Internet DRAFT - draft-templin-6man-omni

draft-templin-6man-omni







Network Working Group                                 F. L. Templin, Ed.
Internet-Draft                                        The Boeing Company
Intended status: Informational                           12 October 2022
Expires: 15 April 2023


    Transmission of IP Packets over Overlay Multilink Network (OMNI)
                               Interfaces
                       draft-templin-6man-omni-74

Abstract

   Mobile nodes (e.g., aircraft of various configurations, terrestrial
   vehicles, seagoing vessels, space systems, enterprise wireless
   devices, pedestrians with cell phones, etc.) communicate with
   networked correspondents over wireless and/or wired-line data links
   and configure mobile routers to connect end user networks.  A
   multilink virtual interface specification is presented that enables
   mobile nodes to coordinate with a network-based mobility service,
   fixed node correspondents and/or other mobile node peers.  The
   virtual interface provides an adaptation layer service that also
   applies for more static deployments such as enterprise and home
   networks.  This document specifies the transmission of IP packets
   over Overlay Multilink Network (OMNI) Interfaces.

Status of This Memo

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   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

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   This Internet-Draft will expire on 15 April 2023.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2022 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.





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   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
   license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.
   Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
   and restrictions with respect to this document.  Code Components
   extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as
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   provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   3.  Requirements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
   4.  Overlay Multilink Network (OMNI) Interface Model  . . . . . .  16
   5.  OMNI Interface Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU)  . . . . . . .  23
     5.1.  Jumbograms  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
     5.2.  IP Parcels  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
   6.  The OMNI Adaptation Layer (OAL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
     6.1.  OAL Source Encapsulation and Fragmentation  . . . . . . .  26
     6.2.  OAL L2 Encapsulation and Re-Encapsulation . . . . . . . .  32
     6.3.  OAL L2 Decapsulation and Reassembly . . . . . . . . . . .  35
     6.4.  OAL Header Compression  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36
     6.5.  OAL Identification Window Maintenance . . . . . . . . . .  40
     6.6.  OAL Fragment Retransmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  45
     6.7.  OAL MTU Feedback Messaging  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  46
     6.8.  OAL Super-Packets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  49
     6.9.  OAL Bubbles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  50
     6.10. OMNI Hosts  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  51
     6.11. IP Parcels  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  53
     6.12. OAL Requirements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  55
     6.13. OAL Fragmentation Security Implications . . . . . . . . .  56
   7.  Frame Format  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  58
   8.  Link-Local Addresses (LLAs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  59
   9.  Unique-Local Addresses (ULAs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  60
   10. Global Unicast Addresses (GUAs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  63
   11. Node Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  64
   12. Address Mapping - Unicast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  65
     12.1.  The OMNI Option  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  66
     12.2.  OMNI Sub-Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  67
       12.2.1.  Pad1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  70
       12.2.2.  PadN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  70
       12.2.3.  Node Identification  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  71
       12.2.4.  Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  73
       12.2.5.  Window Synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  73
       12.2.6.  Prefix Length  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  74
       12.2.7.  Interface Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  75
       12.2.8.  Traffic Selector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  80



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       12.2.9.  AERO Forwarding Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . .  81
       12.2.10. Geo Coordinates  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  85
       12.2.11. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6)
               Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  86
       12.2.12. PIM-SM Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  87
       12.2.13. Host Identity Protocol (HIP) Message . . . . . . . .  88
       12.2.14. QUIC-TLS Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  90
       12.2.15. Fragmentation Report (FRAGREP) . . . . . . . . . . .  91
       12.2.16. ICMPv6 Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  92
       12.2.17. Proxy/Server Departure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  93
       12.2.18. Sub-Type Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  93
   13. Address Mapping - Multicast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  96
   14. Multilink Conceptual Sending Algorithm  . . . . . . . . . . .  97
     14.1.  Multiple OMNI Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  98
     14.2.  Client-Proxy/Server Loop Prevention  . . . . . . . . . .  98
   15. Router Discovery and Prefix Registration  . . . . . . . . . .  99
     15.1.  Window Synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
     15.2.  Router Discovery in IP Multihop and IPv4-Only
            Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
     15.3.  DHCPv6-based Prefix Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
     15.4.  OMNI Link Extension  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
   16. Secure Redirection  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
   17. Proxy/Server Resilience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
   18. Detecting and Responding to Proxy/Server Failures . . . . . . 115
   19. Transition Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
   20. OMNI Interfaces on Open Internetworks . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
   21. Time-Varying MNPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
   22. (H)HITs and Temporary ULA (TLA)s  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
   23. Address Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
   24. Error Messages  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
   25. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
     25.1.  "Protocol Numbers" Registry  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
     25.2.  "IEEE 802 Numbers" Registry  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
     25.3.  "IPv4 Special-Purpose Address" Registry  . . . . . . . . 121
     25.4.  "IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Option Formats" Registry  . . . 121
     25.5.  "Ethernet Numbers" Registry  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
     25.6.  "ICMPv6 Code Fields: Type 2 - Packet Too Big"
             Registry  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
     25.7.  "OMNI Option Sub-Type Values" (New Registry) . . . . . . 122
     25.8.  "OMNI Node Identification ID-Type Values" (New
             Registry) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
     25.9.  "OMNI Geo Coordinates Type Values" (New Registry)  . . . 124
     25.10. "OMNI Option Sub-Type Extension Values" (New
             Registry) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
     25.11. "OMNI RFC4380 UDP/IP Header Option" (New Registry) . . . 124
     25.12. "OMNI RFC6081 UDP/IP Trailer Option" (New Registry)  . . 125
     25.13. Additional Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
   26. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126



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   27. Implementation Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
   28. Document Updates  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
   29. Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
   30. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
     30.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
     30.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
   Appendix A.  OAL Checksum Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
   Appendix B.  IPv6 ND Message Authentication and Integrity . . . . 141
   Appendix C.  VDL Mode 2 Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
   Appendix D.  Client-Proxy/Server Isolation Through Link-Layer
           Address Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
   Appendix E.  Change Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
   Author's Address  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

1.  Introduction

   Mobile nodes (e.g., aircraft of various configurations, terrestrial
   vehicles, seagoing vessels, space systems, enterprise wireless
   devices, pedestrians with cellphones, etc.) configure mobile routers
   with multiple interface connections to wireless and/or wired-line
   data links.  These data links may have diverse performance, cost and
   availability properties that can change dynamically according to
   mobility patterns, flight phases, proximity to infrastructure, etc.
   The mobile router acts as a Client of a network-based Mobility
   Service (MS) by configuring a virtual interface over its underlay
   interface data link connections.

   Each Client configures a virtual interface (termed the "Overlay
   Multilink Network Interface (OMNI)") as a thin layer over its
   underlay network interfaces (which may themselves connect to virtual
   or physical links).  The OMNI interface is therefore the only
   interface abstraction exposed to the IP layer and behaves according
   to the Non-Broadcast, Multiple Access (NBMA) interface principle,
   while underlay interfaces appear as link layer communication channels
   in the architecture.  The OMNI interface internally employs the "OMNI
   Adaptation Layer (OAL)" to ensure that original IP packets or parcels
   [I-D.templin-intarea-parcels] are adapted to diverse underlay
   interfaces with heterogeneous properties.

   The OMNI interface connects to a virtual overlay known as the "OMNI
   link".  The OMNI link spans one or more Internetworks that may
   include private-use infrastructures (e.g., enterprise networks) and/
   or the global public Internet itself.  Together, OMNI and the OAL
   provide the foundational elements required to support the "6 M's of
   Modern Internetworking", including:






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   1.  Multilink - a Client's ability to coordinate multiple diverse
       underlay interfaces as a single logical unit (i.e., the OMNI
       interface) to achieve the required communications performance and
       reliability objectives.

   2.  Multinet - the ability to span the OMNI link over a segment
       routing topology with multiple diverse administrative domain
       network segments while maintaining seamless end-to-end
       communications between mobile Clients and correspondents such as
       air traffic controllers, fleet administrators, etc.

   3.  Mobility - a Client's ability to change network points of
       attachment (e.g., moving between wireless base stations) which
       may result in an underlay interface address change, but without
       disruptions to ongoing communication sessions with peers over the
       OMNI link.

   4.  Multicast - the ability to send a single network transmission
       that reaches multiple Clients belonging to the same interest
       group, but without disturbing other Clients not subscribed to the
       interest group.

   5.  Multihop - a mobile Client vehicle-to-vehicle relaying capability
       useful when multiple forwarding hops between vehicles may be
       necessary to "reach back" to an infrastructure access point
       connection to the OMNI link.

   6.  MTU assurance - the ability to deliver packets/parcels of various
       robust sizes between peers without loss due to a link size
       restriction, and to dynamically adjust packet/parcels sizes to
       achieve the optimal performance for each independent traffic
       flow.

   Client OMNI interfaces interact with the MS and/or other OMNI nodes
   through IPv6 Neighbor Discovery (ND) control message exchanges
   [RFC4861].  The MS consists of a distributed set of service nodes
   (including Proxy/Servers and other infrastructure elements) that also
   configure OMNI interfaces.  Automatic Extended Route Optimization
   (AERO) in particular provides a companion MS compatible with the OMNI
   architecture [I-D.templin-6man-aero].  AERO discusses details of ND
   message based route optimization, mobility management, and multinet
   traversal while the fundamental aspects of OMNI link operation are
   discussed in this document.

   Each OMNI interface provides a multilink nexus for exchanging inbound
   and outbound traffic via selected underlay interface(s).  The IP
   layer sees the OMNI interface as a point of connection to the OMNI
   link.  Each OMNI link has one or more associated Mobility Service



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   Prefixes (MSPs), which are typically IP Global Unicast Address (GUA)
   prefixes assigned to the link and from which Mobile Network Prefixes
   (MNPs) are derived.  If there are multiple OMNI links, the IP layer
   will see multiple OMNI interfaces.

   Each Client receives an MNP through IPv6 ND control message exchanges
   with Proxy/Servers over Access Networks (ANETs) and/or open
   Internetworks (INETs).  The Client sub-delegates the MNP to
   downstream-attached End-user Networks (ENETs) independently of the
   underlay interfaces selected for data transport.  The Client acts as
   a fixed or mobile router on behalf of ENET peers, and uses OMNI
   interface control messaging to coordinate with Hosts, Proxy/Servers
   and/or other Clients.  The Client iterates its control messaging over
   each of the OMNI interface's ANET/INET underlay interfaces in order
   to register each interface with the MS (see Section 15).  The Client
   can also provide Proxy/Server-like services for a recursively nested
   chain of other Clients located in downstream-attached ENETs.

   Clients may connect to multiple distinct OMNI links within the same
   OMNI domain by configuring multiple OMNI interfaces, e.g., omni0,
   omni1, omni2, etc.  Each OMNI interface is configured over a distinct
   set of underlay interfaces and provides a nexus for Safety-Based
   Multilink (SBM) operation.  The IP layer applies SBM routing to
   select a specific OMNI interface, then the selected OMNI interface
   applies Performance-Based Multilink (PBM) internally to select
   appropriate underlay interfaces.  Applications select SBM topologies
   based on IP layer Segment Routing [RFC8402], while each OMNI
   interface orchestrates PBM internally based on OAL Multinet
   traversal.

