct relationship with the Registrar, then
naturally the user could could provision administrative data
associated with their TN directly to the Registrar. This is the
case, for example, with the freephone example, where a User has a
business relationship with its freephone provider, and the freephone
provider maintains account and billing data. While delegates
necessarily are not assignees, some environments as an optimization
might want to support a model where the delegate updates the
Registrar directly on changes, as opposed to sending that data to the
CSP or through the CSP to the Registrar. As stated already, the
protocol should enable Users to acquire TNs directly from a
Registrar, which Registrar may or may not also act as a CSP. In
these cases the updates would be similar to that described in
Section 4.2.1.1.
4.2.2. Management of Service Data
Service data is data required by an originating or intermediate CSP
to enable communications service to a User: a SIP URI is an example
of one service data element commonly used to route communications.
CSPs typically create and manage service data, however it is possible
that delegates and Users could as well. For most use cases involving
individual Users, it is anticipated that lower-level service
information changes would be communicated to CSPs via existing
protocols (like the baseline SIP REGISTER [2] method) rather than
through any new interfaces defined by MODERN.
4.2.2.1. CSP to other CSPs
After a User enrolls for service with a CSP, in the case where the
CSP was assigned the TN by a Registrar, the CSP will then create a
service address (such as a SIP URI) and associate it with the TN.
The CSP needs to update this data to enable service interoperability.
There are multiple ways that this update can occur, though most
commonly service data is exposed through the retrieval interface (see
Section 4.3. For certain deployment architectures, like a
distributed data store model, CSPs may need to provide data directly
to other CSPs.
If the CSP is assigning a TN from its own inventory it may not need
to perform service data updates as change occurs because the existing
service data associated with inventory may be sufficient once the TN
is put in service. They would however likely update the Registry on
the change in status.
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4.2.2.2. User to CSP
Users could also associate service data to their TNs at the CSP. An
example is a User acquires a TN from the Registrar (as described in
Section 4.1.5) and wants to provide that TN to the CSP so the CSP can
enable service. In this case, once the user provides the number to
the CSP, the CSP would update the Registry or other actors as
outlined in Section 4.2.2.1.
4.2.3. Managing Change
This section will address some special use cases that were not
covered in other sections of 4.2.
4.2.3.1. Changing the CSP for an Existing Communications Service
A User who subscribes to a communications service, and received their
TN from that CSP, wishes to retain the same TN but move their service
to a different CSP. The User provides their credential to the new
CSP and the CSP initiates the change in service.
In the simplest scenario, where there's an authoritative composed
Registry/Registrar that maintains service data, the new CSP provides
the new service data with the User's credential to the Registry/
Registrar, which then makes the change. The old credential is
revoked and a new one is provided. The new CSP or the Registrar
would send a notification to the old CSP, so they can disable
service. The old CSP will undo any delegations to the User,
including invalidating any cryptographic credentials (e.g. STIR
certificates [13]) previously granted to the User. Any service data
maintained by the CSP must be removed, and similarly, the CSP must
delete any such information it provisioned in the Registry.
In a similar model to common practice in some environments today, the
User could provide their credential to the old CSP, and the old CSP
initiates the change in service.
If there was a distributed Registry that maintained service data, the
Registry would also have to update the other Registries of the
change.
4.2.3.2. Terminating a Service
A User who subscribes to a communications service, and received their
TN from the CSP, wishes to terminate their service. At this time,
the CSP will undo any delegations to the User, including invalidating
any cryptographic credentials (e.g. STIR certificates [13])
previously granted to the User. Any service data maintained by the
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CSP must be removed, and similarly, the CSP must delete any such
information it provisioned in the Registrar.
The TN will change state from assigned to unassigned, the CSP will
update the Registry. Depending on policies the TN could go back into
the Registry, CSP, or delegate's pool of available TNs and would
likely enter an aging process.
In an alternative use case, a User who received their own TN
assignment directly from a Registrar terminates their service with a
CSP. At this time, the User might terminate their assignment from
the Registrar, and return the TN to the Registry for re-assignment.
Alternatively, they could retain the TN and elect to assign it to
some other service at a later time.
