Internet DRAFT - draft-sarikaya-dmm-for-wifi
draft-sarikaya-dmm-for-wifi
Network Working Group B. Sarikaya
Internet-Draft
Intended status: Standards Track L. Xue
Expires: May 3, 2018 October 30, 2017
Distributed Mobility Management Protocol for WiFi Users in Fixed Network
draft-sarikaya-dmm-for-wifi-05.txt
Abstract
As networks are moving towards flat architectures, a distributed
approach is needed to mobility management. This document presents a
use case distributed mobility management protocol called Distributed
Mobility Management for Wi-Fi. The protocol is based on mobility
aware virtualized routing system with software-defined network
support. Routing is in Layer 2 in the access network and in Layer 3
in the core network. Smart phones access the network over IEEE
802.11 (Wi-Fi) interface and can move in home, hotspot and enterprise
buildings.
Status of This Memo
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This Internet-Draft will expire on May 3, 2018.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
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to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Conventions and Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4. Detailed Protocol Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.1. Layer 2 Mobility in Access Network . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.2. Layer 3 Mobility and Routing in Core Network . . . . . . 6
4.3. Route Establishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.4. Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5. Multicast Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.1. IPv4 Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
8. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
9.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
9.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Appendix A. YANG and RPC Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
A.1. Host Routing Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
A.2. Route Establishment RPCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
A.3. get-config RPC procedure for host routes . . . . . . . . 20
A.4. edit-config RPC procedure to create a host route . . . . 21
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1. Introduction
Centralized mobility anchoring has several drawbacks such as single
point of failure, routing in a non optimal route, overloading of the
centralized data anchor point due to the data traffic increase, low
scalability of the centralized route and context management
[RFC7333].
In this document, we define a routing based distributed mobility
management protocol. The protocol assumes a flat network
architecture as shown in Figure 1. No client software is assumed at
the mobile node.
IP level mobility signaling needs to be used even when MN is
connected to a home network or a hotspot. Distributed anchors in the
protocol are called Unified Gateways and they represent an evolution
from the Broadband Network Gateway (BNG) currently in use.
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2. Conventions and Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].
This document uses the terminology defined in
[I-D.ietf-dmm-deployment-models] and
[I-D.matsushima-stateless-uplane-vepc].
3. Overview
This section presents an overview of the protocol, Distributed
Mobility Management for Wi-Fi protocol (DMM4WiFi). See also
Figure 1.
Access routers (AR) are Unified Gateways (UGW) that are the access
network gateways that behave similarly as Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
Edge Router (EPC-E) in [I-D.matsushima-stateless-uplane-vepc]. UGW
is configured an anycast address on the interface facing the
Residential Gateway (RG). RGs use this address to forward packets
from the users. The fixed access network delivers the packets to
geographically closest UGW. UGW plays the role of Access Data Plane
Node (A-DPN) defined in [I-D.ietf-dmm-deployment-models]. A-DPN and
UGW are interchangeably used in this document.
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Cloud _.---------+----------.
,' ' ---''Virtualized Control Plane---'-.
( +---+ +---+ +---+ `.
`. |VM1| |VM2| |VM3| )
+---+ +---+ +--,+ ,'
IP Routers | _.---------+----------.
with SDN Clients ,----'' | `---'-.
and Agents ,-' | | \ `-.
,' | | ' `.
( | IP Network| \ )
`. | | ' ,'
`-. | ; ,\'
;-----. ---------+------------------
+-------+ +-------+ +-------+
| A-DPN | | A-DPN | | A-DPN |
+-------+ +-------+ +-------+
,' | `.
( Access Network )
`. | ,'
+-----+ +-----+ +-----+
| RG | | RG | | RG |
+-----+ +-----+ +-----+
+-----+ +-----+
| MN | ----move---------------> | MN |
+-----+ +-----+
Figure 1: SDN Based Architecture of Wi-Fi Protocol
Wi-Fi smart phone, the mobile node (MN) is assigned a unique prefix
using either Stateless Address Auto Configuration (SLAAC) or by a
DHCP server which could be placed in the cloud. In case of SLAAC, RG
is delegated the prefixes by DHCP server using [RFC3633].
Prefix assignments to MNs are consistent with the prefixes assigned
to UGWs that are shorter than /64. These prefixes are part of the
operator's prefix(es) which could be /32, /24, etc.
