Internet DRAFT - draft-schmitt-ipfix-tiny
draft-schmitt-ipfix-tiny
Network Working Group C. Schmitt
Internet-Draft B. Stiller
Intended status: Informational University of Zurich
Expires: March 24, 2018 B. Trammell
ETH Zurich
September 20, 2017
TinyIPFIX for smart meters in constrained networks
draft-schmitt-ipfix-tiny-04
Abstract
This document specifies the TinyIPFIX protocol that serves for
transmitting smart metering data in constrained networks such as
6LoWPAN [RFC4944]. TinyIPFIX is derived from IPFIX [RFC7011] and
adopted to the needs of constrained networks. This document
specifies how the TinyIPFIX Data and Template Records are transmitted
in constrained networks such as 6LoWPAN and how TinyIPFIX data can be
converted into unTinyIPFIX data in a proxy device.
Status of This Memo
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1. Document structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1. Hardware constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2. Energy constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.3. Packet size constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.4. Transport protocol constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4. Application scenarios for TinyIPFIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5. Architecture for TinyIPFIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6. TinyIPFIX Message Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6.1. TinyIPFIX Message Header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6.2. TinyIPFIX Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.3. TinyIPFIX Template Record Format . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6.4. Field Specifier Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
6.5. TinyIPFIX Data Record Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
7. TinyIPFIX Mediation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
7.1. Expanding the Message header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
7.2. Translating the Set Headers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
7.3. Expanding the Template Record Header . . . . . . . . . . 25
8. Template Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
8.1. TCP / SCTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
8.2. UDP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
9. Security considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
10. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
11. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
12. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
12.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
12.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1. Introduction
Smart meters that form a constrained wireless network need an
application layer protocol that allows the efficient transmission of
metering data from the devices to a central analysis device. The
meters used to build such networks are usually equipped with low-cost
and low-power hardware. This leads to constraints in computational
capacities, available memory and networking resources.
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The devices are often battery powered and are expected to run for a
long time without having the possibility of recharging themselves.
In order to save energy, smart meters often power off their wireless
networking device. Hence, they don't have a steady network
connection, but are only part of the wireless network as needed when
there is data that needs to be exported. A push protocol like
TinyIPFIX, where data is transmitted autonomic from the meters to one
or more collectors, is suitable for reporting metering data in such
networks.
TinyIPFIX is derived from IPFIX [RFC7011] and therefore inherits most
of its properties. One of these properties is the separation of data
and its data description by encoding the former in Data Sets and the
latter in Template Sets.
Transforming TinyIPFIX to IPFIX as per [RFC7011] is very simple and
can be done on the border between the constrained network and the
more general network. The transformation between one form of IPFIX
data into another is known as IPFIX Mediation [RFC5982]. Hence,
smart metering networks that are based on TinyIPFIX can be easily
integrated into an existing IPFIX measurement infrastructure.
1.1. Document structure
Section 2 introduces the terminology used in this draft. Afterwards,
hardware and software constraints in constrained networks, which will
motivate our modifications to the IPFIX protocol, are discussed in
Section 3. Section 4 describes the application scenarios and
Section 5 describes the architecture for TinyIPFIX. Section 6
defines the TinyIPFIX protocol itself and discusses the differences
between TinyIPFIX and IPFIX. The Mediation Process from TinyIPFIX to
IPFIX is described in Section 7. Section 8 defines the process of
Template Management on the Exporter and the Collector. Section 9 and
Section 10 discuss the security and IANA considerations for
TinyIPFIX.
2. Terminology
Most of the terms used in this draft are defined in [RFC7011]. All
these terms are written with their first letter being capitalized.
Most of the terms that are defined for IPFIX can be used to describe
TinyIPFIX. This draft uses the term IPFIX to refer to IPFIX as
defined in [RFC7011] and the term TinyIPFIX for the protocol
specified in this draft document assuming constrained networks. The
term "Tiny" is used in front of the IPFIX term to distinguish between
the IPFIX version and the TinyIPFIX version.
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The terms IPFIX Message, IPFIX Device, Set, Data Set, Template Set,
Data Record, Template Record, Collecting Process, Collector,
Exporting Process and Exporter are defined as in [RFC7011]. The term
IPFIX Mediator is defined in [RFC5982]. The terms Intermediate
Process, IPFIX Proxy, IPFIX Concentrator are defined in [RFC6183].
All these terms above have been adapted from the IPFIX definitions.
As they keep a similar notion but in a different context of
constrained networks, the term "TinyIPFIX" now complements the
defined terms.
The term smart meter is used to refer to constrained devices like
wireless sensor nodes, motes or any other kind of small constrained
device that can be part of a network that is based on IEEE802.15.4
and 6LoWPAN [RFC4944].
TinyIPFIX Exporting Process
The TinyIPFIX Exporting Process is a process that exports
TinyIPFIX Records.
TinyIPFIX Exporter
A TinyIPFIX Exporter is device that contains at least one
TinyIPFIX Exporting Process.
TinyIPFIX Collecting Process
The TinyIPFIX Collecting Process is a process inside a device that
is able to receive and process TinyIPFIX Records.
TinyIPFIX Collector
A TinyIPFIX Collector is a device that contains at least one
TinyIPFIX Collecting Process.
TinyIPFIX Device
A TinyIPFIX Device is a device that contains one or more TinyIPFIX
Collectors or one or more TinyIPFIX Exporters.
TinyIPFIX Smart Meter
A TinyIPFIX Smart Meter is a device that contains the
functionality of a TinyIPFIX Device. It is usually equipped with
one or more sensors that meter a physical quantity, like power
consumption, temperature, or physical tampering with the device.