   OMNI provides a link model suitable for a wide range of use cases.
   For example, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
   Working Group-I Mobility Subgroup is developing a future Aeronautical
   Telecommunications Network with Internet Protocol Services (ATN/IPS)
   and has issued a liaison statement requesting IETF adoption [ATN] in
   support of ICAO Document 9896 [ATN-IPS].  The IETF IP Wireless Access
   in Vehicular Environments (ipwave) working group has further included
   problem statement and use case analysis for OMNI in a document now in
   AD evaluation for RFC publication
   [I-D.ietf-ipwave-vehicular-networking].  Still other communities of
   interest include AEEC, RTCA Special Committee 228 (SC-228) and NASA
   programs that examine commercial aviation, Urban Air Mobility (UAM)
   and Unmanned Air Systems (UAS).  Pedestrians with handheld devices
   represent another large class of potential OMNI users.

   This document specifies the transmission of original IP packets/
   parcels and control messages over OMNI interfaces.  The operation of
   both IP protocol versions (i.e., IPv4 [RFC0791] and IPv6 [RFC8200])



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   is specified as the network layer data plane, while OMNI interfaces
   use IPv6 ND messaging in the control plane independently of the data
   plane protocol(s).  OMNI interfaces also provide an OAL based on
   encapsulation and fragmentation over heterogeneous underlay
   interfaces as an adaptation sublayer between L3 and L2.  Both OMNI
   and the OAL are specified in detail throughout the remainder of this
   document.

2.  Terminology

   The terminology in the normative references applies; especially, the
   terms "link" and "interface" are the same as defined in the IPv6
   [RFC8200] and IPv6 Neighbor Discovery (ND) [RFC4861] specifications.
   Additionally, this document assumes the following IPv6 ND message
   types: Router Solicitation (RS), Router Advertisement (RA), Neighbor
   Solicitation (NS), Neighbor Advertisement (NA) and Redirect.  Hosts,
   Clients and Proxy/Servers that implement IPv6 ND maintain per-
   neighbor state in Neighbor Cache Entries (NCEs).  Each NCE is indexed
   by the neighbor's network layer address(es) while the neighbor's OAL
   encapsulation address provides context for Identification
   verification.

   The Protocol Constants defined in Section 10 of [RFC4861] are used in
   their same format and meaning in this document.  The terms "All-
   Routers multicast", "All-Nodes multicast" and "Subnet-Router anycast"
   are the same as defined in [RFC4291] (with Link-Local scope assumed).

   The term "IP" is used to refer collectively to either Internet
   Protocol version (i.e., IPv4 [RFC0791] or IPv6 [RFC8200]) when a
   specification at the layer in question applies equally to either
   version.

   The terms Host, Client and Proxy/Server are intentionally capitalized
   to denote a node of that particular node type that also configures an
   OMNI interface and engages the OMNI Adaptation Layer.

   The following terms are defined within the scope of this document:

   L3
      The Network layer in the OSI network model.  Also known as "layer-
      3", "IP layer", etc.

   L2
      The Data Link layer in the OSI network model.  Also known as
      "layer-2", "link-layer", "sub-IP layer", etc.






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   Adaptation layer
      A mid-layer that adapts L3 to a diverse collection of L2 underlay
      interfaces and their encapsulations.  (No layer number is
      assigned, since numbering was an artifact of the legacy reference
      model that need not carry forward in the modern architecture.)
      The adaptation layer sees the upper layer as "L3" and sees all
      lower layer encapsulations as "L2 encapsulations", which may
      include UDP, IP and true link-layer (e.g., Ethernet, etc.)
      headers.

   Access Network (ANET)
      a connected network region (e.g., an aviation radio access
      network, corporate enterprise network, satellite service provider
      network, cellular operator network, residential WiFi network,
      etc.) that connects Clients to the Mobility Service.  Physical
      and/or data link level security is assumed (sometimes referred to
      as "protected spectrum" for wireless domains).  ANETs such as
      private enterprise networks and ground domain aviation service
      networks often provide multiple secured IP hops between the
      Client's physical point of connection and the nearest Proxy/
      Server.

   Internetwork (INET)
      a connected network region with a coherent IP addressing plan that
      provides transit forwarding services between ANETs and/or OMNI
      nodes that coordinate with the Mobility Service over unprotected
      media.  Since physical and/or data link level security cannot
      always be assumed, security must be applied by upper layers if
      necessary.  The global public Internet itself is an example.

   End-user Network (ENET)
      a simple or complex "downstream" network that travels with the
      Client as a single logical unit.  The ENET could be as simple as a
      single link connecting a single Host, or as complex as a large
      network with many links, routers, bridges and Hosts.  The ENET
      could also provide an "upstream" link in a recursively-descending
      chain of additional Clients and ENETs.  In this way, an ENET of an
      upstream Client is seen as the ANET of a downstream Client.

   {A,I,E}NET interface
      a Client's attachment to a link in an {A,I,E}NET.










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   *NET
      a "wildcard" term used when a given specification applies equally
      to both ANET/INET cases.  From the Client's perspective, *NET
      interfaces are "upstream" interfaces that connect the Client to
      the Mobility Service, while ENET interfaces are "downstream"
      interfaces that the Client uses to connect downstream ENETs, Hosts
      and/or other Clients.

   underlay interface
      an ANET/INET/ENET interface over which an OMNI interface is
      configured.  The OMNI interface is seen as an L3 interface by the
      IP layer, and each underlay interface is seen as an L2 interface
      by the OMNI interface.  The underlay interface either connects
      directly to the physical communications media or coordinates with
      another node where the physical media is hosted.

   OMNI link
      a Non-Broadcast, Multiple Access (NBMA) virtual overlay configured
      over one or more INETs and their connected ANETs/ENETs.  An OMNI
      link may comprise multiple distinct "segments" joined by L2
      forwarding devices the same as for any link; the addressing plans
      in each segment may be mutually exclusive and managed by different
      administrative entities.  Proxy/Servers and other infrastructure
      elements extend the link to support communications between Clients
      as single-hop neighbors.

   OMNI interface
      a node's attachment to an OMNI link, and configured over one or
      more underlay interfaces.  If there are multiple OMNI links in an
      OMNI domain, a separate OMNI interface is configured for each
      link.  The OMNI interface configures a Maximum Transmission Unit
      (MTU) and a Maximum Reassembly Unit (MRU) the same as any
      interface.

   OMNI Adaptation Layer (OAL)
      an OMNI interface sublayer service that encapsulates original IP
      packets/parcels admitted into the interface in an IPv6 header and/
      or subjects them to fragmentation and reassembly.  The OAL is also
      responsible for generating MTU-related control messages as
      necessary, and for providing addressing context for OMNI link SRT
      traversal.  The OAL presents a new layer in the Internet
      architecture known simply as the "adaptation layer".

   Host
      an end user device that extends the OMNI link over an ENET
      interface serviced by a Client.  (As an implementation matter, the
      Host either assigns the same IP address from the ENET (underlay)
      interface to an (overlay) OMNI interface, or configures an OMNI-



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      like function as a virtual sublayer of the ENET interface itself.)
      The IP addresses assigned to each Host ENET interface remain
      stable even if the Client's upstream *NET interface connections
      change.

   Client
      a network platform/device mobile router that configures one or
      more OMNI interfaces over distinct sets of underlay interfaces
      grouped as logical OMNI link units.  The Client coordinates with
      the Mobility Service via upstream networks over *NET interfaces,
      and provides Proxy/Server services for Hosts and other Clients on
      ENET interface downstream networks.  The Client's *NET interface
      addresses and performance characteristics may change over time
      (e.g., due to node mobility, link quality, etc.) while downstream-
      attached Hosts and other Clients see the ENET as a stable ANET.

   Proxy/Server
      a segment routing topology edge node that configures an OMNI
      interface and connects Clients to the Mobility Service.  As a
      server, the Proxy/Server responds directly to some Client IPv6 ND
      messages.  As a proxy, the Proxy/Server forwards other Client IPv6
      ND messages to other Proxy/Servers and Clients.  As a router, the
      Proxy/Server provides a forwarding service for ordinary data
      messages that may be essential in some environments and a last
      resort in others.  Proxy/Servers at ANET boundaries configure both
      an ANET downstream interface and *NET upstream interface, while
      INET-based Proxy/Servers configure only an INET interface.

   First-Hop Segment (FHS) Proxy/Server
      a Proxy/Server connected to the source Client's *NET that forwards
      OAL packets sent by the source into the segment routing topology.
      FHS Proxy/Servers also act as intermediate forwarding nodes to
      facilitate RS/RA exchanges between Clients and Hub Proxy/Servers.

   Last-Hop Segment (LHS) Proxy/Server
      a Proxy/Server connected to the target Client's *NET that forwards
      OAL packets received from the segment routing topology to the
      target.

   Hub Proxy/Server
      a single Proxy/Server selected by the Client that provides a
      designated router service for all of the Client's*NET underlay
      networks.  Since all Proxy/Servers provide equivalent services,
      Clients normally select the first FHS Proxy/Server they coordinate
      with to serve as the Hub. However, the Hub can instead be any
      available Proxy/Server for the OMNI link, i.e., and not
      necessarily one of the Client's FHS Proxy/Servers.




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   Segment Routing Topology (SRT)
      a multinet forwarding region configured over one or more INETs
      between the FHS Proxy/Server and LHS Proxy/Server.  The SRT spans
      the OMNI link on behalf of source/target Client pairs using
      segment routing in a manner outside the scope of this document
      (see: [I-D.templin-6man-aero]).

   Mobility Service (MS)
      a mobile routing service that tracks Client movements and ensures
      that Clients remain continuously reachable even across mobility
      events.  The MS consists of the set of all Proxy/Servers plus any
      other OMNI link supporting infrastructure nodes.  Specific MS
      details are out of scope for this document, with an example found
      in [I-D.templin-6man-aero].

   Mobility Service Prefix (MSP)
      an aggregated IP Global Unicast Address (GUA) prefix (e.g.,
      2001:db8::/32, 192.0.2.0/24, etc.) assigned to the OMNI link and
      from which more-specific Mobile Network Prefixes (MNPs) are
      delegated.  OMNI link administrators typically obtain MSPs from an
      Internet address registry, however private-use prefixes can also
      be used subject to certain limitations (see: Section 10).  OMNI
      links that connect to the global Internet advertise their MSPs to
      their interdomain routing peers.

   Mobile Network Prefix (MNP)
      a longer IP prefix delegated from an MSP (e.g.,
      2001:db8:1000:2000::/56, 192.0.2.8/30, etc.) and assigned to a
      Client.  Clients receive MNPs from Proxy/Servers and sub-delegate
      them to routers, Hosts and other Clients located in ENETs.

   original IP packet/parcel
      a whole IP packet/parcel or fragment admitted into the OMNI
      interface by the network layer prior to OAL encapsulation and
      fragmentation, or an IP packet/parcel delivered to the network
      layer by the OMNI interface following OAL decapsulation and
      reassembly.

   OAL packet
      an original IP packet/parcel encapsulated in an OAL IPv6 header
      before OAL fragmentation, or following OAL reassembly.

   OAL fragment
      a portion of an OAL packet following fragmentation but prior to L2
      encapsulation, or following L2 decapsulation but prior to OAL
      reassembly.





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   (OAL) atomic fragment
      an OAL packet that does not require fragmentation is always
      encapsulated as an "atomic fragment" with a Fragment Header with
      Fragment Offset and More Fragments both set to 0, but with a valid
      Identification value.