The mobile node can move at home or in a hot spot from one Access
Point (AP) to another AP and MN mobility will be handled in Layer 2
using IEEE 802.11k and 802.11r. Authentication is handled in Layer 2
using [IEEE-802.11i] and [IEEE-802.11-2007] (as described in
Section 4.4).
When MN moves from one A-DPN into another A-DPN, IP mobility
signaling needs to be introduced. In this document we use Handover
Initiate/ Handover Acknowledge (HI/HAck) messages defined in
[RFC5949]. Handover Initiate message can be initiated by either
previous UGW (predictive handover) or the next UGW (reactive UGW).
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In reactive handover, RG establishes a new connection with the next
UGW when MN moves to this RG and provides previous UGW address. This
will trigger the next UGW to send HI message to the previous UGW.
Previous UGW sends HAck messages which establishes a tunnel between
previous and next UGWs. Previous UGW sends packets destined to MN to
the new UGW which in turn sends them to MN.
Note that the mobility signaling just described is control plane
functionality, i.e. between Access-Control Plane Nodes (A-CPN).
Control plane in our document is moved to the cloud, thus mobility
signaling happens at the cloud, possibly between two virtual machines
(VM), A-CPNs.
Upstream packets from MN at the new A-DPN establish the initial
routing path when MN first enters the system. This path needs to be
updated as MN moves from one A-DPN to another, i.e. MN handover.
Since MN keeps the prefix initially assigned, after handover, the new
upstream path establishment may establish host routes in the upstream
routers. This route is refreshed as long as MN stays under the same
A-DPN. Handover signaling and subsequent upstream path establishment
is very critical because the downstream packets may need to follow
the path that is established for MN.
Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is used in DMM4WiFi in both Layer 2
and Layer 3 routing management. In case of Layer 2 routing, the Open
Flow Switch Protocol is used as the south bound interface between the
SDN Controller and Layer 2 access network switches. Extensible
Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) is used as the north bound
interface between the SDN controller and DMM4WiFi application.
DMM4WiFi Layer 3 routing is based on SDN controllers manipulating
Routing Information Bases (RIB) in a subset of the upstream routers.
In this case south bound interface is the NETCONF protocol which is
based on the Remote Procedure Call (RPC) protocol and YANG. I2RS
architecture is used in this context.
Mobile node generates interface identifier using [RFC7217] in SLAAC.
With this method, MN interface identifiers will be different when MN
moves from one A-DPN to another A-DPN. MN MAY have different IPv6
addresses due to this method of interface identifier generation.
4. Detailed Protocol Operation
In this section, Layer 2 and Layer 3 mobility procedures are
explained.
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4.1. Layer 2 Mobility in Access Network
In the access network, RG MAC address acts as an identifier for the
MN. Access network switches are controlled by SDN. Controller to
Switch interface uses a protocol such as Extensible Messaging and
Presence Protocol (XMPP) [RFC6121]. XMPP is based on a general
subscribe-publish message bus. SDN controller publishes forwarding
instructions to the subscribing switch. Forwarding instructions
could be Open Flow like match-forward instructions. Open Flow
protocol can also be used [ONFv1.5].
Access network is organized as interconnected switches. The switch
connected to the RG is called egress switch. The switch connected to
the UGW is called ingress switch. IEEE 802.1ad standard for VLAN (Q-
in-Q) is used in the access network, where S-VLAN denotes RG groups,
and C-VLAN determines traffic classes. One S-VLAN tag is assigned to
create one or more VLAN paths between egress and ingress switches.
MN mobility in the access network can be tracked by keeping a table
consisting of MN IP address and RG MAC address pairs. In this
document SDN controllers keep the mobility table. This table is used
to select proper S-VLAN downstream path from ingress switch to egress
switch and upstream path from egress switch to ingress switch.
After a new MN with WiFi associates with RG, RG sends an Unsolicited
Neighbor Advertisement (NA) message upstream. This NA message is
constructed as per [RFC4861] but the Source Address field is set to a
unicast address of MN. NA message is received by SDN controller and
it enables SDN controller to update the mobility table. SDN
controller selects proper path including S-VLAN and ingress switch to
forward the traffic from this MN. The controller establishes the
forwarding needed on these switches [IEEE-Paper], i.e. Layer 2 route.