Every TinyIPFIX Smart Meter MUST at least contain a TinyIPFIX
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Exporting Process. It MAY contain a TinyIPFIX Collecting Process
in order to work as a TinyIPFIX Proxy or TinyIPFIX Concentrator.
TinyIPFIX Data Record
A TinyIPFIX Data Record equals an IPFIX Data Record in [RFC7011].
The term is used to distinguish between IPFIX and TinyIPFIX
throughout this document.
TinyIPFIX Template Record
A TinyIPFIX Template Record is similar to an IPFIX Template Record
in [RFC7011]. The Template Record Header is substituted with a
TinyIPFIX Template Record Header and is otherwise equal to a
Template Record. See Section 6.3.
TinyIPFIX Set
The TinyIPFIX Set is a group of TinyIPFIX Data Records or
TinyIPFIX Template Records with a TinyIPFIX Set Header. Its
format is defined in Section 6.2.
TinyIPFIX Data Set
The TinyIPFIX Data Set is a TinyIPFIX Set that contains TinyIPFIX
Data Records.
TinyIPFIX Template Set
A TinyIPFIX Template Set is a TinyIPFIX Set that contains
TinyIPFIX Template Records.
TinyIPFIX Message
The TinyIPFIX Message is a message originated by a TinyIPFIX
Exporter. It is composed of a TinyIPFIX Message Header and one or
more TinyIPFIX Sets. The TinyIPFIX Message Format is defined in
Section 6.
TinyIPFIX Intermediate Process
A TinyIPFIX Intermediate Process is an IPFIX Intermediate Process
that can handle TinyIPFIX Messages.
TinyIPFIX Proxy
A TinyIPFIX Proxy is an IPFIX Proxy that can handle TinyIPFIX
Messages.
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TinyIPFIX Concentrator
A TinyIPFIX Concentrator is device that can handle TinyIPFIX
Messages (e.g., pre-process them) and is not constrained.
TinyIPFIX Proxy
A TinyIPFIX Proxy is an IPFIX Proxy that can handle TinyIPFIX
Messages and is not constrained.
A TinyIPFIX Transport Session is defined by the communication between
a TinyIPFIX Exporter (identified by an 6LoWPAN-Address, the Transport
Protocol, and the Transport Port) and a TinyIPFIX Collector
(identified by the same properties).
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
3. Constraints
3.1. Hardware constraints
The target devices for TinyIPFIX are usually equipped with low-cost
hardware and therefore face several constraints concerning CPU and
memory [Schmitt09]. For example, the IRIS mote from Crossbow
Technologies Inc. has a size of 58 x 32 x 7 mm (without a battery
pack) [Crossbow]. Thus, there is little space for micro controller,
memory (128 kb program flash, 512 kb measurement serial flash, 8 kb
RAM, 4 kb configuration EEPROM), and radio frequency transceiver,
which are located on the board. Similar issues occure by TelosB
produced by Crossbow Technologies Inc. [Crossbow] and Advantic Sys.
Inc. [Advantic] but offering more memory (48 kb flash, 1024 kb serial
flash, 10 kb RAM, 16 kb configuration EEPROM).
Network protocols used on such hardware need to respect these
constraints. They must be simple to implement using little code and
little run time memory and should produce little overhead when
encoding the application payload.
3.2. Energy constraints
Smart meters that are battery powered have hard energy constraints
[Schmitt09]. By power supply of two 2 AA 2,800-mAh batteries this
means approximately 30,240J. If they run out of power, their battery
has to be changed, which means physical manipulation to the device is
necessary. Using as little energy as possible for network
communication is therefore desired.
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A smart metering device can save a lot of energy, if it powers down
its radio frequency transceiver. Such devices do not have permanent
network connectivity but are only part of the network as needed. A
push protocol, where only one side is sending data, is suitable for
transmitting application data under such circumstances. As the
communication is unidirectional, a meter can completely power down
its radio frequency transceivers as long as it does not have any data
to send. If the metering device is able to keep a few measurements
in memory, and if real time metering is not a requirement, the
TinyIPFIX Data Records can be pushed less frequently, therefore
saving some more energy on the radio frequency transceivers.
3.3. Packet size constraints
TinyIPFIX is mainly targeted for the use in 6LoWPAN networks, which
are based on IEEE 802.15.4 [RFC4944]. However, the protocol can also
be used to transmit data in other networks when a mediator is used
translating the TinyIPFIX data into the data format used in the other
network (e.g., IPFIX) and is able to map the 6LoWPAN addresses to the
addresses used in the other network. This operation typically
consists of per-message re-encapsulation and/or re-encoding. As
defined [RFC4944], IEEE 802.15.4 starts from a maximum physical layer
packet size of 127 octets (aMaxPHYPacketSize) and a maximum frame
overhead of 25 octets (aMaxFrameOverhead), leaving a maximum frame
size of 102 octets at the media access control (MAC) layer. IPv6 on
the other hand defines a minimum MTU of 1280 octets. Hence,
fragmentation has to be implemented in order to transmit such large
packets. While fragmentation allows the transmission of large
messages, its use is problematic in networks with high packet loss
because the complete message has to be discarded if only a single
fragment gets lost.
TinyIPFIX enhances IPFIX by a header compression scheme, which allows
the header size overhead to be significantly reduced. Additionally,
the overall TinyIPFIX Message size is reduced, which reduces the need
for fragmentation.
3.4. Transport protocol constraints
The IPFIX standard [RFC7011] defines several transport protocol
bindings for the transmission of IPFIX Messages. SCTP support is
REQUIRED for any IPFIX Device to achieve standard conformance
[RFC7011], and its use is highly recommended. However, sending IPFIX
over UDP and TCP MAY also be implemented.
This transport protocol recommendation is not suitable for TinyIPFIX.