   (OAL) carrier packet
      an encapsulated OAL fragment following L2 encapsulation or prior
      to L2 decapsulation.  OAL sources and destinations exchange
      carrier packets over underlay interfaces, and may be separated by
      one or more OAL intermediate nodes.  OAL intermediate nodes may
      perform re-encapsulation on carrier packets by removing the L2
      headers of the first hop network and replacing them with new L2
      headers for the next hop network.  (The term "carrier" honors
      agents of the service postulated by [RFC1149] and [RFC6214].)

   OAL source
      an OMNI interface acts as an OAL source when it encapsulates
      original IP packets/parcels to form OAL packets, then performs OAL
      fragmentation and encapsulation to create carrier packets.

   OAL destination
      an OMNI interface acts as an OAL destination when it decapsulates
      carrier packets, then performs OAL reassembly and decapsulation to
      derive the original IP packet/parcel.

   OAL intermediate node
      an OMNI interface acts as an OAL intermediate node when it removes
      the L2 encapsulation headers of carrier packets received from a
      first segment to obtain the original OAL packet/fragment, then re-
      encapsulates in new L2 headers appropriate for the next segment
      and sends these new carrier packets into the next segment.  OAL
      intermediate nodes decrement the Hop Limit in OAL packets/
      fragments during forwarding, and discard the OAL packet/fragment
      if the Hop Limit reaches 0.  OAL intermediate nodes do not
      decrement the TTL/Hop Limit of the original IP packet/parcel,
      which can only be examined by upper layers.

   OMNI Option
      an IPv6 Neighbor Discovery option providing multilink parameters
      for the OMNI interface as specified in Section 12.

   Interface Identifier (IID)
      the least significant 64 bits of an IPv6 address, as specified in
      the IPv6 addressing architecture [RFC4291].






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   (OMNI) Link Local Address (LLA)
      an IPv6 address beginning with fe80::/64 per the IPv6 addressing
      architecture [RFC4291] and with either a 64-bit MNP (LLA-MNP) or a
      56-bit random value (LLA-RND) encoded in the IID as specified in
      Section 8.

   (OMNI) Unique Local Address (ULA)
      an IPv6 address beginning with fd00::/8 followed by a 40-bit
      Global ID followed by a 16-bit Subnet ID per [RFC4193] and with
      either a 64-bit MNP (ULA-MNP) or a 56-bit random value (ULA-RND)
      encoded in the IID as specified in Section 9.  (Note that
      [RFC4193] specifies a second form of ULAs based on the prefix
      fc00::/8, which are referred to as "ULA-C" throughout this
      document to distinguish them from the ULAs defined here.)

   (OMNI) Temporary Local Address (TLA)
      a ULA beginning with fd00::/16 followed by a 48-bit randomly-
      initialized value followed by an MNP-based (TLA-MNP) or random
      (TLA-RND) IID as specified in Section 9.  Clients use TLAs to
      bootstrap autoconfiguration in the presence of OMNI link
      infrastructure or for sustained communications in the absence of
      infrastructure.  (Note that in some environments Clients can
      instead use a (Hierarchical) Host Identity Tag ((H)HIT) instead of
      a TLA - see: Section 22.)

   (OMNI) eXtended Local Address (XLA)
      a TLA beginning with fd00::/64 followed by an MNP-based (XLA-MNP)
      or random (XLA-RND) IID as specified in Section 9.  An XLA is
      simply a TLA with an all-0 48-bit value following fd00::/16, and
      can be used to supply a "wildcard match" for IPv6 ND cache
      entries, a routing table entry for the OMNI link routing system,
      etc.  (Note that XLAs can also be statelessly formed from LLAs
      (and vice-versa) simply by inverting prefix bits 7 and 8.)

   Multilink
      a Client OMNI interface's manner of managing multiple diverse *NET
      underlay interfaces as a single logical unit.  The OMNI interface
      provides a single unified interface to upper layers, while
      underlay interface selections are performed on a per-flow basis
      considering traffic selectors such as DSCP, flow label,
      application policy, signal quality, cost, etc.  Multilink
      selections are coordinated in both the outbound and inbound
      directions based on source/target underlay interface pairs.

   Multinet
      an intermediate node's manner of spanning multiple diverse IP
      Internetwork and/or private enterprise network "segments" at the
      OAL layer below IP.  Through intermediate node concatenation of



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      SRT network segments, multiple diverse Internetworks (such as the
      global public IPv4 and IPv6 Internets) can serve as transit
      segments in an end-to-end L2 forwarding path.  This OAL
      concatenation capability provides benefits such as supporting
      IPv4/IPv6 transition and coexistence, joining multiple diverse
      operator networks into a cooperative single service network, etc.
      See: [I-D.templin-6man-aero] for further information.

   Multihop
      an iterative relaying of carrier packets between Client's over an
      OMNI underlay interface technology (such as omnidirectional
      wireless) without support of fixed infrastructure.  Multihop
      services entail Client-to-Client relaying within a Mobile/
      Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (MANET/VANET) for Vehicle-to-Vehicle
      (V2V) communications and/or for Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I)
      "range extension" where Clients within range of communications
      infrastructure elements provide forwarding services for other
      Clients.

   Mobility
      any action that results in a change to a Client underlay interface
      address.  The change could be due to, e.g., a handover to a new
      wireless base station, loss of link due to signal fading, an
      actual physical node movement, etc.

   Safety-Based Multilink (SBM)
      A means for ensuring fault tolerance through redundancy by
      connecting multiple OMNI interfaces within the same domain to
      independent routing topologies (i.e., multiple independent OMNI
      links).

   Performance Based Multilink (PBM)
      A means for selecting one or more underlay interface(s) for
      carrier packet transmission and reception within a single OMNI
      interface.

   OMNI Domain
      The set of all SBM/PBM OMNI links that collectively provides
      services for a common set of MSPs.  All OMNI links within the same
      domain configure, advertise and respond to the same OMNI IPv6
      Anycast address(es).










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   AERO Forwarding Information Base (AFIB)
      A multilink forwarding table on each OAL source, destination and
      intermediate node that includes AERO Forwarding Vectors (AFV) with
      both next hop forwarding instructions and context for
      reconstructing compressed headers for specific underlay interface
      pairs used to communicate with peers.  See:
      [I-D.templin-6man-aero] for further discussion.

   AERO Forwarding Vector (AFV)
      An AFIB entry that includes soft state for each underlay interface
      pairwise communication session between peers.  AFVs are identified
      by both a next-hop and previous-hop AFV Index (AFVI), with the
      next-hop established based on an IPv6 ND solicitation and the
      previous hop established based on the solicited IPv6 ND
      advertisement response.  The AFV also caches underlay interface
      pairwise Identification sequence number parameters to support
      carrier packet filtering.  See: [I-D.templin-6man-aero] for
      further discussion.

   AERO Forwarding Vector Index (AVFI)
      A locally-unique 4 octet value that an OAL node generates when it
      creates an AFV, then advertises to either next-hop or previous-hop
      nodes.  OAL intermediate nodes assign two distinct AFVIs for each
      AFV and advertise one to next-hops and the other to previous-hops.
      OAL end systems assign and advertise a single AFVI.  See:
      [I-D.templin-6man-aero] for further discussion.

   IP Jumbogram
      an IPv4 or IPv6 packet with a Jumbo Payload option that includes a
      32-bit length field to be used instead of the 16-bit {Total,
      Payload} Length field (see: Section 5.1).  For IPv4, the Total
      Length field must be set to the length of the IPv4 header only.
      For IPv6, the Payload Length must be set to 0.  Original IP
      packets, OAL packets and carrier packets may all appear as IP
      Jumbograms.

   IP Parcel
      a special form of an IP Jumbogram with a segment length value
      included in the {Total, Payload} Length field and also with a
      Jumbo Payload option that encodes an 8-bit "Nsegs" field followed
      by a 24-bit length field (see: Section 5.2).  Only original IP
      packets may appear as IP Parcels.









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   (OMNI) L2 encapsulation
      the OMNI protocol encapsulation of OAL packets/fragments in an
      outer header or headers to form carrier packets that can be routed
      within the scope of the local {A,I,E}NET underlay network
      partition.  Common L2 encapsulation combinations include UDP/IP/
      Ethernet, etc. using a port/protocol/type number for OMNI.

   L2 address (L2ADDR)
      an address that appears in the OMNI protocol L2 encapsulation for
      an underlay interface and also in IPv6 ND message OMNI options.
      L2ADDR can be either an IP address for IP encapsulations or an
      IEEE EUI address [EUI] for direct data link encapsulation.  (When
      UDP/IP encapsulation is used, the UDP port number is considered an
      ancillary extension of the IP L2ADDR.)

3.  Requirements

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
   14 [RFC2119][RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

   An implementation is not required to internally use the architectural
   constructs described here so long as its external behavior is
   consistent with that described in this document.

4.  Overlay Multilink Network (OMNI) Interface Model

   An OMNI interface is a virtual interface configured over one or more
   underlay interfaces, which may be physical (e.g., an aeronautical
   radio link, etc.) or virtual (e.g., an Internet or higher-layer
   "tunnel").  The OMNI interface architectural layering model is the
   same as in [RFC5558][RFC7847], and augmented as shown in Figure 1.
   The IP layer therefore sees the OMNI interface as a single L3
   interface nexus for multiple underlay interfaces that appear as L2
   communication channels in the architecture.














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                                     +----------------------------+
                                     |    Upper Layer Protocol    |
              Session-to-IP    +---->|                            |
              Address Binding  |     +----------------------------+
                               +---->|           IP (L3)          |
              IP Address       +---->|                            |
              Binding          |     +----------------------------+
                               +---->|       OMNI Interface       |
              Logical-to-      +---->|   (OMNI Adaptation Layer)  |
              Physical         |     +----------------------------+
              Interface        +---->|  L2  |  L2  |       |  L2  |
              Binding                |(IF#1)|(IF#2)| ..... |(IF#n)|
                                     +------+------+       +------+
                                     |  L1  |  L1  |       |  L1  |
                                     |      |      |       |      |
                                     +------+------+       +------+

           Figure 1: OMNI Interface Architectural Layering Model

   Each underlay interface provides an L2/L1 abstraction according to
   one of the following models:

   *  ANET interfaces connect to a protected and secured ANET that is
      separated from the open INET by Proxy/Servers.  The ANET interface
      may be either on the same L2 link segment as a Proxy/Server, or
      separated from a Proxy/Server by multiple L2 hops.  (Note that
      NATs may appear internally within an ANET or on the Proxy/Server
      itself and may require NAT traversal the same as for the INET
      case.)

   *  INET interfaces connect to an INET either natively or through one
      or several IPv4 Network Address Translators (NATs).  Native INET
      interfaces have global IP addresses that are reachable from any
      INET correspondent.  NATed INET interfaces typically configure
      private IP addresses and connect to a private network behind one
      or more NATs with the outermost NAT providing INET access.

   *  ENET interfaces connect a Client's downstream-attached networks,
      where the Client provides forwarding services for ENET Host and
      Client communications to remote peers.  An ENET may be as simple
      as a small stub network that travels with a mobile Client (e.g.,
      an Internet-of-Things) to as complex as a large private enterprise
      network that the Client connects to a larger ANET or INET.
      Downstream-attached Hosts and Clients see the ENET as an ANET and
      see the (upstream) Client as a Proxy/Server.






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   *  VPNed interfaces use security encapsulation over an underlay
      network to a Client or Proxy/Server acting as a Virtual Private
      Network (VPN) gateway.  Other than the link-layer encapsulation
      format, VPNed interfaces behave the same as for Direct interfaces.