The packet eventually reaches the closest UGW due to the anycast
addressing used at the access network interfaces. UGW forwards this
packet to the upstream router and so on. The upstream router
establishes a route for MN in its routing table with MN's prefix and
with the UGW as the next hop. Prefixes in those routes get smaller
and smaller as the packet moves upstream in the routing hierarchy.
The routing protocol used could be BGP or other protocols like IS-IS.
4.2. Layer 3 Mobility and Routing in Core Network
MN moving from one RG to another may eventually require MN moving
from one A-DPN to another. This is Layer 3 mobility.
Predictive handover happens when MN just before leaving the previous
RG (pRG) for the next RG (nRG) MN is able to send an 802.11 message
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containing MN MAC address and nRG MAC address, e.g. learned from
beacons to the pRG (called Leave Report in Figure 2. pRG then sends a
handover indication message to pUGW providing MN and nRG addresses
(called Leave Indication) and this could happen between two
respective virtual machines in the cloud. This message results in
pUGW getting nUGW information and then sending Handover Initiate
message to nUGW, which also could happen in the cloud. nUGW replies
with Handover Acknowledge message. pUGW sends any packets destined
to MN to nUGW after being alerted by the control plane. MN moves to
nRG and nUGW is informed about this from Layer 2 mobility
Section 4.1. uGW delivers MN's outstanding packets to MN.
MN P-RG N-RG (P-UGW) (N-UGW) Cloud
| Leave | | | | |
(a) |--Report-->| | | | |
| | | | | |
| | Leave | | |
(b) | |------indication------>| | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
(c) | | | |----HI---->| |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
(d) | | | |<---HAck---| |
| | | |===========| |
Figure 2: Predictive Handover
Reactive handover handover happens when MN attaches the new RG from
the previous RG, called Join Report in Figure 3. MN is able to
signal in 802.11 association messages previous RG MAC address. nUGW
or A-CPN receives new association information together with pRG
information, possibly in the cloud (called Handover Indication). nUGW
finds pUGW address and sends HI message to pUGW, again happening
between two virtual machines in the cloud. pUGW after receiving
indication from the cloud server delivers any outstanding MN's
packets to nUGW which in turn delivers them to MN.
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MN P-RG N-RG (P-UGW) (N-UGW) Cloud
| Join | | | | |
(a) |--Report------------->| | | |
| | | Handover | |
(b) | | |------Indication------->| |
| | | | | |
(c) | | | |<----HI----| |
| | | | | |
(d) | | | |----HAck-->| |
| | | | | |
(e) | | | |<--------->| |
| | | | | data |
(f) | | | |===========| |
Figure 3: Reactive Handover
Note that Handover Initiate and Handover Acknowledge messages used in
this document carry only a subset of parameters defined in [RFC5949].
Also no involvement with the Local Mobility Anchor (LMA) [RFC5213] is
needed.
4.3. Route Establishment
After handover, SDN route establishment in upstream routers needs to
take place. In this case NETCONF protocol [RFC6241] and YANG
modeling [RFC6020] are used.
Client and Server exchange their capabilities using NETCONF message
layer message called hello messages. Client builds and sends an
operation defined in YANG module, encoded in XML, within RPC request
message [RFC6244]. Server verifies the contents of the request
against the YANG module and then performs the requested operation and
then sends a response, encoded in XML, in RPC reply message.
Defining configuration data is the primary focus of YANG.
Configuration data is writable (rw - read-write) data that is
required to transform a system from its initial default state into
its current state. There is also state data (ro - read-only) which
is a set of data that has been obtained by the system at runtime. An
example is routing table changes made by routing protocols in
response to the ongoing traffic.
A YANG module for routing management is given in [I-D.ietf-netmod-
routing-cfg]. The core routing data model consists of three YANG
modules, ietf-routing, ietf-ipv4-unicast-routing, ietf- ipv6-unicast-
routing. The core routing data model has two trees: configuration
data and state data trees. "routing-instance" or "rib" trees have to
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be populated with at least one entry in the device, and additional
entries may be configured by a client. Normally the server creates
the required item as an entry in state data. Additional entries may
be created in the configuration by a client via the NETCONF protocol
using RPC messages like edit-config and copy-config.