A header compression scheme that allows a compression of an IPv6
header from 40 octets down to 2 octets is defined in 6LoWPAN. There
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is a similar compression scheme for UDP, but there is no such
compression for TCP or SCTP headers. If header compression can be
employed, more space for application payload is available.
Using UDP on the transport layer for transmitting TinyIPFIX Messages
is therefore RECOMMENDED. Furthermore, TCP or SCTP are currently not
supported on some platforms, like on TinyOS [Harvan08]. Hence, UDP
may be the only option.
Every TinyIPFIX Exporter and Collector MUST implement UDP transport
layer support for transmitting data in a constrained network
environment. It MAY also offer TCP or SCTP support. In case TCP or
SCTP MAY be used power consumption will grow and the available size
of application payload compared to the use of UDP May be reduced. If
TinyIPFIX is transmitted over a non-constrained network, using SCTP
as a transport layer protocol is RECOMMENDED. TinyIPFIX works
independent of the target environment, because it MUST only be
ensured that all intermediate devices can understand TinyIPFIX and be
able to extract needed packet information (e.g., IP destination
address). TinyIPFIX messages can be included in other transport
protocols in the payload whenever is needed making TinyIPFIX highly
flexible and usable for different communication protocols (e.g.,
COAP, UDP, TCP). TinyIPFIX itself just specifies a messages format
for the collected data to be transmitted.
The constraints on UDP usage given in Section 6.2 of [RFC5153] apply
to TinyIPFIX as well. TinyIPFIX is not intended for use over the
open Internet. In general, the networks on which it runs are
considered dedicated for sensor operations, and under the control of
a single administrative domain.
4. Application scenarios for TinyIPFIX
TinyIPFIX is derived from IPFIX [RFC7011] and is therefore a
unidirectional push protocol assuming UDP usage. This means all
communication that employs TinyIPFIX is unidirectional from an
Exporting Process to a Collecting Process. Hence, TinyIPFIX only
fits for application scenarios where meters transmit data to one or
more Collectors. In case pull request should also be supported by
TinyIPFIX it is RECOMMENDED not to change the code of TinyIPFIX much
to get along with the restricted memory available [schmitt2017].
Meaning including just a one bit field, called type, to distinguish
between push and pull messages would be feasable, but the filtering
SHOULD be done by the gateway and not by the constrained device,
meaning if a pull is performed the constained device is triggered to
create a TinyIPFIX message immediately as usual, set the type field
to one instead of zero (for a push message), and sends message to the
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gateway. Where at the gateway the filtering is performed based on
the pull request.
If TinyIPFIX is used over UDP, as recommended, packet loss can occur.
Furthermore, if an initial Template Message gets lost, and is
therefore unknown to the Collector, all TinyIPFIX Data Sets that
reference this Template cannot be decoded. Hence, all these Messages
are lost if they are not cached by the Collector. It should be clear
to an application developer, that TinyIPFIX can only be used over UDP
if these TinyIPFIX Message losses are not a problem. Avoiding this
loss it is RECOMMEND to repeat the Template Message periodically
having in mind that a Template never changes for a constrained device
after deployment. Even when Template Messages becomes lost in the
network the data can be manually translated later when the Template
Messages is resend. Including an acknowledgement mechanism is NOT
RECOMMENDED due to overhead, because this would require storage of
any send data on the constrained devices until it is acknowledged.
In critial applications it is RECOMMENDED to repeat the Template
Message more often.
TinyIPFIX over UDP is especially not a suitable protocol for
applications where sensor data trigger policy decisions or
configuration updates for which packet loss is not tolerable.
Applications that use smart sensors for accounting purposes for long
time measurements can benefit from the use of TinyIPFIX. One
application for IPFIX is long term monitoring of large physical
volumes. In [Tolle05], Tolle et al. built a system for monitoring a
"70-meter tall redwood tree, at a density interval of 5 minutes in
time and 2 meters in space". The sensor node infrastructure was
deployed to measure the air temperature, relative humidity and
photosynthetically active solar radiation over a long time period.
TinyIPFIX is a good fit for such scenarios. Data can be measured by
the sensors of the TinyIPFIX Smart Meter over several 5 minute time
intervals and the measurements can be accumulated into a single
TinyIPFIX Message. As soon as enough measurements are stored in the
TinyIPFIX Message, e.g. if the TinyIPFIX Message size fills the
available payload in a single IEEE 802.15.4 packet, the wireless
transceiver can be activated and the TinyIPFIX Message can be
exported to a TinyIPFIX Collector.
Similar sensor networks have been built to monitor the habitat of
animals, e.g. in the "Great Duck Island Project" [GreatDuck],
[SMPC04]. The purpose of the sensor network was to monitor the birds
by deploying sensors in and around their burrows. The measured
sensor data was collected and stored in a database for offline
analysis and visualization. Again, the sensors can perform their
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measurements periodically, accumulate the sensor data and export them
to a TinyIPFIX Collector.
Other application scenarios for TinyIPFIX could be applications where
sensor networks are used for long term structural health monitoring
in order to investigate long term weather conditions on the structure
of a building. For example, a smart metering network has been built
to monitor the structural health of the Golden Gate Bridge [Kim07].
If a sensor network is deployed to perform a long term measurement of
the structural integrity, TinyIPFIX can be used to collect the sensor
measurement data.
If an application developer wants to decide whether to use TinyIPFIX
for transmitting data from smart meters, he must take the following
considerations into account:
1. The application should require a push protocol per default. The
timing intervals when to push data should be pre-defind before
deployment. The property above allows a TinyIPFIX Smart Meter to
turn off its wireless device in order to save energy, as it does
not have to receive any data.