   *  Direct (aka "point-to-point") interfaces connect directly to a
      Client or Proxy/Server without crossing any networked paths.  An
      example is a line-of-sight link between a remote pilot and an
      unmanned aircraft.

   The OMNI interface forwards original IP packets/parcels from the
   network layer (L3) using the OMNI Adaptation Layer (OAL) (see:
   Section 5) as an encapsulation and fragmentation sublayer service.
   This "OAL source" then further encapsulates the resulting OAL
   packets/fragments in underlay network headers (e.g., UDP/IP, IP-only,
   Ethernet-only, etc.) to create L2-encapsulated "carrier packets" for
   transmission over underlay interfaces.  The target OMNI interface
   receives the carrier packets from underlay interfaces and discards
   the L2 encapsulation headers.  If the resulting OAL packets/fragments
   are addressed to itself, the OMNI interface acts as an "OAL
   destination" and performs reassembly if necessary, discards the OAL
   encapsulation, and delivers the original IP packet/parcel to the
   network layer.  If the OAL fragments are addressed to another node,
   the OMNI interface instead acts as an "OAL intermediate node" by re-
   encapsulating the carrier packets in new underlay network L2 headers
   and forwarding them over an underlay interface without reassembling
   or discarding the OAL encapsulation.  The OAL source and OAL
   destination are seen as "neighbors" on the OMNI link, while OAL
   intermediate nodes provide a virtual bridging service that joins the
   segments of a (multinet) Segment Routing Topology (SRT).

   The OMNI interface can forward original IP packets/parcels over
   underlay interfaces while including/omitting various lower layer
   encapsulations including OAL, UDP, IP and Ethernet (ETH) or other
   link-layer header.  The network layer can also engage the underlay
   interfaces directly while bypassing the OMNI interface entirely when
   necessary.  This architectural flexibility may be beneficial for
   underlay interfaces (e.g., some aviation data links) for which
   encapsulation overhead may be a primary consideration.  OMNI
   interfaces that send original IP packets/parcels directly over
   underlay interfaces without invoking the OAL can only reach peers
   located on the same OMNI link segment.  Source Clients can instead
   use the OAL to coordinate with target Clients in the same or
   different OMNI link segments by sending initial carrier packets to a
   First-Hop Segment (FHS) Proxy/Server.  The FHS Proxy/Sever then sends
   the carrier packets into the SRT spanning tree, which transports them
   to a Last-Hop Segment (LHS) Proxy/Server for the target Client.




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   Original IP packets/parcels sent directly over underlay interfaces
   are subject to the same path MTU related issues as for any
   Internetworking path, and do not include per-packet identifications
   that can be used for data origin verification and/or link-layer
   retransmissions.  Original IP packets/parcels presented directly to
   an underlay interface that exceed the underlay network path MTU are
   dropped with an ordinary ICMPv6 Packet Too Big (PTB) message
   returned.  These PTB messages are subject to loss [RFC2923] the same
   as for any non-OMNI IP interface.

   The OMNI interface encapsulation/decapsulation layering possibilities
   are shown in Figure 2 below.  Imaginary vertical lines drawn between
   the Network Layer and Underlay interfaces in the figure denote the
   encapsulation/decapsulation layering combinations possible.  Common
   combinations include IP-only (i.e., direct access to underlay
   interfaces with or without using the OMNI interface), IP/IP, IP/UDP/
   IP, IP/UDP/IP/ETH(ERNET), IP/OAL/UDP/IP, IP/OAL/UDP/ETH, etc.

    +------------------------------------------------------------+  ^
    |          Network Layer (Original IP packets/parcels)       |  |
    +--+---------------------------------------------------------+ L3
       |         OMNI Interface (virtual sublayer nexus)         |  |
       +--------------------------+------------------------------+  -
                                  |      OAL Encaps/Decaps       |  |
                                  +------------------------------+ OAL
                                  |        OAL Frag/Reass        |  |
                     +------------+---------------+--------------+  -
                     | UDP Encaps/Decaps/Compress |                 |
                +----+---+------------+--------+--+  +--------+     |
                | IP E/D |            | IP E/D |     | IP E/D |    L2
           +----+-----+--+----+    +--+----+---+     +---+----+--+  |
           |ETH E/D|  |ETH E/D|    |ETH E/D|             |ETH E/D|  |
    +------+-------+--+-------+----+-------+-------------+-------+  v
    |                    Underlay Interfaces                     |
    +------------------------------------------------------------+

                     Figure 2: OMNI Interface Layering

   The OMNI/OAL model gives rise to a number of opportunities:

   *  Clients coordinate with the MS and receive MNP delegations through
      IPv6 ND message exchanges with Proxy/Servers.  Clients use the MNP
      to construct Link-Local and Unique-Local Addresses (LLA-MNP / ULA-
      MNP) through the algorithmic derivation specified in Section 8 and
      assign the addresses to the OMNI interface.  Since the LLA and ULA
      are derived from a unique MNP, no Duplicate Address Detection
      (DAD) or Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) messaging is
      necessary.



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   *  since Temporary ULAs with random IIDs (TLA-RNDs) are statistically
      unique, they can be used without DAD until an MNP is obtained.

   *  underlay interfaces on the same L2 link segment as a Proxy/Server
      do not require any L3 addresses (i.e., not even link-local) in
      environments where communications are coordinated entirely over
      the OMNI interface.

   *  as underlay interface properties change (e.g., link quality, cost,
      availability, etc.), any active interface can be used to update
      the profiles of multiple additional interfaces in a single
      message.  This allows for timely adaptation and service continuity
      under dynamically changing conditions.

   *  coordinating underlay interfaces in this way allows them to be
      represented in a unified MS profile with provisions for "6 M"
      operations.

   *  exposing a single virtual interface abstraction to the IPv6 layer
      allows for multilink operation (including QoS based link
      selection, carrier packet replication, load balancing, etc.) at L2
      while still permitting L3 traffic shaping based on, e.g., DSCP,
      flow label, etc.

   *  the OMNI interface allows multinet traversal over the SRT when
      communications across different administrative domain network
      segments are necessary.  This mode of operation would not be
      possible via direct communications over the underlay interfaces
      themselves.

   *  the OAL supports lossless and adaptive path MTU mitigations not
      available for communications directly over the underlay interfaces
      themselves.  The OAL supports "packing" of multiple original IP
      payload packets/parcels within a single OAL "super-packet" and
      also supports transmission of IP packets/parcels of all sizes up
      to and including Jumbograms.

   *  the OAL applies per-packet identification values that allow for
      link-layer reliability and data origin authentication.

   *  L3 sees the OMNI interface as a point of connection to the OMNI
      link; if there are multiple OMNI links, L3 will see multiple OMNI
      interfaces.

   *  Multiple independent OMNI interfaces can be used for increased
      fault tolerance through Safety-Based Multilink (SBM), with
      Performance-Based Multilink (PBM) applied within each interface.




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   *  Multiple independent OMNI links can be joined together into a
      single link without requiring renumbering of infrastructure
      elements, since the ULAs assigned to the different links will be
      mutually exclusive.

   *  the OMNI/OAL model supports transmission of a new form of IP
      packets known as "IP Parcels" that improve performance and
      efficiency for both upper layer protocols and networked paths.

   Note that even when the OMNI virtual interface is present,
   applications can still access underlay interfaces either through the
   network protocol stack using an Internet socket or directly using a
   raw socket.  This allows for intra-network (or point-to-point)
   communications without invoking the OMNI interface and/or OAL.  For
   example, when an OMNI interface is configured over an underlay IP
   interface, applications can still invoke intra-network IP
   communications directly over the underlay interface as long as the
   communicating endpoints are not subject to mobility dynamics.

   Figure 3 depicts the architectural model for a source Client with an
   attached ENET connecting to the OMNI link via multiple independent
   ANETs/INETs (i.e., *NETs).  The Client's OMNI interface forwards
   adaptation layer IPv6 ND solicitation messages over available *NET
   underlay interfaces using any necessary L2 encapsulations.  The IPv6
   ND messages traverse the *NETs until they reach an FHS Proxy/Server
   (FHS#1, FHS#2, ..., FHS#n), which returns an IPv6 ND advertisement
   message and/or forwards a proxyed version of the message over the SRT
   to an LHS Proxy/Server near the target Client (LHS#1, LHS#2, ...,
   LHS#m).  The Hop Limit in IPv6 ND messages is not decremented due to
   encapsulation; hence, the source and target Client OMNI interfaces
   appear to be attached to a common link.




















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                           +--------------+
                           |Source Client |
                           +--------------+        (:::)-.
                           |OMNI interface|<-->.-(::ENET::)
                           +----+----+----+      `-(::::)-'
                  +--------|IF#1|IF#2|IF#n|------ +
                 /         +----+----+----+        \
                /                 |                 \
               /                  |                  \
              v                   v                   v
           (:::)-.              (:::)-.              (:::)-.
      .-(::*NET:::)        .-(::*NET:::)        .-(::*NET:::)
        `-(::::)-'           `-(::::)-'           `-(::::)-'
         +-----+              +-----+              +-----+
    ...  |FHS#1|  .........   |FHS#2|   .........  |FHS#n|  ...
   .     +--|--+              +--|--+              +--|--+     .
   .        |                    |                    |
   .        \                    v                    /        .
   .         \                                       /         .
   .           v                 (:::)-.           v            .
   .                        .-(::::::::)                       .
   .                    .-(::: Segment :::)-.                  .
   .                  (:::::   Routing   ::::)                 .
   .                     `-(:: Topology ::)-'                  .
   .                         `-(:::::::-'                      .
   .                  /          |          \                  .
   .                 /           |           \                 .
   .                v            v            v
   .     +-----+              +-----+              +-----+     .
    ...  |LHS#1|  .........   |LHS#2|   .........  |LHS#m|  ...
         +--|--+              +--|--+              +--|--+
             \                   |                    /
              v                  v                   v
                       <-- Target Clients -->

       Figure 3: Source/Target Client Coordination over the OMNI Link

   After the initial IPv6 ND message exchange, the source Client (as
   well as any nodes on its attached ENETs) can send carrier packets to
   the target Client via the OMNI interface.  OMNI interface multilink
   services will send the carrier packets via FHS Proxy/Servers for the
   correct underlay *NETs.  The FHS Proxy/Server then re-encapsulates
   the carrier packets and sends them over the SRT which delivers them
   to an LHS Proxy/Server, and the LHS Proxy/Server in turn re-
   encapsulates and sends them to the target Client.  (Note that when
   the source and target Client are on the same SRT segment, the FHS and
   LHS Proxy/Servers may be one and the same.)




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   Clients select a Hub Proxy/Server (not shown in the figure), which
   will often be one of their FHS Proxy/Servers but could also be any
   Proxy/Server on the OMNI link.  Clients then register all of their
   *NET underlay interfaces with the Hub Proxy/Server via the FHS Proxy/
   Server in a pure proxy role.  The Hub Proxy/Server then provides a
   designated router service for the Client, and the Client can quickly
   migrate to a new Hub Proxy/Server if the first becomes unresponsive.

   Clients therefore use Proxy/Servers as gateways into the SRT to reach
   OMNI link correspondents via a spanning tree established in a manner
   outside the scope of this document.  Proxy/Servers forward critical
   MS control messages via the secured spanning tree and forward other
   messages via the unsecured spanning tree (see Security
   Considerations).  When route optimization is applied as discussed in
   [I-D.templin-6man-aero], Clients can instead forward directly to SRT
   intermediate nodes (or directly to correspondents in the same SRT
   segment) to reduce Proxy/Server load.