The user may provide supplemental configuration of system- controlled
entries by creating new entries in the configuration with the desired
contents. In order to bind these entries with the corresponding
entry in the state data list, the key of the configuration entry has
to be set to the same value as the key of the state entry.
RPC get message can be used to retrieve all or part of the running
configuration data store merged with the device's state data. RPC
get-config operation retrieves configuration data only. RPC fib-
route message defined in [RFC8022] retrieves a routing instance for
the active route in the Forwarding Information Base (FIB) which is
the route that is currently used for sending datagrams to a
destination host whose address is passed as an input parameter. So
fib-route message plays the role of show route command line interface
command.
NETCONF protocol and ietf-routing YANG module can be used for route
establishment after handover. As a result for MNs that handover,
upstream routing that takes place is not modified up to the lowest
level of routers. The lowest level of routers handle the mobility
but only proper modifications are needed so that the packets reach
the right Unified Gateway, i.e. nUGW.
I2RS Agent as NETCONF Server in nUGW and in pUGW inform the handover
to I2RS Clients as NETCONF Client upstream. I2RS Agent at pUGW
removes any routing information for MN by first using get-config to
retrieve the active route for MN and then an edit-config message with
delete operation to delete the active route making sure that the same
key is used.
I2RS Agent in nUGW after the handover needs to add a new routing
table entry for MN. Due to the topological correctness of MN's
prefix, the new route could be a host route. Next this route is
propagated upstream. In this case, nUGW starts the process. SDN
Controller as I2RS Client knows that MN handover is successfully
completed. SDN Controller starts the upstream route establishment
process starting with the I2RS Agent at the upstream router. Either
a new route or the host route is added with shorter prefix. Route
propagation continues until MN's prefix becomes topologically correct
at which point route propagation stops.
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Route propagation at the lowest level starts with I2RS Agent as
NETCONF Server in nUGW informing the handover to I2RS Client as
NETCONF Client upstream. I2RS Client then checks any routing
information for MN by first using get-config to retrieve the active
route for MN to make sure that none exits and MN prefix is
topologically incorrect. Next I2RS client issues an edit-config
message with create operation to add a host route for the new MN.
I2RS Client then informs this route to I2RS Client upstream which
creates a similar route at the I2RS Agent upstream.
In Appendix A, we present our experimental work using YANG data
modelling language which has its own syntax and NETCONF protocol
which is XML-based remote procedure call (RPC) mechanism. HTTP based
RESTCONF could also be used in a similar way. Two RPC call examples
are given. RPC call in Appendix A.3 shows a get-config filter with
rtr0 as the key and it is used to retrieve a specific route with a
given destination prefix and next hop address. RPC call in
Appendix A.4 shows an example edit-config create operation to create
a new route with specific route parameters.
4.4. Authentication
Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)[RFC3748] is preferred for MN
authentication in IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) network. When a MN tries to
connect to the WiFi, it needs to mutually authenticate with the
network server first. A successful EAP authentication procedure must
result in a Pairwise Master Key(PMK) (defined in [IEEE-802.11i]) for
the traffic encryption between the MN and the AR.
When a MN moves at home or in a hot spot from one AP to another AP in
the same UGW, it is possible that it may to undergo a full EAP
authentication (as defined in[RFC3748]). However, there are several
simplified authentication methods (defined in [IEEE-802.11-2007] ):
o Preauthentication: When The MN supplicant may authenticate with
both pRG and nRG at a time. Successful completion of EAP
authentication between the MN and nRG establishes a pair of PMKSA on
both the MN and nRG. When the MN moves to the nRG, the
authentication has already done, which is shown as follows.
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+---------------+
| Authentication|
| Server |
+--*----*-------+
Preauthentication <..........*
/ *
+---------*-----+
|/ *UGW |
*---------*-----+
,' / * | `.