2. If real-time reporting is not required, the application might
benefit from accumulate several measurements into a single
TinyIPFIX Message, causing delay but lowering traffic in the
network. TinyIPFIX easily allows the accumulation of several
measurements into a single TinyIPFIX Message (or a single
packet). This accumulation can happen on the TinyIPFIX Smart
Meter that accumulates several of its own measurements. Or it
can happen within a multi-hop wireless network where one IPFIX
Proxy accumulates several TinyIPFIX Messages into a single
TinyIPFIX Message before forwarding them.
3. The application must accept potential packet loss. TinyIPFIX
only fits for applications where metering data is stored for
accounting purposes and not for applications where the sensor
data triggers configuration changes or policy decisions, except
when Message loss is acceptable for some reason.
4. The application must not require per-message export timestamps
(e.g. for auditing). TinyIPFIX removes export timestamps,
generally only useful for template management operations which it
also does not support, from IPFIX. This is a minor
inconvenience, since per-record timestamp Information Elements
are also available in IPFIX.
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5. Architecture for TinyIPFIX
The TinyIPFIX architecture is similar to the IPFIX architecture,
which is described in [RFC5470]. The most common deployment of
TinyIPFIX Smart Meters is shown in Figure 1 where each TinyIPFIX
Smart Meter can have different sensors available (e.g., IRIS:
Temperature, Humidity, Sound; TelosB: Temperature, Bridgeness,
Humidity, GPS) building the sensor data.
+------------------------+ +------------------------+
| TinyIPFIX Device | ... | TinyIPFIX Device |
| [Exporting Process] | | [Exporting Process] |
+------------------------+ +------------------------+
| |
TinyIPFIX | | TinyIPFIX
| |
v v
+----------------------------------+
|
v
+----------------------------+
| TinyIPFIX Collector |
| [Collecting Process(es)] |
+----------------------------+
|
v
+-----------------------+
| |
v v
+----------------+ +----------------+
|[*Application 1]| ... |[*Application n]|
+----------------+ +----------------+
Figure 1: Direct transmission between TinyIPFIX Devices and
applications
A TinyIPFIX Smart Meter (S.M.) receives measurement data from its
internal sensors to to create its TinyIPFIX messages. It then
encodes the results into a TinyIPFIX Message usinf a TinyIPFIX
Exporting Process and exports this TinyIPFIX Message to one or more
TinyIPFIX Collectors. The TinyIPFIX Collector runs one or more
applications that process the collected sensor data. The TinyIPFIX
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Collector can be deployed on non-constrained devices at the
constrained network border.
A second way to deploy TinyIPFIX Smart Meter can employ accumulation
on TinyIPFIX Messages during their journey through the constrained
network as shown in Figure 2. This accumulation can be performed by
TinyIPFIX Concentrators. Such devices must have enough resources to
perform the accumulation.
+------------------------+ +------------------------+
| TinyIPFIX Device | ... | TinyIPFIX Device |
| [Exporting Process] | | [Exporting Process] |
+------------------------+ +------------------------+
| |
TinyIPFIX | | TinyIPFIX
| |
v v
+----------------------------------+
|
v
+------------------------+
| TinyIPFIX Concentrator |
| [Collecting Process] |
| [Exporting Process] |
+------------------------+
|
TinyIPFIX |
|
v
+--------------------------+
| Collector |
| [Collecting Process(es)] |
+--------------------------+
Figure 2: Accumulation of TinyIPFIX
TinyIPFIX Smart Meters send their data to TinyIPFIX Concentrator,
which needs to have enough storage space to store the incoming data.
If the TinyIPFIX Concentrator is hosted in a TinyIPFIX Smart Meter it
MAY be also able to collect data from it sensors, if activated, it
may also accumulate the incoming data with its own measurement data.
The accumulated data can then be re-exported again to one or more
Collectors. In that case the TinyIPFIX Concentrator can be viewed as
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receiving data from multiple Smart Meters - one locally and some
remotely.
The last deployment, shown in Figure 3, employs another TinyIPFIX
Mediation process.
+-------------------------+ +-------------------------+
| Remote Smart Meter | | Local Smart Meter |
+-------------------------+ +-------------------------+
| TinyIPFIX Device | | TinyIPFIX Device |
| [Exporting Process] | | [Exporting Process] |
+-------------------------+ +-------------------------+
| |
TinyIPFIX | | TinyIPFIX
| |
v v
+-------------------------+
| TinyIPFIX Concentrator |
| [Collecting Process] |
+-------------------------+
Figure 3: TinyIPFIX Mediator
In this deployment, the TinyIPFIX Smart Meters transmit their
TinyIPFIX Messages to one node, e.g. the base station, which
translates the TinyIPFIX Messages to IPFIX Messages. The IPFIX
Messages can then be exported into an existing IPFIX infrastructure.
The Mediation process from TinyIPFIX to IPFIX is described in
Section 7.
6. TinyIPFIX Message Format
A TinyIPFIX IFPIX Message starts with a TinyIPFIX Message Header,
followed by one or more TinyIPFIX Sets. The TinyIPFIX Sets can be
either of type TinyIPFIX Template Set or of type TinyIPFIX Data Set.
A TinyIPFIX Message MUST only contain one type of TinyIPFIX Set. The
format of the TinyIPFIX Message is shown in Figure 4.
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+----------------------------------------------------+
| TinyIPFIX Message Header |
+----------------------------------------------------+
| TinyIPFIX Set |
+----------------------------------------------------+
| TinyIPFIX Set |
+----------------------------------------------------+
...