   Note: while not shown in the figure, a Client's ENET may connect many
   additional Hosts and even other Clients in a recursive extension of
   the OMNI link.  This OMNI virtual link extension will be discussed
   more fully throughout the document.

5.  OMNI Interface Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU)

   The OMNI interface observes the link nature of tunnels, including the
   Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU), Maximum Reassembly Unit (MRU) and
   the role of fragmentation and reassembly [I-D.ietf-intarea-tunnels].
   The OMNI interface is configured over one or more underlay interfaces
   as discussed in Section 4, where the interfaces (and their associated
   underlay network paths) may have diverse MTUs.  OMNI interface
   considerations for accommodating original IP packets/parcels of
   various sizes are discussed in the following sections.

   IPv6 underlay interfaces are REQUIRED to configure a minimum MTU of
   1280 octets and a minimum MRU of 1500 octets [RFC8200].  Therefore,
   the minimum IPv6 path MTU is 1280 octets since routers on the path
   are not permitted to perform network fragmentation even though the
   destination is required to reassemble more.  The network therefore
   MUST forward original IP packets/parcels of at least 1280 octets
   without generating an IPv6 Path MTU Discovery (PMTUD) Packet Too Big
   (PTB) message [RFC8201].  (While the source can apply "source
   fragmentation" for locally-generated original IPv6 packets/parcels up
   to 1500 octets and larger still if it knows the destination
   configures a larger MRU, this does not affect the minimum IPv6 path
   MTU.)





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   IPv4 underlay interfaces are REQUIRED to configure a minimum MTU of
   68 octets [RFC0791] and a minimum MRU of 576 octets
   [RFC0791][RFC1122].  Therefore, when the Don't Fragment (DF) bit in
   the IPv4 header is set to 0 the minimum IPv4 path MTU is 576 octets
   since routers on the path support network fragmentation and the
   destination is required to reassemble at least that much.  The OMNI
   interface therefore SHOULD set DF to 0 in the IPv4 encapsulation
   headers of carrier packets that are no larger than 576 octets, and
   SHOULD set DF to 1 in larger carrier packets unless it has a way to
   determine the encapsulation destination MRU and has carefully
   considered the issues discussed in Section 6.13.

   When the network layer admits an original IP packet/parcel into the
   OMNI interface the OAL prepends an IPv6 encapsulation header (see:
   Section 6) where the 16-bit Payload Length field limits the maximum-
   sized original IP packet/parcel to (2**16 -1) = 65535 octets; this is
   also the maximum size that the OAL can accommodate with IPv6
   fragmentation.  The OMNI interface therefore sets an MTU and MRU of
   65535 octets to support assured delivery of original IP packets/
   parcels no larger than this size even if OAL fragmentation is
   required.  (The OMNI interface MAY instead set a larger MTU to
   support best-effort delivery for IP Jumbograms and/or assured
   delivery of IP parcels; see below.)  The OMNI interface then employs
   the OAL as an encapsulation sublayer service to transform original IP
   packets/parcels into OAL packets/fragments, and the OAL in turn uses
   underlay network L2 encapsulation to send carrier packets over
   underlay interfaces (see: Section 6).

5.1.  Jumbograms

   While the maximum-sized original IP packet/parcel that the OAL can
   accommodate using IPv6 fragmentation is 65535 octets, OMNI interfaces
   can forward still larger packets through the application of IP
   Jumbograms [RFC2675].  For such larger IPv6 packets, the OMNI
   interface performs OAL encapsulation by appending an IPv6 header
   followed by a Hop-by-Hop header with a Jumbo Payload option followed
   by a Routing Header (if necessary) followed by a Fragment Header but
   without applying fragmentation.

   Since the Jumbo Payload option includes a 32-bit length field, OMNI
   interfaces can therefore configure a larger IP MTU up to a maximum of
   ((2**32 - 1) - 8 - 40 - 8) = 4294967239 octets.  In that case, the
   OAL will still provide original IP packets/parcels no larger than
   65535 with an IPv6 fragmentation-based assured delivery service while
   IP Jumbograms will receive a best-effort delivery service made
   possible since the OAL destination is permitted to accept atomic
   fragments that exceed the OMNI interface MRU.




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   The OAL source forwards IP Jumbograms as "atomic fragments" under the
   assumption that upper and lower layers will employ sufficient
   integrity assurance, noting that commonly-used 32-bit CRCs may be
   inadequate for such large sizes [CRC].  If the original IP packet/
   parcel is dropped along the path to the OAL destination, the OAL
   source must arrange to return a PTB "hard error" to the original
   source Section 6.7.

   This document notes that a Jumbogram service for IPv4 is also
   specified in [I-D.templin-intarea-parcels], where all OMNI link
   aspects of the service are conducted in a similar fashion as for IPv6
   above.

5.2.  IP Parcels

   As specified in [I-D.templin-intarea-parcels], an IP Parcel is a
   variation of the IP Jumbogram construction where the IP header
   {Total, Payload} Length field encodes the length of the first upper
   layer protocol segment, while the Jumbo Payload Length field is
   modified to encode both the number of segments ("Nsegs") and the
   length of the entire parcel.  Together, these fields determine the
   size and number of upper layer protocol segments within the parcel.

   Upper layer protocol IP Parcel format and transmission/reception
   procedures for OMNI interfaces are specified in
   [I-D.templin-intarea-parcels], while lower layer OMNI encapsulation
   and fragmentation procedures are specified in Section 6.11 of this
   document.  The maximum-sized IP Parcel that can be conveyed over an
   OMNI interface using fragmentation is one with 64 segments of 64KB
   (minus headers) octets in length; therefore, OMNI interfaces can set
   an MTU of slightly less than 4MB to provide assured delivery of IP
   Parcels up to that size.

   ENET end systems that implement either the full OMNI interface (i.e.,
   Clients) or enough of the OAL to process parcels (i.e., Hosts) are
   permitted to exchange parcels with consenting peers.  This
   accommodates nodes that connect to the OMNI link but do not assign
   OAL addresses.

6.  The OMNI Adaptation Layer (OAL)

   When an OMNI interface forwards an original IP packet/parcel from the
   network layer for transmission over one or more underlay interfaces,
   the OMNI Adaptation Layer (OAL) acting as the OAL source applies
   encapsulation to form OAL packets subject to fragmentation producing
   OAL fragments suitable for L2 encapsulation and transmission as
   carrier packets over underlay interfaces as described in Section 6.1.
   These carrier packets travel over one or more underlay networks



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   spanned by OAL intermediate nodes in the SRT, which re-encapsulate by
   removing the L2 headers of the first underlay network and appending
   L2 headers appropriate for the next underlay network in succession.
   (This process supports the multinet concatenation capability needed
   for joining multiple diverse networks.)  After re-encapsulation by
   zero or more OAL intermediate nodes, the carrier packets arrive at
   the OAL destination.

   When the OAL destination receives the carrier packets, it discards
   the L2 headers and reassembles the resulting OAL fragments (if
   necessary) into an OAL packet as described in Section 6.3.  The OAL
   destination next decapsulates the OAL packet to obtain the original
   IP packet/parcel which it then delivers to the network layer.  The
   OAL source may be either the source Client or its FHS Proxy/Server,
   while the OAL destination may be either the LHS Proxy/Server or the
   target Client.  Proxy/Servers (and SRT Gateways as discussed in
   [I-D.templin-6man-aero]) may also serve as OAL intermediate nodes.

   The OAL presents an OMNI sublayer abstraction similar to ATM
   Adaptation Layer 5 (AAL5).  Unlike AAL5 which performs segmentation
   and reassembly with fixed-length 53 octet cells over ATM networks,
   however, the OAL uses IPv6 encapsulation, fragmentation and
   reassembly with larger variable-length cells over heterogeneous
   networks.  Detailed operations of the OAL are specified in the
   following sections.

6.1.  OAL Source Encapsulation and Fragmentation

   When the network layer forwards an original IP packet/parcel into the
   OMNI interface, the TTL/Hop Limit is maintained or decremented
   according to standard IP forwarding rules the same as for any
   interface.  The OAL source next creates an "OAL packet" by prepending
   an IPv6 OAL encapsulation header per [RFC2473] with Next Header set
   to '4' for IPv4 or '41' for IPv6 original packets.  The OAL source
   copies the "Type of Service/Traffic Class" [RFC2983] and "Explicit
   Congestion Notification (ECN)" [RFC3168] values in the original
   packet/parcel's IP header into the corresponding fields in the OAL
   header, then sets the OAL header "Flow Label" as specified in
   [RFC6438].  The OAL source next sets the OAL header IPv6 Payload
   Length to the length of the original IP packet/parcel and sets Hop
   Limit to a value that MUST NOT be larger than 63 yet is still
   sufficiently large to enable loop-free forwarding over multiple
   concatenated OAL intermediate hops.  The OAL source then includes
   IPv6 extension headers following the OAL IPv6 header but before the
   original IP packet/parcel (if necessary) as discussed further
   throughout this document.





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   The OAL source next selects OAL packet source and destination
   addresses.  Client OMNI interfaces set the OAL source address to a
   Unique Local Address (ULA) based on the Mobile Network Prefix (ULA-
   MNP).  When a Client OMNI interface does not (yet) have a ULA prefix
   and/or an MNP suffix, it can instead use a Temporary ULA (TLA) (or a
   (Hierarchical) Host Identity Tag ((H)HIT - see: Section 22) as an OAL
   address.  Finally, when the Client needs to express its MNP outside
   the context of a specific ULA prefix, it can use an eXtended ULA
   (XLA).  Proxy/Server OMNI interfaces instead set the source address
   to a Random ULA (ULA-RND) (see: Section 9), but also process carrier
   packets with anycast and/or multicast OAL addresses that they are
   configured to recognize.)

   If the original IP packet/parcel includes a Jumbo Payload option
   (see: [I-D.templin-intarea-parcels]) the OAL source includes the
   necessary jumbo extension headers as discussed in Section 5.1.  Note
   that original IP packets/parcels no larger than 65535 octets do not
   require an OAL Jumbo Payload encapsulation and may be subject to
   fragmentation the same as for any OAL packet.  Conversely, true IP
   Jumbograms and IP parcels larger than 65535 octets require an OAL
   Jumbo Payload encapsulation for transmission as ordinary jumbograms
   according to best-effort delivery (i.e., and without applying
   fragmentation).

   The OAL source next calculates a 16-bit OAL checksum using the
   algorithm specified in Appendix A beginning with a pseudo-header of
   the full OAL IPv6 header the same as specified in Section 8.1 of
   [RFC8200].  The OAL source sets the pseudo-header "Upper-Layer Packet
   Length" to the entire length of the original IP packet/parcel and
   "Next Header" to the value '4' for IPv4 or '41' for IPv6 original
   packets.  The OAL source then continues the checksum calculation over
   the full length of the original IP packet/parcel which immediately
   follows the OAL IPv6 header plus extensions.


