( / Access *Network )
`. / * | ,'
+-----* +-*---+ +-----+
| RG /| ******* RG | | RG |
+----/+ ***** +-----+ +-----+
+-----**** +-----+
| MN | ----move-----> | MN |
+-----+ +-----+
o Cached PMK: The RG reserves the PMK as a result of previous
authentication. When the MN is roaming back to the previous RG, if a
successful EAP authentication has happened. The MN can retain the
802.11 connection based on PMK information reserved. When the
authentication is handled by the UGW as an Authenticator. When the
MN moves to the nRG, a join report packet will be initiated from the
MN to nRG for IEEE802.11 connection to the same UGW. The nRG can
retain the PMK information from the UGW which is reserved during the
successful authentication procedure between the MN and the pRG, as
shown in Figure 4.
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+---------------+
| Authentication|
| Server |
+--*------------+
Authentication <....*
/
*-------------+
/| UGW | PMK Cache
/ +-------------+ /
,' / | / `.
( / Access Network/ )
`. / | / ,'
+-----* +-----+</ +-----+
| RG /| | RG | | RG |
+----/+ +-----+ +-----+
+----- +-----+
| MN | ----move-----> | MN |
+-----+ +-----+
Figure 4: Cached PMK-UGW Authenticator
When a MN moves at home or in a hot spot from one AP to another AP in
the same UGW, it is possible that it may to undergo a full EAP
authentication (as defined in[RFC3748]). However, there are several
simple authentication methods (defined in [IEEE-802.11-2007] ):
When MN moves from one UGW into another UGW, a join report packet
will be initiated from the MN to nRG for IEEE802.11 connection. It
is possible that it may to undergo a full EAP authentication (as
defined in[RFC3748]). However, because of service performance and
continuity requirement, the operators prefer to avoid the full EAP
authentication. There are several simplied authentication methods
(defined in [IEEE-802.11-2007] ):
o Preauthentication: MN supplicant may authenticate with both pRG and
nRG at a time. Successful completion of EAP authentication between
the MN and nRG establishes a pair of PMKSA on both the MN and nRG.
When the MN moves to the nRG, the authentication has already been
completed, which is shown as follows.
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+---------------+
| Authentication|
| Server |
+--*----*-------+
Preauthentication <..........*
/ *
+-------+ / +-*-----+ +-------+
| UGW | / | *UGW | | UGW |
+-------+ / +-*-----+ +-------+
,' / * | `.
( / Access *Network )
`. / * | ,'
+-----* +-*---+ +-----+
| RG /| ******* RG | | RG |
+----/+ ***** +-----+ +-----+
+-----**** +-----+
| MN | ----move-----> | MN |
+-----+ +-----+
o Cached PMK: The RG reserves the PMK as a result of previous
authentication. When the MN is roaming back to the previous RG, if a
successful EAP authentication has happened. The MN can retain the
802.11 connection based on PMK information reserved. When the
authentication is handled by the UGW as an Authenticator. When the
MN moves to the nRG, a join report packet will be initiated from the
MN to nRG for IEEE802.11 connection to nUGW. The nRG can retain the
PMK information from the nUGW, the nUGW may can retain the reserved
PMK from the pUGW based on HI message.
+---------------+
| Authentication|
| Server |
+--*------------+
Authentication <..../
/
+---------+ HI(PMK Q)+---------+
PMK Cached| pUGW |<-------- | nUGW |
++--------+ -------> +--------++ ^ Join Report Msg
,' | / HAck(PMK) | | `.
( | / | | )
`. | / Access Network | | ,'
+----+* +-----+ ++--+-+
| RG /| | RG | | RG |
+----/+ +-----+ +-----+
+----- +-----+
| MN | ----move--------------- | MN |
+-----+ +-----+
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The above Layer 2 operations do not affect Layer 3. MN does not
change the prefix assigned to it initially.
Note that charging solution is not described in this version.
5. Multicast Support
Multicast communication to the mobile nodes can be supported with an
Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) Proxy at the Unified Gateway
[RFC4605]. Downstream protocol operations between the UGW and the
mobile nodes, is the MLD protocol [RFC3810]. Both any source and
source specific multicast are supported.
The mobile nodes send MLD Report message when joining a multicast
group [RFC3590]. UGW or MLD Proxy sends an aggregated join message
upstream. MN and UGW interface works as described in [RFC6224].
After MN joins the group it starts to receive multicast data.