+----------------------------------------------------+
| TinyIPFIX Set |
+----------------------------------------------------+
Figure 4: TinyIPFIX Message Format
6.1. TinyIPFIX Message Header
The TinyIPFIX Message Header is derived from the IPFIX Message
Header, with some optimization using field compression. The IPFIX
Message Header from [RFC7011] is shown in Figure 5.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Version Number | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Export Time |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Sequence Number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Observation ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 5: IPFIX Message Header
The length of the IPFIX Message Header is 16 octets and every IPFIX
Message has to be started with it. The TinyIPFIX Message Header
needs to be smaller due to the packet size constraints discussed in
Section 3.3. The TinyIPFIX Header consists of a fixed part of three
octets as shown in Figure 6, followed by a variable part as shown in
Figure 7 to Figure 10.
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|E|E| SetID | Length | Sequence | Ext. Sequenz |
|1|2|Lookup | | Number | Number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Ext. SetID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 6: Format of the TinyIPFIX Message Header including fixed and
optional parts
The fixed part has a length of three octets and consists of the "E1"
field (1 bit), the "E2" field (1 bit), the "SetID Lookup" field (4
bits), the "Length" field (10 bits), and the "Sequence Number" field
(8 bits). The variable part has a variable length defined by the
"E1" and "E2" fields in the fixed header. The four variants are
illustrated in Figure 7 to Figure 10 below.
0 1 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|0|0| SetID | Length | Sequence |
| | |Lookup | | Number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 7: TinyIPFIX Message Header format if E1 = E2 = 0
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|1|0| SetID | Length | Sequence | Ext. SetID |
| | |Lookup | | Number | |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 8: TinyIPFIX Message Header format if E1 = 1 and E2 = 0
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|E|E| SetID | Length | Sequence | Ext. Sequenz |
|1|2|Lookup | | Number | Number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 9: TinyIPFIX Message Header format if E1 = 0 and E2 = 1
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|1|1| SetID | Length | Sequence | Ext. Sequenz |
| | |Lookup | | Number | Number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Ext. SetID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 10: TinyIPFIX Message Header format if E1 = E2 = 1
The fixed header fields are defined as follows [kothmayr10]
[schmitt2014]:
E1 and E2
The bits marked "E1" and "E2" control the presence of the field
"Ext. SetID" and the presence of the field "Ext. Sequence
Number" respectively.
In case E1 = E2 = 0 the TinyIPFIX message header has the format
shown in Figure 7. The fields Extended Sequence Number and
Extended SetID MUST NOT be present.
When E1 = 1, the extended SetID field MUST be present. Custom
SetIDs can be specified in the extended SetID field setting all
SetID Lookup bits to 1 (cf. Figure 8.) When evaluated, the value
specified in the extended SetID field is shifted left by 8 bits to
prevent collisions with the reserved SetIDs 0-255. To reference
these, shifting can be disabled by setting all SetID lookup bits
to 1.
Depending on the application sampling rates might be larger than
in typical constraind networks (e.g., Wireless Sensor Networks
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(WSN), Cyper-Physical-Systems (CPS)) and, thus, they may have a
large quantity of records per packet. In order to make TinyIPFIX
applicable for those cases E2 = 1 is set (cf. Figure 9). This
means the Extended Sequence Number field MUST be present offering
8-bit more sequence numbers as usual. Depending on the
constrained network settings also the combination E1 = E2 = 1 is
possible resulting in the maximum TinyIPFIX Message header shown
in Figure 10 where Extended Sequence Number field and Extended
SetID field MUST both be present.
SetID Lookup
This field acts as a lookup field for the SetIDs and provides
shortcuts to often used SetIDs. Four values are defined:
Value = 0 means Lookup extended SetID field, Shifting enabled.
Value = 1 means SetID = 2 and message contains a Template
definition.
Value = 2 means SetID = 256 and message containts Data Record for
Template 256. This places special importance on a single template
ID, but since most sensor nodes only define a single template
directly after booting and continue to stream data with this
template ID during the whole session lifetime, this shorthand is
useful for this case.
Value = 3-14 means SetIDs are reserved for future extensions.
Value = 15 means lookup extended SetID field, shifting enabled.
Length
The length field has a fixed length of 10 bits.
Sequence Number
Due to the low sampling rate in typical WSNs, the "Sequence
Number" field is only one byte long. However, some applications
may have a large quantity of records per packet. In this case the
sequence field can be extended to 16 bit by setting the E2-bit to
1.
Since TinyIPFIX packets are always transported via a network
protocol, which specifies the source of the packet, the "Observation
Domain" can be equated with the source of a TinyIPFIX packet.
Therefore this IPFIX field has been removed from the TinyIPFIX
Header. Should an application require explicit Observation Domain
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information, each Data Record in the TinyIPFIX data message may
contain an Observation Domain ID Information Element; see Section 3.1
of [RFC7011]. The version field has been removed since the SetID
lookup field provides room for future extensions. The specification
of a 32 bit time stamp in seconds would require the time
synchronization across a wireless sensor network and produces too
much overhead. Thus, the "Export Time" field has been removed. If
applications should require a concrete observation time (e.g.,
timestamp) it is RECOMMENDED to include it as a separate Information
Element in the TinyIPFIX Records.
6.2. TinyIPFIX Set
A TinyIPFIX Set is a set of TinyIPFIX Template or TinyIPFIX Data
Records. Depending on the TinyIPFIX Record type, the TinyIPFIX Set
can either be a TinyIPFIX Template Set or a TinyIPFIX Data Set. Every
TinyIPFIX Set starts with a TinyIPFIX Set Header and is followed by
one or more TinyIPFIX Records.
The IPFIX Set Header consists of a two octet "Set ID" field and a two
octet "Length" field. These two fields are compressed to one octet
each for the TinyIPFIX Set Header. The format of the TinyIPFIX Set
Header is shown in Figure 11.