4.3. Retrieval
Retrieval of administrative or service data will be subject to access
restrictions based on the category of the specific data; public,
semi-restricted or restricted. Both administrative and service data
can have data elements that fall into each of these categories. It
is expected that the majority of administrative and service data will
fall into the semi-restricted category: access to this information
may require some form of authorization, though service data crucial
to reachability will need to be accessible. In some environments,
it's possible that none of the service data will be considered
public.
The retrieval protocol mechanism for semi-restricted and restricted
data needs a way for the receiver of the request to identify the
originator of the request and what is being requested. The receiver
of the request will process that request based on this information.
4.3.1. Retrieval of Public Data
Under most circumstances, a CSP wants its communications service to
be publicly reachable through TNs, so the retrieval interface
supports public interfaces that permit clients to query for service
data about a TN. Some service data may however require that the
client by authorized to receive it, per the use case in Section 4.3.3
below.
Public data can simply be posted on websites or made available
through a publicly available API. Public data hosted by a CSP may
have a reference address at the Registry.
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4.3.2. Retrieval of Semi-restricted Administrative Data
A CSP is having service problems completing calls to a specific TN,
so it wants to contact the CSP serving that TN. The Registry
authorizes the originating CSP to access to this information. It
initiates a query to the Registry, the Registry verifies the
requestor and the requested data and Registry responds with the
serving CSP and contact data.
Alternatively that information could be part of a distributed data
store and not stored at the Registry. In that case, the CSP has the
data in a local distributed data store and it initiates the query to
the local data store. The local data store responds with the CSP and
contact data. No verification is necessary because it was done when
the CSP was authorized to receive the data store.
4.3.3. Retrieval of Semi-restricted Service Data
A User on a CSP's network calls a TN. The CSP initiates a query for
service data associated with the TN to complete the call, and will
receive special service data because the CSP operates in a closed
environment where different CSPs receive different responses, and
only authorized CSPs may access service data. The query and response
must have real-time performance. There are multiple scenarios for
the query and response.
In a distributed data store model each CSP distributes its updated
service data to all other CSPs. The originating CSP has the service
data in its local data store and queries it. The local data store
responds with the service data. The service data can be a reference
address to a data store maintained by the serving CSP or it can be
the service address itself. In the case where it's a reference
address the query would go to the serving CSP and they would verify
the requestor and the requested data and respond. In the case where
it's the service address it would process the call using that.
In some environments, aspects of the service data may reside at the
Registry itself (for example, the assigned CSP for a TN), and thus a
the query may be sent to the Registry. The Registry verifies the
requestor and the requested data and responds with the service data,
such as a SIP URI containing the domain of the assigned CSP.
4.3.4. Retrieval of Restricted Data
In this case, a Government Entity wishes to access information about
a particular User, who subscribes to a communications service. The
entity that operates the Registry on behalf of the National Authority
in this case has some pre-defined relationship with the Government
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Entity. When the CSP acquired TNs from the National Authority, it
was a condition of that assignment that the CSP provide access for
Government Entities to telephone numbering data when certain
conditions apply. The required data may reside either in the CSP or
in the Registrar.
For a case where the CSP delegates a number to the User, the CSP
might provision the Registrar (or itself, if the CSP is composed with
a Registrar) with information relevant to the User. At such a time
as the Government Entity needs information about that User, the
Government Entity may contact the Registrar or CSP to acquire the
necessary data. The interfaces necessary for this will be the same
as those described in Section 4.3; the Government Entity will be
authenticated, and an authorization decision will be made by the
Registrar or CSP under the policy dictates established by the
National Authority.
5. Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Henning Schulzrinne for his contributions to
this problem statement and framework, and to thank Pierce Gorman for
detailed comments.
6. IANA Considerations
This memo includes no instructions for the IANA.
7. Security Considerations
The acquisition, management, and retrieval of administrative and
service data associated with telephone numbers raises a number of
security issues.
Any mechanism that allows an individual or organization to acquire
telephone numbers will require a means of mutual authentication, of
integrity protection, and of confidentiality. A Registry as defined
in this document will surely want to authenticate the source of an
acquisition request as a first step in the authorization process to
determine whether or not the resource will be granted. Integrity of
both the request and response is essential to ensuring that tampering
does not allow attackers to block acquisitions, or worse, to
commandeer resources. Confidentiality is essential to preventing
eavesdroppers from learning about allocations, including the
personally identifying information associated with the administrative
or technical contracts for allocations.