After a handover the mobile node moves to the next UGW, the next UGW
needs to get membership or listening state of this MN containing
group address and source list. For this purpose, Active Multicast
Subscription mobility option (Type 57 for IPv6) [RFC7161] can be used
to transfer mobile node's multicast context or subscription
information from the previous UGW to the next UGW, as explained
below.
In case of predictive handover, pUGW and nUGW follow the sequence of
steps shown in Figure 2. In case MN has multicast context
established before handover pUGW MUST transfer MN's multicast context
to nUGW. pUGW MUST add Active Multicast Subscription mobility option
to HI message.
For reactive handover pUGW and nUGW follow the sequence of steps
shown in Figure 3. In case MN has multicast context established
before handover pUGW MUST transfer MN's multicast context to nUGW.
pUGW MUST add Active Multicast Subscription mobility option to HAck
messeage.
After receiving the multicast context, nUGW upstream joins any new
multicast groups on behalf of MN. Downstream, nUGW maps downstream
point-to-point link to a proxy instance.
5.1. IPv4 Support
IPv4 can be supported similarly as in vEPC
[I-D.matsushima-stateless-uplane-vepc]. UGW stays as IPv6 node
receiving from all RGs IPv6 packets and forwarding them upstream.
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IPv4 MN is supported at the RG. RG has B4 functionality of DS-Lite
[RFC6333], CLAT entity for 464XLAT [RFC6877], Lightweight B4
[RFC7596] or MAP Customer Edge [RFC7597]. RG encapsulates IPv4
packets using these protocols into IPv6 packets making sure that UGW
stays IPv6 only.
6. IANA Considerations
TBD.
7. Security Considerations
This document introduces no extra new security threat. Security
considerations stated in [RFC7921] and
[I-D.ietf-dmm-deployment-models] apply.
8. Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Ladislav Lhotka, Satoru Matsushima for
valuable advice.
9. References
9.1. Normative References
[I-D.ietf-dmm-deployment-models]
Gundavelli, S. and S. Jeon, "DMM Deployment Models and
Architectural Considerations", draft-ietf-dmm-deployment-
models-02 (work in progress), August 2017.
[IEEE-802.11-2007]
IEEE, "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,
"Telecommunications and information exchange between
systems-Local and metropolitan area networks specific
requirements -Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control
(MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications", March
2007.
[IEEE-802.11i]
IEEE, "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,
"Unapproved Draft Supplement to Standard for
Telecommunications and Information Exchange Between
Systems-LAN/MAN Specific Requirements -Part 11: Wireless
LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY)
Specifications: Specification for Enhanced Security,",
September 2004.
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[ONFv1.5] ONF, "Open Networking Foundation, "OpenFlow Switch
Specification Version 1.5.0 ( Protocol version 0x06)",
January 2015.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC3590] Haberman, B., "Source Address Selection for the Multicast
Listener Discovery (MLD) Protocol", RFC 3590,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3590, September 2003,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3590>.
[RFC3633] Troan, O. and R. Droms, "IPv6 Prefix Options for Dynamic
Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) version 6", RFC 3633,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3633, December 2003,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3633>.
[RFC3748] Aboba, B., Blunk, L., Vollbrecht, J., Carlson, J., and H.
Levkowetz, Ed., "Extensible Authentication Protocol
(EAP)", RFC 3748, DOI 10.17487/RFC3748, June 2004,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3748>.
[RFC3810] Vida, R., Ed. and L. Costa, Ed., "Multicast Listener
Discovery Version 2 (MLDv2) for IPv6", RFC 3810,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3810, June 2004,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3810>.
[RFC4605] Fenner, B., He, H., Haberman, B., and H. Sandick,
"Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) / Multicast
Listener Discovery (MLD)-Based Multicast Forwarding
("IGMP/MLD Proxying")", RFC 4605, DOI 10.17487/RFC4605,
August 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4605>.
[RFC4861] Narten, T., Nordmark, E., Simpson, W., and H. Soliman,
"Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 4861,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4861, September 2007,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4861>.
[RFC5213] Gundavelli, S., Ed., Leung, K., Devarapalli, V.,
Chowdhury, K., and B. Patil, "Proxy Mobile IPv6",
RFC 5213, DOI 10.17487/RFC5213, August 2008,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5213>.
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[RFC5949] Yokota, H., Chowdhury, K., Koodli, R., Patil, B., and F.