0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Tiny Set ID | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 11: TinyIPFIX Set Header
The two fields are defined as follows:
TinyIPFIX Set ID
The "Tiny Set ID" identifies the type of data that is transported
in the TinyIPFIX Set. A TinyIPFIX Template Set is identified by
TinyIPFIX Set ID 2. This corresponds to the Template Set IDs that
is used by IPFIX [[RFC7011]]. TinyIPFIX Set ID number 3 MUST NOT
be used, as Options Templates are not supported; a TinyIPFIX
Collector MUST ignore and SHOULD log any Set with Set ID 3. All
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values from 4 to 127 are reserved for future use. Values above
127 are used for TinyIPFIX Data Sets.
Length
The "Length" Field contains the total length of the TinyIPFIX Set,
including the TinyIPFIX Set Header.
6.3. TinyIPFIX Template Record Format
The format of the TinyIPFIX Template Records is shown in Figure 12.
The TinyIPFIX Template Record starts with a TinyIPFIX Template Record
Header and is followed by one or more Field Specifiers. The Field
Specifier format is defined as in Section 6.4 and is identical to the
Field Specifier definition in [RFC7011].
+--------------------------------------------------+
| TinyIPFIX Template Record Header |
+--------------------------------------------------+
| Field Specifier |
+--------------------------------------------------+
| Field Specifier |
+--------------------------------------------------+
...
+--------------------------------------------------+
| Field Specifier |
+--------------------------------------------------+
Figure 12: TinyIPFIX Template Format
The format of the TinyIPFIX Template Record Header is shown in
Figure 13.
0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Template ID | Field Count |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 13: TinyIPFIX Template Record Header
TinyIPFIX Template ID
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Each TinyIPFIX Template Record must have a unique TinyIPFIX
Template ID (Comp. Temp ID) between 128 and 255. The TinyIPFIX
Template ID must be unique for the given TinyIPFIX Transport
Session.
Field Count
The number of fields placed in the TinyIPFIX Template Record.
6.4. Field Specifier Format
The type and length of the transmitted data is encoded in Field
Specifiers within TinyIPFIX Template Records. The Field Specifier is
shown in Figure 14 and is identical with the Field Specifier that was
defined for IPFIX [RFC7011].
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|E| Information Element ident. | Field Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Enterprise Number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 14: TinyIPFIX Data Field Specifier
Where:
E
Enterprise bit. This is the first bit of the Field Specifier. If
this bit is zero, the Information Element Identifier identifies an
IETF-specified Information Element, and the four-octet Enterprise
Number field MUST NOT be present. If this bit is one, the
Information Element Identifier identifies an enterprise-specific
Information Element, and the Enterprise Number field MUST be
present.
Information Element Identifier
A numeric value that represents the type of Information Element.
Field Length
The length of the corresponding encoded Information Element, in
octets. Refer to [RFC7012]. The value 65535 is illegal in
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TinyIPFIX, as variable-length Information Elements are not
supported.
Enterprise Number
IANA Private Enterprise Number of the authority defining the
Information Element identifier in this Template Record.
Vendors can easily define their own data model by registering a
Enterprise ID with IANA. Using their own Enterprise ID, they can use
any ID in the way they want them to use.
6.5. TinyIPFIX Data Record Format
The Data Records are sent in TinyIPFIX Data Sets. The format of the
Data Records is shown in Figure 15 and matches the Data Record format
from IPFIX.
+--------------------------------------------------+
| Field Value |
+--------------------------------------------------+
| Field Value |
+--------------------------------------------------+
...
+--------------------------------------------------+
| Field Value |
+--------------------------------------------------+
Figure 15: Data Record Format
7. TinyIPFIX Mediation
There are two types of TinyIPFIX Intermediate Processes. The first
one can occur on the transition between a constrained network (e.g.,
6LoWPAN) and the non-constrained network. This mediation changes the
network and transport protocol from 6LoWPAN preferring UDP to
IP/(SCTP|TCP|UDP) and is shown in Figure 16.
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+-----------------------+
| TinyIPFIX Device |
| [Exporting Process] |
+-----------------------+
|
TinyIPFIX |
over 6LoWPAN/UDP |
v
+-------------------------+
| TinyIPFIX mediator |
| [Collecting Process] |
| [Exporting Process] |
+-------------------------+
|
TinyIPFIX |
IP/(UDP/SCTP|TCP) |
v
+--------------------------+
| Collector |
| [Collecting Process(es)] |
+--------------------------+
Figure 16: Translation from TinyIPFIX over 6LoWPAN/UDP to TinyIPFIX
over IP/(SCTP|TCP|UDP)
The mediator removes the TinyIPFIX Messages from the 6LoWPAN/UDP
packets and wraps them into the new network and transport protocols.
Templates MUST be managed the same way as in the constrained
environment after the translation to IP/(SCTP|UDP|TCP) (see
Section 8).
The second type of mediation transforms TinyIPFIX into IPFIX. This
process MUST be combined with the transport protocol mediation as
shown in Figure 17.
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+-----------------------+
| TinyIPFIX Device |
| [Exporting Process] |
+-----------------------+
|
TinyIPFIX |
|
v
+-------------------------+
| TinyIPFIX mediator |
| [Collecting Process] |
| [Exporting Process] |
+-------------------------+
|
IPFIX |
IP/(UDP/SCTP|TCP) |
v
+--------------------------+
| Collector |
| [Collecting Process(es)] |
+--------------------------+
Figure 17: Transformation from TinyIPFIX to IPFIX
This mediation can also be performed by an IPFIX Collector before
parsing the IPFIX message as shown in Figure 18. There is no need
for a parser from TinyIPFIX to IPFIX if such a mediation process can
be employed in front of an existing IPFIX collector.