A management interface for telephone numbers has similar
requirements. Without proper authentication and authorization
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mechanisms in place, an attack could use the management interface to
disrupt service data or administrative data, which could deny service
to users, enable new impersonation attacks, prevent billing systems
from operating properly, and cause similar system failures.
Finally, a retrieval interfaces has its own needs for mutual
authentication, integrity protection, and for confidentiality. Any
CSP sending a request to retrieve service data associated with a
number will want to know that it is reaching the proper authority,
that the response from that authority has not been tampered with in
transit, and in most cases the CSP will not want to reveal to
eavesdroppers the number it is requesting or the response that it has
received. Similarly, any service answering such a query will want to
have a means of authenticating the source of the query, and of
protecting the integrity and confidentiality of its responses.
8. Informative References
[1] Peterson, J. and C. Jennings, "Enhancements for
Authenticated Identity Management in the Session
Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 4474,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4474, August 2006,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4474>.
[2] Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston,
A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E.
Schooler, "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3261, June 2002,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3261>.
[3] Bradner, S., Conroy, L., and K. Fujiwara, "The E.164 to
Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI) Dynamic Delegation
Discovery System (DDDS) Application (ENUM)", RFC 6116,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6116, March 2011,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6116>.
[4] Channabasappa, S., Ed., "Data for Reachability of Inter-
/Intra-NetworK SIP (DRINKS) Use Cases and Protocol
Requirements", RFC 6461, DOI 10.17487/RFC6461, January
2012, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6461>.
[5] Watson, M., "Short Term Requirements for Network Asserted
Identity", RFC 3324, DOI 10.17487/RFC3324, November 2002,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3324>.
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[6] Jennings, C., Peterson, J., and M. Watson, "Private
Extensions to the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) for
Asserted Identity within Trusted Networks", RFC 3325,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3325, November 2002,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3325>.
[7] Hoffman, P. and J. Schlyter, "The DNS-Based Authentication
of Named Entities (DANE) Transport Layer Security (TLS)
Protocol: TLSA", RFC 6698, DOI 10.17487/RFC6698, August
2012, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6698>.
[8] Elwell, J., "Connected Identity in the Session Initiation
Protocol (SIP)", RFC 4916, DOI 10.17487/RFC4916, June
2007, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4916>.
[9] Schulzrinne, H., "The tel URI for Telephone Numbers",
RFC 3966, DOI 10.17487/RFC3966, December 2004,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3966>.
[10] Rosenberg, J. and C. Jennings, "The Session Initiation
Protocol (SIP) and Spam", RFC 5039, DOI 10.17487/RFC5039,
January 2008, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5039>.
[11] Peterson, J., Jennings, C., and R. Sparks, "Change Process
for the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) and the Real-
time Applications and Infrastructure Area", BCP 67,
RFC 5727, DOI 10.17487/RFC5727, March 2010,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5727>.
[12] Peterson, J., "A Framework and Information Model for
Telephone-Related Information (TeRI)", draft-peterson-
modern-teri-00 (work in progress), October 2015.
[13] Peterson, J., "Secure Telephone Identity Credentials:
Certificates", draft-ietf-stir-certificates-02 (work in
progress), July 2015.
[14] Barnes, M., Jennings, C., Rosenberg, J., and M. Petit-
Huguenin, "Verification Involving PSTN Reachability:
Requirements and Architecture Overview", draft-jennings-
vipr-overview-06 (work in progress), December 2013.
[15] Bellur, H. and C. Wendt, "Distributed Registry Protocol",
draft-wendt-modern-drip-00 (work in progress), October
2015.
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[16] Rosenberg, J. and H. Schulzrinne, "Session Initiation
Protocol (SIP): Locating SIP Servers", RFC 3263,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3263, June 2002,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3263>.
Authors' Addresses
Jon Peterson
Neustar, Inc.
1800 Sutter St Suite 570
Concord, CA 94520
US
Email: jon.peterson@neustar.biz
Tom McGarry
Neustar, Inc.
1800 Sutter St Suite 570
Concord, CA 94520
US
Email: tom.mcgarry@neustar.biz
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