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   After calculating the checksum, the OAL source next selects a 32-bit
   OAL packet Identification value as specified in Section 6.5 then
   fragments the OAL packet if necessary.  The OAL source assumes the
   IPv4 minimum path MTU (i.e., 576 octets) as the worst case for OAL
   fragmentation regardless of the underlay interface IP protocol
   version since IPv6/IPv4 protocol translation and/or IPv6-in-IPv4
   encapsulation may occur in any underlay network path.  By initially
   assuming the IPv4 minimum even for IPv6 underlay interfaces, the OAL
   source may produce smaller fragments with additional encapsulation
   overhead but avoids loss due to presenting an underlay interface with
   a carrier packet that exceeds its MRU.  Additionally, the OAL path
   could traverse multiple SRT segments with intermediate OAL forwarding
   nodes performing re-encapsulation where the L2 encapsulation of the
   previous segment is replaced by the L2 encapsulation of the next
   segment which may be based on a different IP protocol version and/or
   encapsulation sizes.

   The OAL source therefore assumes a default minimum path MTU of 576
   octets at each SRT segment for the purpose of generating OAL
   fragments for L2 encapsulation and transmission as carrier packets.
   Each successive SRT intermediate node may include either a 20 octet
   IPv4 or 40 octet IPv6 header, an 8 octet UDP header and in some cases
   an IP security encapsulation (40 octets maximum assumed) during re-
   encapsulation.  Intermediate nodes at any SRT segment may also insert
   or modify the Routing Header (40 octets maximum) following the 40
   octet OAL IPv6 header and preceding the 8 octet Fragment Header.
   Therefore, assuming a worst case of (40 + 40 + 8) = 88 octets for L2
   encapsulations plus (40 + 40 + 8) = 88 octets for OAL encapsulation
   leaves no less than (576 - 88 - 88) = 400 octets remaining to
   accommodate a portion of the original IP packet/parcel.  The OAL
   source therefore sets a minimum Maximum Payload Size (MPS) of 400
   octets as the basis for the minimum-sized OAL fragment that can be
   assured of traversing all SRT segments without loss due to an MTU/MRU
   restriction.  The Maximum Fragment Size (MFS) for OAL fragmentation
   is therefore determined by the MPS plus the size of the OAL
   encapsulation headers.















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   The OAL source SHOULD maintain "path MPS" values for individual OAL
   destinations initialized to the minimum MPS and increased to larger
   values if better information is known or discovered.  For example,
   when peers share a common underlay network link or a fixed path with
   a known larger MTU, the OAL source can set path MPS to a larger size
   (i.e., greater than 400 octets) as long as the peer reassembles
   before re-encapsulating and forwarding (while re-fragmenting if
   necessary).  Also, if the OAL source has a way of knowing the maximum
   L2 encapsulation size for all SRT segments along the path it may be
   able to increase path MPS to reserve additional room for payload
   data.  Even when OAL header compression is used, the OAL source must
   include the uncompressed OAL header size in its path MPS calculation
   since it may need to include a full header at any time.

   The OAL source can also optimistically set a larger path MPS and/or
   actively probe individual OAL destinations to discover larger sizes
   using packetization layer probes in a similar fashion as
   [RFC4821][RFC8899], but care must be taken to avoid setting static
   values for dynamically changing paths leading to black holes.  The
   probe involves sending an OAL packet larger than the current path MPS
   and receiving a small acknowledgement response (with the possible
   receipt of link-layer error message when a probe is lost).  For this
   purpose, the OAL source can send an NS message with one or more OMNI
   options with large PadN sub-options (see: Section 12) and/or with a
   trailing large NULL packet in a super-packet (see: Section 6.8) in
   order to receive a small NA response from the OAL destination.  While
   observing the minimum MPS will always result in robust and secure
   behavior, the OAL source should optimize path MPS values when more
   efficient utilization may result in better performance (e.g. for
   wireless aviation data links).  The OAL source should maintain
   separate path MPS values for each (source, target) underlay interface
   pair for the same OAL destination, since different underlay interface
   pairs may support differing path MPS values.

   When the OAL source performs fragmentation, it SHOULD produce the
   minimum number of non-overlapping fragments under current MPS
   constraints, where each non-final fragment MUST be at least as large
   as the minimum MPS, while the final fragment MAY be smaller.  The OAL
   source also converts all original IP packets/parcels no larger than
   the current MPS (or larger than 65535 octets) into atomic fragments
   by including a Fragment Header with Fragment Offset and More
   Fragments both set to 0.  The OAL source then inserts a Routing
   Header (if necessary) following the IPv6 encapsulation header and
   before the Fragment Header.  If the original IP packet/parcel is
   larger than 65535, the OAL source also inserts a Hop-By-Hop header
   with Jumbo Payload option immediately following the IPv6
   encapsulation header and before the Routing Header (if necessary),
   then includes an (atomic) Fragment Header.  The header extension



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   order for each fragment therefore appears as the OAL IPv6 header
   followed by Hop-By-Hop header followed by Routing Header followed by
   Fragment Header.

   The OAL source next appends the OAL checksum as the final two octets
   of the final fragment while increasing its (Jumbo) Payload Length by
   2.  If appending the checksum would cause the final fragment to
   exceed the current MPS, the OAL source instead reduces this "former"
   final fragment's Payload Length (PL) by (N*8 + (PL mod 8)) octets,
   where N is an integer that would result in a non-zero reduction but
   without causing the former final fragment to become smaller than the
   minimum MPS.  The OAL source then creates a "new" final fragment by
   copying the OAL IPv6 header and extension headers from the former
   final fragment, then copying the (N*8 + (PL mod 8)) octets from the
   end of the former final fragment immediately following the new final
   fragment extension headers.  The OAL source then sets the former
   final fragment's More Fragments flag to 1, increments the new final
   fragment's fragment offset by the former final fragment's new (PL /
   8) and finally appends the checksum the same as discussed above.

   Next, the OAL source replaces the IPv6 Fragment Header 1-octet
   "Reserved" field (and for first fragments also the 2-bit "Reserved
   Flags" field) with OMNI-specific encodings as shown in:

      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |  Next Header  |  Parcel ID  |A|      Fragment Offset    |P|S|M|
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                         Identification                        |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      a) First fragment


      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |  Next Header  |   Ordinal   |A|      Fragment Offset    |Res|M|
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                         Identification                        |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      a) Non-first fragment

          Figure 4: IPv6 Fragment Header Reserved Fields Redefined

   For the first fragment (i.e., the one with Fragment Offset set to 0),
   the OAL source sets the "(A)RQ" flag then sets "Parcel ID",
   "(P)arcel" and "(S)ub-Parcels" as specified in Section 6.11.  For
   each non-first fragment, the OAL source instead sets the "(A)RQ" flag
   and writes a monotonically-increasing "Ordinal" value between 1 and
   127.  Specifically, the OAL source writes the Ordinal value '1' for
   the first non-first fragment, '2' for the second, '3' for the third,



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   etc. up to the final fragment or the Ordinal value '127', whichever
   comes first.  (For any additional non-first fragments beyond true
   ordinal '127', the OAL source also sets the Ordinal value '127' but
   OAL packets with such a large number of fragments should rarely
   occur.)  The first fragment is always considered ordinal number '0'
   even though the header does not include an explicit Ordinal field;
   non-first fragments that contain the Ordinal value '0' must be
   unconditionally dropped.

   The OAL source finally encapsulates the fragments in L2 headers to
   form carrier packets and sends them over an underlay interface, while
   retaining the fragments and their ordinal numbers (i.e., #0, #1, #2,
   etc.) for a brief period to support link-layer retransmissions (see:
   Section 6.6).  OAL fragment and carrier packet formats are shown in
   Figure 5.

        +----------+----------------+
        |OAL Header|     Frag #0    |
        +----------+----------------+
            +----------+----------------+
            |OAL Header|     Frag #1    |
            +----------+----------------+
                +----------+----------------+
                |OAL Header|     Frag #2    |
                +----------+----------------+
                                  ....
                    +----------+----------------+----+
                    |OAL Header|   Frag #(N-1)  |Csum|
                    +----------+----------------+----+
        a) OAL fragmentation (Csum in final fragment)


        +----------+-----------------------------+----+
        |OAL Header|  Original IP packet/parcel  |Csum|
        +----------+-----------------------------+----+
        b) An OAL atomic fragment


        +--------+----------+----------------+
        |L2 Hdrs |OAL Header|     Frag #i    |
        +--------+----------+----------------+
        c) OAL carrier packet after L2 encapsulation

                Figure 5: OAL Fragments and Carrier Packets

   Note: the minimum MPS assumes that any middleboxes (e.g.  IPv4 NATs)
   that connect private networks with path MTUs smaller than 576 octets
   must reassemble any fragmented (outbound) IPv4 carrier packets sent



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   by OAL sources before forwarding them to external Internetworks since
   middleboxes that connect OAL destinations often unconditionally drop
   (inbound) IPv4 fragments.  However, when the path MTU in the
   destination private network is small, the OAL destination itself will
   be able to reassemble any IPv4 fragmentation that occurs in the
   inbound path.

   Note: appending the 2-octet checksum to the final fragment after
   fragmentation instead of to the end of the original IP packet/parcel
   before fragmentation ensures consistent support for all packet sizes.
   Otherwise, 65534 and 65535 octet packets would be unable to append
   the checksum without inserting a jumbo payload option which would
   inhibit transmission over legacy links.

6.2.  OAL L2 Encapsulation and Re-Encapsulation

   The OAL source or intermediate node next encapsulates each OAL
   fragment (with either full or compressed headers) in L2 encapsulation
   headers to create a carrier packet.  The OAL source or intermediate
   node (i.e., the L2 source) includes a UDP header as the innermost
   sublayer if NATs and/or filtering middleboxes might occur on the
   path; otherwise, the L2 source includes a full/compressed IP header
   and/or an actual link-layer header (e.g., such as for Ethernet-
   compatible links).  The L2 source then appends any additional
   encapsulation sublayer headers necessary and presents the resulting
   carrier packet to an underlay interface, where the underlay network
   conveys it to a next-hop OAL intermediate node or destination (i.e.,
   the L2 destination).

   The L2 source encapsulates the OAL information immediately following
   the innermost L2 sublayer header.  The L2 source next interprets the
   first four bits following the L2 headers as a Type field that
   determines the type of OAL header that follows.  The L2 source sets
   Type to '0' for an uncompressed OAL IPv6 header or '1', '2', '3' for
   an OMNI Compressed Header as specified in Section 6.4.  For raw IP
   packets/parcels (i.e., those that do not include an OAL header), the
   L2 source instead interprets the first four bits as a Version field
   that encodes '4' for an ordinary IPv4 packet/parcel or '6' for an
   ordinary IPv6 packet/parcel.  (Type values '0' through '3' and
   Version values '4' and '6' are currently specified, while all other
   values are reserved for future use.  Carrier packets that contain an
   unrecognized Type/Version value are unconditionally dropped.)

   The OAL node prepares the L2 encapsulation headers for OAL packets as
   follows:






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   *  For UDP/IP encapsulation, the L2 source sets the UDP source port
      to 8060 (i.e., the port number reserved for AERO/OMNI).  When the
      L2 destination is a Proxy/Server or Gateway, the L2 source sets
      the UDP destination port to 8060; otherwise, the L2 source sets
      the UDP destination port to its cached port number value for the
      peer.  The L2 source finally sets the UDP Length the same as
      specified in [RFC0768].  (If the OAL header includes a Jumbo
      Payload option, the L2 source instead sets the UDP length to 0 and
      includes a Jumbo Payload option in the L2 IP header.)  The L2
      source then sets the IP {Protocol, Next Header} to '17' (the UDP
      protocol number) and sets the {Total, Payload} Length the same as
      specified in [RFC0791] or [RFC8200].  The L2 source then sets the
      remaining IP header fields as discussed below.