+------------------------+ +----------------------+
| TinyIPFIX Device | TinyIPFIX | IPFIX Mediator |
| [Exporting Processes] |----------------->| [Collecting Process] |
+------------------------+ | [Exporting Process] |
| | |
| |IPFIX |
| | |
| v |
| Collector |
| [Collecting Process] |
+----------------------+
Figure 18: Transformation from TinyIPFIX to IPFIX
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The TinyIPFIX Mediation Process has to translate the TinyIPFIX
Message Header, the TinyIPFIX Set Headers and the TinyIPFIX Template
Record Header into their counterparts in IPFIX. Afterwards, the new
IPFIX Message Length needs to be calculated and inserted into the
IPFIX Message header.
7.1. Expanding the Message header
The fields of the IPFIX Message Header that are shown in Figure 5 can
be determined from a TinyIPFIX Message Header as follows:
Version
This is always 0x000a.
Length
The IPFIX Message Length can only be calculated after the complete
TinyIPFIX Message has been translated. The new length can be
calculated by adding the length of the IPFIX Message Header, which
is 16 octets, and the length of all Sets that are contained in the
IPFIX Message.
Export Time
The "Export Time" MUST be generated by the Mediator, and contains
the time in seconds since 00:00 UTC Jan 1, 1970, at which the
IPFIX Message leaves the Mediator.
Sequence Number
If the TinyIPFIX Sequence Number has a length of 4 octets, the
original value MUST be used for the IPFIX Message. If the
TinyIPFIX Sequence Number has a size of one or two octets, the
TinyIPFIX Mediator MUST expand the TinyIPFIX Sequence Number into
a four octet field. If the TinyIPFIX Sequence Number was omitted,
the Mediator needs to calculate the Sequence Number as per
[RFC7011].
Observation Domain ID
Since the Observation Domain ID is used to scope templates in
IPFIX, it MUST be set to a unique value per TinyIPFIX Exporting
Process, using either a mapping algorithmically determined by the
Intermediate Process or directly configured by an administrator.
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7.2. Translating the Set Headers
Both fields in the TinyIPFIX Set Header have a size of one octet and
need to be expanded:
Set ID
The field needs to be expanded from one octet to two octets. If
the Set ID is below 128, no recalculation needs to be performed.
This is because all IDs below 128 are reserved for special
messages and match the IDs used in IPFIX. The TinyIPFIX Set IDs
starting with 128 identify TinyIPFIX Data Sets. Therefore, every
TinyIPFIX Set ID above number 127 needs to be incremented by
number 128 because IPFIX Data Set IDs are numbered above 255.
Set Length
The field needs to be expanded from one octet to two octets. It
needs to be recalculated by adding a value of 2 octets to match
the additional size of the Set Header. For each TinyIPFIX
Template Record that is contained in the TinyIPFIX Set, 2 more
octets need to be added to the length.
7.3. Expanding the Template Record Header
Both fields in the TinyIPFIX Template Record Header have a length of
one octet and therefore need translation:
Template ID
The field needs to be expanded from one octet to two octets. The
Template ID needs to be increased by a value of 128.
Field Count
The field needs to be expanded from one octet to two octets.
8. Template Management
As with IPFIX, TinyIPFIX templates management depends on the
transport protocol used. If TCP or SCTP is used, it can be ensured
that TinyIPFIX Templates are delivered reliably. If UDP is used,
reliability cannot be guaranteed, and template loss can occur. If a
Template is lost on its way to the Collector, all the following
TinyIPFIX Data Records that refer to this TinyIPFIX Template cannot
be decoded. Template withdrawals are not supported in TinyIPFIX.
This is generally not a problem, because most sensor nodes only
define a single static template directly after booting.
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8.1. TCP / SCTP
If TCP or SCTP is used for the transmission of TinyIPFIX, Template
Management MUST be performed as defined in [RFC7011] for IPFIX, with
the exception of template withdrawals, which are not supported in
TinyIPFIX. Template withdrawals MUST NOT be sent by TinyIPFIX
Exporters.
8.2. UDP
All specifications for Template management from [RFC7011] apply
unless specified otherwise in this document.
TinyIPFIX Templates MUST be sent by a TinyIPFIX Exporter before any
TinyIPFIX Data Set that refers to the TinyIPFIX Template is
transmitted. TinyIPFIX Templates are not expected to change over
time in TinyIPFIX and, thus, they should be pre-shared. TinyIPFIX
Device have a default setup when deployed and after booting they
announce their TinyIPFIX Template directly to the networkand MAY
repeat it if UDP is used. Hence, a TinyIPFIX Template that has been
sent once MAY NOT be withdrawn and MUST NOT expire. If a TinyIPFIX
Smart Meter wants to use another TinyIPFIX Template it MUST use a new
TinyIPFIX Template ID for the TinyIPFIX Template.
As UDP is used, reliable transport of TinyIPFIX Templates cannot be
guaranteed and TinyIPFIX Templates can be lost. A TinyIPFIX Exporter
MUST expect TinyIPFIX Template loss. It MUST therefore re-send its
TinyIPFIX Templates periodically. A TinyIPFIX Template MUST be re-
send after a fixed number N of TinyIPFIX Messages that contain
TinyIPFIX Data Sets referring to the TinyIPFIX Template. The number
N MUST be configured by the application developer. Retransmission
and the specification of N can be avoided if TinyIPFIX Exporter and
TinyIPFIX Collector use pre-shared templates.
9. Security considerations
The same security considerations as for the IPFIX Protocol [RFC7011]
apply.
10. IANA Considerations
This document has no actions for IANA.
11. Acknowledgments
Many thanks to Lothar Braun, Georg Carle, and Benoit Claise, who
contributed significant work to earlier versions especially to the
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document entitled "Compressed IPFIX for Smart Meters in Constrained
Networks" (draft-braun-core-compressed-ipfix), of this work.