Xia, "Fast Handovers for Proxy Mobile IPv6", RFC 5949,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5949, September 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5949>.
[RFC6020] Bjorklund, M., Ed., "YANG - A Data Modeling Language for
the Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF)", RFC 6020,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6020, October 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6020>.
[RFC6121] Saint-Andre, P., "Extensible Messaging and Presence
Protocol (XMPP): Instant Messaging and Presence",
RFC 6121, DOI 10.17487/RFC6121, March 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6121>.
[RFC6224] Schmidt, T., Waehlisch, M., and S. Krishnan, "Base
Deployment for Multicast Listener Support in Proxy Mobile
IPv6 (PMIPv6) Domains", RFC 6224, DOI 10.17487/RFC6224,
April 2011, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6224>.
[RFC6241] Enns, R., Ed., Bjorklund, M., Ed., Schoenwaelder, J., Ed.,
and A. Bierman, Ed., "Network Configuration Protocol
(NETCONF)", RFC 6241, DOI 10.17487/RFC6241, June 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6241>.
[RFC6244] Shafer, P., "An Architecture for Network Management Using
NETCONF and YANG", RFC 6244, DOI 10.17487/RFC6244, June
2011, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6244>.
[RFC6333] Durand, A., Droms, R., Woodyatt, J., and Y. Lee, "Dual-
Stack Lite Broadband Deployments Following IPv4
Exhaustion", RFC 6333, DOI 10.17487/RFC6333, August 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6333>.
[RFC6877] Mawatari, M., Kawashima, M., and C. Byrne, "464XLAT:
Combination of Stateful and Stateless Translation",
RFC 6877, DOI 10.17487/RFC6877, April 2013,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6877>.
[RFC7161] Contreras, LM., Bernardos, CJ., and I. Soto, "Proxy Mobile
IPv6 (PMIPv6) Multicast Handover Optimization by the
Subscription Information Acquisition through the LMA
(SIAL)", RFC 7161, DOI 10.17487/RFC7161, March 2014,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7161>.
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[RFC7217] Gont, F., "A Method for Generating Semantically Opaque
Interface Identifiers with IPv6 Stateless Address
Autoconfiguration (SLAAC)", RFC 7217,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7217, April 2014,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7217>.
[RFC7596] Cui, Y., Sun, Q., Boucadair, M., Tsou, T., Lee, Y., and I.
Farrer, "Lightweight 4over6: An Extension to the Dual-
Stack Lite Architecture", RFC 7596, DOI 10.17487/RFC7596,
July 2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7596>.
[RFC7597] Troan, O., Ed., Dec, W., Li, X., Bao, C., Matsushima, S.,
Murakami, T., and T. Taylor, Ed., "Mapping of Address and
Port with Encapsulation (MAP-E)", RFC 7597,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7597, July 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7597>.
[RFC8022] Lhotka, L. and A. Lindem, "A YANG Data Model for Routing
Management", RFC 8022, DOI 10.17487/RFC8022, November
2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8022>.
9.2. Informative References
[I-D.matsushima-stateless-uplane-vepc]
Matsushima, S. and R. Wakikawa, "Stateless user-plane
architecture for virtualized EPC (vEPC)", draft-
matsushima-stateless-uplane-vepc-06 (work in progress),
March 2016.
[IEEE-Paper]
"Jyotirmoy Banik, et al., "IEEE 24th International
Conference on Computer Communication and Network 2015,
"Enabling Distributed Mobility Management: A Unified
Wireless Network Architecture Based on Virtualized Core
Network", DOI: 10.1109/ICCCN.2015.7288404",", August 2015.
[RFC7333] Chan, H., Ed., Liu, D., Seite, P., Yokota, H., and J.
Korhonen, "Requirements for Distributed Mobility
Management", RFC 7333, DOI 10.17487/RFC7333, August 2014,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7333>.
[RFC7921] Atlas, A., Halpern, J., Hares, S., Ward, D., and T.
Nadeau, "An Architecture for the Interface to the Routing
System", RFC 7921, DOI 10.17487/RFC7921, June 2016,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7921>.
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Appendix A. YANG and RPC Programs
In this annex, we present our YANG and RPC solutions.