   *  For IP-only encapsulation, the L2 source sets the IP {Protocol,
      Next Header} to TBD1 (see: IANA Considerations) and sets the
      {Total, Payload} Length the same as specified in [RFC0791] or
      [RFC8200].  (If the OAL header includes a Jumbo Payload option,
      the L2 source includes a Jumbo Payload option in the L2 IP
      header.)  The L2 source then sets the remaining IP header fields
      as discussed below.

   *  For direct encapsulations over Ethernet-compatible links, the L2
      source prepares an Ethernet Header with EtherType set to TBD2
      (see: Section 25.2) and sets the Ethernet Payload to a 2-octet OAL
      Length followed by the actual OAL packet/fragment (see:
      Section 7).

   When an L2 source includes a UDP header, it SHOULD calculate and
   include a UDP checksum in carrier packets with full OAL headers to
   prevent mis-delivery, and MAY disable UDP checksums in carrier
   packets with compressed OAL headers (see: Section 6.4).  If the L2
   source discovers that a path is dropping carrier packets with UDP
   checksums disabled, it should enable UDP checksums in future carrier
   packets sent to the same L2 destination.  If the L2 source discovers
   that a path is dropping carrier packets that do not include a UDP
   header, it should include a UDP header in future carrier packets.

   When an L2 source sends carrier packets with compressed OAL headers
   and with UDP checksums disabled, mis-delivery due to corruption of
   the 4-octet AERO Forwarding Vector Index (AFVI) is possible but
   unlikely since the corrupted index would somehow have to match valid
   state in the (sparsely-populated) AERO Forwarding Information Base
   (AFIB).  In the unlikely event that a match occurs, an OAL
   destination may receive a mis-delivered carrier packet but can
   immediately reject carrier packets with an incorrect Identification.
   If the Identification value is somehow accepted, the OAL destination
   may submit the mis-delivered carrier packet to the reassembly cache



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   where it will most likely be rejected due to incorrect reassembly
   parameters.  If a reassembly that includes the mis-delivered carrier
   packets somehow succeeds (or, for atomic fragments) the OAL
   destination will verify the OAL checksum to detect corruption.
   Finally, any spurious data that somehow eludes all prior checks will
   be detected and rejected by end-to-end upper layer integrity checks.
   See: [RFC6935][RFC6936] for further discussion.

   For UDP/IP or IP-only L2 encapsulations, when the L2 source is also
   the OAL source it next copies the "Type of Service/Traffic Class"
   [RFC2983] and "Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN)" [RFC3168]
   values in the OAL header into the corresponding fields in the L2 IP
   header, then (for IPv6) set the L2 IPv6 header "Flow Label" as
   specified in [RFC6438].  The L2 source then sets the L2 IP TTL/Hop
   Limit the same as for any host (i.e., it does not copy the Hop Limit
   value from the OAL header) and finally sets the source and
   destination IP addresses to direct the carrier packet to the next
   hop.  For carrier packets undergoing re-encapsulation, the OAL
   intermediate node L2 source decrements the OAL header Hop Limit and
   discards the OAL packet/fragment if the value reaches 0.  The L2
   source then copies the Type of Service/Traffic Class and ECN values
   from the previous segment L2 encapsulation header into the next
   segment L2 encapsulation header while setting the next segment L2
   source and destination IP addresses the same as above.  (Note: the L2
   source also writes the ECN value into the OAL full/compressed
   header.)

   Following L2 encapsulation/re-encapsulation, the L2 source sends the
   resulting carrier packets over one or more underlay interfaces.  The
   underlay interfaces often connect directly to physical media on the
   local platform (e.g., an aircraft with a radio frequency link, a
   laptop computer with WiFi, etc.), but in some configurations the
   physical media may be hosted on a separate Local Area Network (LAN)
   node.  In that case, the OMNI interface can establish a Layer-2 VLAN
   or a point-to-point tunnel (at a layer below the underlay interface)
   to the node hosting the physical media.  The OMNI interface may also
   apply encapsulation at the underlay interface layer (e.g., as for a
   tunnel virtual interface) such that carrier packets would appear
   "double-encapsulated" on the LAN; the node hosting the physical media
   in turn removes the LAN encapsulation prior to transmission or
   inserts it following reception.  Finally, the underlay interface must
   monitor the node hosting the physical media (e.g., through periodic
   keepalives) so that it can convey up/down/status information to the
   OMNI interface.







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6.3.  OAL L2 Decapsulation and Reassembly

   When an OMNI interface receives a carrier packet from an underlay
   interface, it copies the ECN value from the L2 encapsulation headers
   into the OAL header if the carrier packet contains a first-fragment.
   The OMNI interface next discards the L2 encapsulation headers and
   examines the OAL header of the enclosed OAL fragment according to the
   value in the Type field as discussed in Section 6.2.  If the OAL
   fragment is addressed to a different node, the OMNI interface (acting
   as an OAL intermediate node) re-encapsulates and forwards while
   decrementing the OAL Hop Limit as discussed in Section 6.2.  If the
   OAL fragment is addressed to itself, the OMNI interface (acting as an
   OAL destination) accepts or drops the fragment based on the (Source,
   Destination, Identification)-tuple and/or integrity checks.

   The OAL destination next drops all non-final OAL fragments smaller
   than the minimum MPS and all fragments that would overlap or leave
   "holes" smaller than the minimum MPS with respect to other fragments
   already received.  The OAL destination updates a checklist of
   accepted fragments of the same OAL packet that include an Ordinal
   number (i.e., Ordinals 0 through 127), but admits all accepted
   fragments into the reassembly cache after first removing any
   extension headers except for the fragment header itself.  When the
   OAL destination receives the final fragment (i.e., the one with More
   Fragments set to 0), it caches the trailing checksum and reduces the
   Payload Length by 2.  When reassembly is complete, the OAL
   destination verifies the OAL packet checksum and discards the OAL
   packet if the checksum is incorrect.  If the OAL packet was accepted,
   the OAL destination finally removes the OAL headers and delivers the
   original IP packet/parcel to the network layer.

   Carrier packets often travel over paths where all links in the path
   include CRC-32 integrity checks for effective hop-by-hop error
   detection for payload sizes up to 9180 octets [CRC], but other paths
   may traverse links (such as fragmenting tunnels over IPv4) that do
   not include adequate integrity protection.  The OAL checksum
   therefore allows OAL destinations to detect reassembly misassociation
   splicing errors and/or carrier packet corruption caused by
   unprotected links [CKSUM].

   The OAL checksum also provides algorithmic diversity with respect to
   both lower layer CRCs and upper layer Internet checksums as part of a
   complimentary multi-layer integrity assurance architecture.  Any
   corruption not detected by lower layer integrity checks is therefore
   very likely to be detected by upper layer integrity checks that
   employ diverse algorithms.





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6.4.  OAL Header Compression

   OAL sources that send carrier packets with full OAL headers include a
   CRH-32 extension for segment-by-segment forwarding based on an AERO
   Forwarding Information Base (AFIB) in each OAL intermediate node.
   OAL source, intermediate and destination nodes can instead establish
   header compression state through IPv6 ND NS/NA message exchanges.
   After an initial NS/NA exchange, OAL nodes can apply OAL Header
   Compression to significantly reduce encapsulation overhead.

   Each OAL node establishes AFIB soft state entries known as AERO
   Forwarding Vectors (AFVs) which support both OAL packet/fragment
   forwarding and OAL header compression/decompression.  For FHS OAL
   sources, each AFV is referenced by a single AERO Forwarding Vector
   Index (AFVI) that provides compression/decompression and forwarding
   context for the next hop.  For LHS OAL destinations, the AFV is
   referenced by a single AFVI that provides context for the previous
   hop.  For OAL intermediate nodes, the AFV is referenced by two AFVIs
   - one for the previous hop and one for the next hop.

   When an OAL node sends carrier packets that contain OAL packets/
   fragments to a next hop, it can include a full OAL IPv6 header with a
   CRH-32 extension containing one or more AFVIs.  In that case, the
   first four bits following the L2 headers must encode the Type value
   '0' (Type '0') to signify that an uncompressed OAL IPv6 header (plus
   extensions) is present.  The (Type) value '0' differentiates
   uncompressed OAL IPv6 headers from ordinary IP headers which are
   identified by the (Version) value '4' for IPv4 or '6' for IPv6.

   When an OAL intermediate node forwards an OAL packet with '0' in the
   Type/Version field to an IPv6 router for the SRT, it discards the L2
   encapsulation headers and resets the Type/Version field value to '6'.
   When an OAL intermediate node forwards an OAL packet received from an
   SRT IPv6 router, it resets the Type/Version field value to '0' and
   includes new L2 encapsulation headers.

   Whenever possible, OAL nodes should omit significant portions of the
   OAL header (plus extensions) while applying OAL header compression
   when sufficient AFV state is available.  Three OAL compressed header
   types (Types '1' through '3') are currently specified.

   For OAL first-fragments (including atomic fragments), the OAL node
   uses OMNI Compressed Header - Type 1 (OCH-1) format as shown in
   Figure 6:







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       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      | Type  | Hop Limit |ECN|  Parcel ID  |R|X|P|S|M|   Ident. (0)  |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |              Identification (1-3)             |    AFVI (0)   |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                   AFVI (1-3)                  |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

             Figure 6: OMNI Compressed Header - Type 1 (OCH-1)

   The format begins with a 4-bit Type, a 6-bit Hop Limit, a 2-bit
   Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) field, a 7-bit Parcel ID and 5
   flag bits.  The format concludes with a 4-octet Identification field
   followed (optionally) by a 4-octet AFVI field.  The OAL node sets
   Type to the value 1, sets Hop Limit to the minimum of the
   uncompressed OAL header Hop Limit and 63, sets ECN the same as for an
   uncompressed OAL header, and sets (Parcel ID, (P)arcel, (S)ub-
   parcels, (M)ore Fragments, Identification) the same as for an
   uncompressed fragment header.  The OAL node finally sets Inde(X) and
   includes an AFVI if necessary; otherwise, it clears Inde(X) and omits
   the AFVI.  (The (R)eserved flag is set to 0 on transmission and
   ignored on reception.)

   The OAL first fragment (beginning with the original IP header) is
   then included immediately following the OCH-1 header, and the L2
   header length field is reduced by the difference in length between
   the compressed headers and full-length OAL IPv6 and Fragment headers.
   The OAL destination can therefore determine the Payload Length by
   examining the L2 header length field and/or the length field(s) in
   the original IP header.  The OCH-1 format applies for first fragments
   only, which are always regarded as ordinal fragment 0 even though no
   explicit Ordinal field is included.  The (A)RQ flag is always
   implicitly set, and therefore omitted from the OCH-1 header.

   For OAL non-first fragments (i.e., those with non-zero Fragment
   Offsets), the OAL uses OMNI Compressed Header - Type 2 (OCH-2) format
   as shown in Figure 7:












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       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      | Type  | Hop Limit |   Ordinal   |    Fragment Offset      |X|M|
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                         Identification                        |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                              AFVI                             |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

             Figure 7: OMNI Compressed Header - Type 2 (OCH-2)

   The format begins with a 4-bit Type, a 6-bit Hop Limit, a 7-bit
   Ordinal, a 13-bit Fragment Offset and 2 flag bits.  The format
   concludes with a 4-octet Identification field followed (optionally)
   by a 4-octet AFVI field.  The OAL node sets Type to the value 2, sets
   Hop Limit to the minimum of the uncompressed OAL header Hop Limit and
   63, and sets (Ordinal, Fragment Offset, (M)ore Fragments,
   Identification) the same as for an uncompressed fragment header.  If
   an AFVI is needed, the OAL node finally sets Inde(X) and includes an
   AFVI; otherwise, the node clears Inde(X) and omits the AFVI.