Many thanks to Thomas Kothmayr, Michael Meister, and Livio Sgier, who
implemented TinyIPFIX for TinyOS 2.x, Contiki 2.7/3.0 (except the
mediator) for different sensor platforms (IRIS, TelosB, and
OpenMote).
12. References
12.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC4944] Montenegro, G., Kushalnagar, N., Hui, J., and D. Culler,
"Transmission of IPv6 Packets over IEEE 802.15.4
Networks", RFC 4944, DOI 10.17487/RFC4944, September 2007,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4944>.
[RFC5153] Boschi, E., Mark, L., Quittek, J., Stiemerling, M., and P.
Aitken, "IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX) Implementation
Guidelines", RFC 5153, DOI 10.17487/RFC5153, April 2008,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5153>.
[RFC5470] Sadasivan, G., Brownlee, N., Claise, B., and J. Quittek,
"Architecture for IP Flow Information Export", RFC 5470,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5470, March 2009,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5470>.
[RFC5982] Kobayashi, A., Ed. and B. Claise, Ed., "IP Flow
Information Export (IPFIX) Mediation: Problem Statement",
RFC 5982, DOI 10.17487/RFC5982, August 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5982>.
[RFC6183] Kobayashi, A., Claise, B., Muenz, G., and K. Ishibashi,
"IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX) Mediation: Framework",
RFC 6183, DOI 10.17487/RFC6183, April 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6183>.
[RFC7011] Claise, B., Ed., Trammell, B., Ed., and P. Aitken,
"Specification of the IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX)
Protocol for the Exchange of Flow Information", STD 77,
RFC 7011, DOI 10.17487/RFC7011, September 2013,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7011>.
Schmitt, et al. TinyIPFIX [Page 27]
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[RFC7012] Claise, B., Ed. and B. Trammell, Ed., "Information Model
for IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX)", RFC 7012,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7012, September 2013,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7012>.
12.2. Informative References
[Advantic]
Advantic Sistemas y Servicios,
"https://www.advanticsys.com/", 2017.
[Crossbow]
Crossbow Technologies Inc., "http://www.xbow.com", 2010.
[GreatDuck]
Habitat Monitoring on Great Duck Island,
"http://www.greatduckisland.net", The Proceedings of the
Second ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems
(SenSys 04) , November 2004.
[Harvan08]
Harvan, M. and J. Schoenwaelder, "TinyOS Motes on the
Internet: IPv6 over 802.15.4 (6LoWPAN)", 2008.
[Kim07] Kim, S., Pakzad, S., Culler, D., Demmel, J., Fenves, G.,
Glaser, S., and M. Turon, "Health Monitoring of Civil
Infrastructure Using Wireless Sensor Networks", In the
Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on
Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN 2007),
Cambridge, MA, ACM Press, pp. 254-263 , April 2007.
[kothmayr10]
Kothmayr, T., "Data Collection in Wireless Sensor Networks
for Autonomic Home Networking", Bachelor Thesis, Technical
University of Munich, Germany , 2010.
[Schmitt09]
Schmitt, C. and G. Carle, "Applications for Wireless
Sensor Networks", In Handbook of Research on P2P and Grid
Systems for Service-Oriented Computing: Models,
Methodologies and Applications, Antonopoulos N.;
Exarchakos G.; Li M.; Liotta A. (Eds.), Information
Science Publishing. , 2010.
Schmitt, et al. TinyIPFIX [Page 28]
Internet-Draft TinyIPFIX September 2017
[schmitt2014]
Schmitt, C., Kothmayr, T., Ertl, B., Hu, W., Braun, L.,
and G. Carle, "TinyIPFIX: An Efficient Application
Protocol for Data Exchange in Cyber Physical Systems",
Computer Communications, ELSEVIER, DOI: 10.1016/
j.comcom.2014.05.012 , 2014.
[schmitt2017]
Schmitt, C., Anliker, C., and B. Stiller, "Efficient and
Secure Pull Requests for Emergency Cases Using a Mobile
Access Framework", Managing the Web of Things: Linking the
Real World to the Web, M.Sheng, Y. Qin, L. Yao, and B.
Benatallah (Eds.), Morgen Kaufmann (imprint of Elsevier),
Chapter 8, pp. 229-247, ISBN: 978-0-12-809764-9 , 2017.
[SMPC04] Szewczyk, R., Mainwaring, A., Polastre, J., and D. Culler,
"An analysis of a large scale habitat monitoring
application", The Proceedings of the Second ACM Conference
on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys 04) ,
November 2004.
[Tolle05] Tolle, G., Polastre, J., Szewczyk, R., Turner, N., Tu, K.,
Buonadonna, P., Burgess, S., Gay, D., Hong, W., Dawnson,
T., and D. Culler, "A macroscope in the redwoods", In the
Proceedings of the 3rd ACM Conference on Embedded
Networked Sensor Systems (Sensys 05), San Diego, ACM
Press , November 2005.
Authors' Addresses
Corinna Schmitt
University of Zurich
Department of Informatics
Communication Systems Group
Binzmuehlestrasse 14
Zurich 8050
Switzerland
Email: schmitt@ifi.uzh.ch
Schmitt, et al. TinyIPFIX [Page 29]
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Burkhard Stiller
University of Zurich
Department of Informatics
Communication Systems Group
Binzmuehlestrasse 14
Zurich 8050
Switzerland
Email: stiller@ifi.uzh.ch
Brian Trammell
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
Gloriastrasse 35
Zurich 8092
Switzerland
Email: ietf@trammell.ch
Schmitt, et al. TinyIPFIX [Page 30]