A.1. Host Routing Module
We first obtained host routing YANG module using IPv6 unicast routing
module (ietf-ipv6-unicast-routing) which is part of ietf-routing
module. This module defines a list of host routes which contain host
address/prefix and corresponding next hop address.
A.2. Route Establishment RPCs
This program runs on ietf-ipv6-unicast-host-routing YANG module which
has been obtained from ietf-ipv6-unicast-routing module by defining
the hostroute as a list of host routes. First issue a get-config on
the configuration data to extract the existing route for the host
whose prefix is destination-prefix and the next-hop is the next-hop
address. Delete the route at pUGW. This procedure deletes the route
at pUGW.
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<rpc message-id="101" ... >
get-config(running, filter=(destination-prefix, next-hop-address))
// check the reply, make sure it is OK, i.e. does not contain <rpc-
error> element.
edit-config(running, delete, config)
Add a new route for MN at nUGW. This route is based on MN's prefix,
destination-prefix and the upstream router to which MN's traffic
should routed, next-hop-address.
<rpc message-id="101" ... >
get-config(running, filter=(destination-prefix, next-hop-address))
// check the reply, make sure it is an error, i.e. it contains <rpc-
error> element of type application and tag data-missing i.e. no route
exists
edit-config(running, create, config)
Add a new host route for MN at nUGW. This route is added in case
MN's prefix is not topologically correct at nUGW and routers above.
<rpc message-id="101" ... >
get-config(running, filter=(destination-prefix, next-hop-address))
// check the reply, make sure it is an error, i.e. it contains <rpc-
error> element of type application and tag data-missing, i.e. no
route exists
edit-config(running, create, config)
We next show in Appendix A.3 and Appendix A.4 example RPC procedures
for get-config and edit-config. Some arbitrary values for
destination prefix and next hop address are used.
A.3. get-config RPC procedure for host routes
This RPC procedure shows a get-config filter to find a record in the
routing information base for a specific host whose prefix is
2001:db8:1:0::/64 and the next-hop is 2001:db8:0:1::2. It could be
used for the get-config's in Appendix A.2. We validated this
procedure using the public domain tool pyang.
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<rpc message-id="101"
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0"
xmlns:v6ur="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-ipv6-unicast-routing"
xmlns:if="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-interfaces"
xmlns:ianaift="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:iana-if-type"
xmlns:ip="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-ip"
xmlns:rt="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-routing">
<get-config>
<source>
<running/>
</source>
<filter type="subtree">
<t:top xmlns:t="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-ipv6-unicast-host-routing">
<t:routing-instance> rtr0 </t:routing-instance>
<t:rib>
<t:routes>
<t:route>
<t:destination-prefix>
2001:db8:1:0::/64
</t:destination-prefix>
<t:outgoing-interface>eth1</t:outgoing-interface>
<t:next-hop-address>
2001:db8:0:1::2
</t:next-hop-address>
</t:route>
</t:routes>
</t:rib>
</t:top>
</filter>
</get-config>
</rpc>
A.4. edit-config RPC procedure to create a host route
This RPC procedure shows an edit-config procedure to create a new
host route in the routing information base for a specific host whose
prefix is 2001:db8:1:0::/64 and the next-hop is 2001:db8:0:1::2. It
could be used for the edit-config's in Appendix A.2. We validated
this procedure using the public domain tool pyang.
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<rpc message-id="101"
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0"
xmlns:v6ur="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-ipv6-unicast-routing"
xmlns:if="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-interfaces"
xmlns:ianaift="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:iana-if-type"
xmlns:ip="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-ip"
xmlns:rt="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-routing">
<edit-config>
<target>
<running/>
</target>
<default-operation>none</default-operation>
<config xmlns:xc="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0">
<top xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-ipv6-unicast-host-routing">
<routing-instance> rtr0 </routing-instance>
<rib>
<routes>
<route xc:operation="create">
<destination-prefix >
2001:db8:1:0::/64
</destination-prefix>
<outgoing-interface>eth1</outgoing-interface>
<next-hop-address>
2001:db8:0:1::2
</next-hop-address>
</route>
</routes>
</rib>
</top>
</config>
</edit-config>
</rpc>
Authors' Addresses
Behcet Sarikaya
Email: sarikaya@ieee.org
Li
Email: xueliucb@gmail.com
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