   The OAL non-first fragment body is then included immediately
   following the OCH-2 header, and the L2 header length field is reduced
   by the difference in length between the compressed headers and full-
   length OAL IPv6 and Fragment headers.  The OAL destination will then
   be able to determine the Payload Length by examining the L2 header
   length field.  The OCH-2 format applies for non-first fragments only;
   therefore, the OAL source sets Ordinal to a monotonically increasing
   value beginning with 1 for the first non-first fragment, 2 for the
   second non-first fragment, etc., up to and including the final
   fragment.  If more than 127 non-first fragments appear, all fragments
   beyond Ordinal 127 also set the value 127.  (The Ordinal value 0 is
   undefined; all OCH-2 carrier packets received with Ordinal value 0
   must be unconditionally dropped.)  The (A)RQ flag is always
   implicitly set, and therefore omitted from the OCH-2 header.

   When the entire OAL header is compressed, only the information that
   would normally appear in the IPv6 Fragment Header is included and
   with no information from the OAL IPv6 header.  The OMNI Compressed
   Header - Type 3 (OCH-3) is shown in Figure 8:










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       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |  Type |   Ordinal   |A|  Next Header  |  Parcel ID  |Res|P|S|M|
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                         Identification                        |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      a) First fragment


      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |  Type |   Ordinal   |A| Resvd |    Fragment Offset      |Res|M|
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                         Identification                        |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      a) Non-first fragment

             Figure 8: OMNI Compressed Header - Type 3 (OCH-3)

   The format begins with a 4-bit Type set to the value 3 followed by a
   7-bit Ordinal.  When Ordinal encodes the value 0, the format
   continues according to the "First fragment" specification discussed
   above; otherwise, the format continues according to the above "Non-
   first fragment" specification.  The fields for both formats include
   the same information that would appear in a (modified) IPv6 Fragment
   Header as specified in Figure 4 with the exception that the first
   fragment does not include a Fragment Offset (since its offset is
   always 0) and non-first fragments do not include a Next Header field
   (since that field already appears in the first fragment).

   When an OAL destination or intermediate node receives a carrier
   packet, it determines the length of the encapsulated OAL information
   by examining the length field of the innermost L2 header, verifies
   that the innermost next header field indicates OMNI (see:
   Section 6.2), then examines the first four bits immediately following
   the innermost header.  If the bits contain a value 0 through 3 the
   OAL node processes the remainder of the header as a full OAL header
   or OCH-1/2/3 compressed header as specified above.  If the bits
   contain the value 4 or 6, the OAL node instead processes the
   remainder as an ordinary IP header.

   For carrier packets that contain OAL packets/fragments with OCH-1/2
   headers (or full OAL headers with CRH-32 extensions) and addressed to
   itself, the OAL node then uses the AFVI to locate the cached AFV
   which determines the next hop.  During forwarding, the OAL node
   changes the AFVI to the cached value for the AFV next hop.  If the
   OAL node is the destination, it instead reconstructs the full OAL
   headers then adds the resulting OAL fragment to the reassembly cache



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   if the Identification is acceptable.  (Note that for carrier packets
   that contain OAL packets/fragments with an OCH-1 with both the X and
   M flags set to 0, the OAL node can instead locate forwarding state by
   examining the original IP packet/parcel header information that
   appears immediately after the OCH-1 header.)

   Note: OAL header compression does not interfere with checksum
   calculation and verification, which must be applied according to the
   full OAL pseudo-header per Section 6.1 even when compression is used.

   Note: The OCH-1/2 formats do not include the Traffic Class and Flow
   Label information that appears in uncompressed OAL IPv6 headers.
   Therefore, when OAL header compression state is initialized the
   Traffic Class and Flow Label are considered fixed for as long as the
   flow uses OCH-1/2 headers.  If the flow requires frequent changes to
   Traffic Class and/or Flow Label information, it can include
   uncompressed OAL headers either continuously or periodically to
   update header compression state.

6.5.  OAL Identification Window Maintenance

   The OAL encapsulates each original IP packet/parcel as an OAL packet
   then performs fragmentation to produce one or more carrier packets
   with the same 32-bit Identification value.  In environments where
   spoofing is not considered a threat, OMNI interfaces send OAL packets
   with Identifications beginning with an unpredictable Initial Send
   Sequence (ISS) value [RFC7739] monotonically incremented (modulo
   2**32) for each successive OAL packet sent to either a specific
   neighbor or to any neighbor.  (The OMNI interface may later change to
   a new unpredictable ISS value as long as the Identifications are
   assured unique within a timeframe that would prevent the fragments of
   a first OAL packet from becoming associated with the reassembly of a
   second OAL packet.)  In other environments, OMNI interfaces should
   maintain explicit per-interface-pair send and receive windows to
   detect and exclude spurious carrier packets that might clutter the
   reassembly cache as discussed below.















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   OMNI interface neighbors use TCP-like synchronization to maintain
   windows with unpredictable ISS values incremented (modulo 2**32) for
   each successive OAL packet and re-negotiate windows often enough to
   maintain an unpredictable profile.  OMNI interface neighbors exchange
   IPv6 ND messages with OMNI options that include TCP-like information
   fields to manage streams of OAL packets instead of streams of octets.
   As a link-layer service, the OAL provides low-persistence best-effort
   retransmission with no mitigations for duplication, reordering or
   deterministic delivery.  Since the service model is best-effort and
   only control message sequence numbers are acknowledged, OAL nodes can
   select unpredictable new initial sequence numbers outside of the
   current window without delaying for the Maximum Segment Lifetime
   (MSL).

   OMNI interface neighbors maintain current and previous per-interface-
   pair window state in IPv6 ND NCEs and/or AFVs to support dynamic
   rollover to a new window while still sending OAL packets and
   accepting carrier packets from the previous windows.  OMNI interface
   neighbors synchronize windows through asymmetric and/or symmetric
   IPv6 ND message exchanges.  When a node receives an IPv6 ND message
   with new interface pair-based window information, it resets the
   previous window state based on the current window then resets the
   current window based on new and/or pending information.

   The IPv6 ND message OMNI option header extension sub-option includes
   TCP-like information fields including Sequence Number,
   Acknowledgement Number, Window and flags (see: Section 12).  OMNI
   interface neighbors maintain the following TCP-like state variables
   on a per-interface-pair basis (i.e., through a combination of NCE and
   AFV state):

       Send Sequence Variables (current, previous and pending)

         SND.NXT - send next
         SND.WND - send window
         ISS     - initial send sequence number

       Receive Sequence Variables (current and previous)

         RCV.NXT - receive next
         RCV.WND - receive window
         IRS     - initial receive sequence number

   OMNI interface neighbors "OAL A" and "OAL B" exchange IPv6 ND
   messages per [RFC4861] with OMNI options that include TCP-like
   information fields as well as interface pair parameters such as
   Interface Attributes or AERO Forwarding Parameters.  When OAL A
   synchronizes with OAL B, it maintains both a current and previous



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   SND.WND beginning with a new unpredictable ISS and monotonically
   increments SND.NXT for each successive OAL packet transmission.  OAL
   A initiates synchronization by including the new ISS in the Sequence
   Number of an authentic IPv6 ND message with the SYN flag set and with
   Window set to M (up to 2**24) as a tentative receive window size
   while creating a NCE in the INCOMPLETE state if necessary.  OAL A
   caches the new ISS as pending, uses the new ISS as the Identification
   for OAL encapsulation, then sends the resulting OAL packet to OAL B
   and waits up to RetransTimer milliseconds to receive an IPv6 ND
   message response with the ACK flag set (retransmitting up to
   MAX_UNICAST_SOLICIT times if necessary).

   When OAL B receives the SYN, it creates a NCE in the STALE state and
   also an AFV if necessary, resets its RCV variables, caches the
   tentative (send) window size M, and selects a (receive) window size N
   (up to 2**24) to indicate the number of OAL packets it is willing to
   accept under the current RCV.WND.  (The RCV.WND should be large
   enough to minimize control message overhead yet small enough to
   provide an effective filter for spurious carrier packets.)  OAL B
   then prepares an IPv6 ND message with the ACK flag set, with the
   Acknowledgement Number set to OAL A's next sequence number, and with
   Window set to N.  Since OAL B does not assert an ISS of its own, it
   uses the IRS it has cached for OAL A as the Identification for OAL
   encapsulation then sends the ACK to OAL A.

   When OAL A receives the ACK, it notes that the Identification in the
   OAL header matches its pending ISS.  OAL A then sets the NCE state to
   REACHABLE and resets its SND variables based on the Window size and
   Acknowledgement Number (which must include the sequence number
   following the pending ISS).  OAL A can then begin sending OAL packets
   to OAL B with Identification values within the (new) current SND.WND
   for this interface pair for up to ReachableTime milliseconds or until
   the NCE is updated by a new IPv6 ND message exchange.  This implies
   that OAL A must send a new SYN before sending more than N OAL packets
   within the current SND.WND, i.e., even if ReachableTime is not
   nearing expiration.  After OAL B returns the ACK, it accepts carrier
   packets received from OAL A via this interface pair within either the
   current or previous RCV.WND as well as any new authentic NS/RS SYN
   messages received from OAL A even if outside the windows.

   OMNI interface neighbors can employ asymmetric window synchronization
   as described above using two independent (SYN -> ACK) exchanges
   (i.e., a four-message exchange), or they can employ symmetric window
   synchronization using a modified version of the TCP three-way
   handshake as follows:






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   *  OAL A prepares a SYN with an unpredictable ISS not within the
      current SND.WND and with Window set to M as a tentative receive
      window size.  OAL A caches the new ISS and Window size as pending
      information, uses the pending ISS as the Identification for OAL
      encapsulation, then sends the resulting OAL packet to OAL B and
      waits up to RetransTimer milliseconds to receive an ACK response
      (retransmitting up to MAX_UNICAST_SOLICIT times if necessary).

   *  OAL B receives the SYN, then resets its RCV variables based on the
      Sequence Number while caching OAL A's tentative receive Window
      size M and a new unpredictable ISS outside of its current window
      as pending information.  OAL B then prepares a response with
      Sequence Number set to the pending ISS and Acknowledgement Number
      set to OAL A's next sequence number.  OAL B then sets both the SYN
      and ACK flags, sets Window to N and sets the OPT flag according to
      whether an explicit concluding ACK is optional or mandatory.  OAL
      B then uses the pending ISS as the Identification for OAL
      encapsulation, sends the resulting OAL packet to OAL A and waits
      up to RetransTimer milliseconds to receive an acknowledgement
      (retransmitting up to MAX_UNICAST_SOLICIT times if necessary).

   *  OAL A receives the SYN/ACK, then resets its SND variables based on
      the Acknowledgement Number (which must include the sequence number
      following the pending ISS) and OAL B's advertised Window N.  OAL A
      then resets its RCV variables based on the Sequence Number and
      marks the NCE as REACHABLE.  If the OPT flag is clear, OAL A next
      prepares an immediate solicited NA message with the ACK flag set,
      the Acknowledgement Number set to OAL B's next sequence number,
      with Window set a value that may be the same as or different than
      M, and with the OAL encapsulation Identification to SND.NXT, then
      sends the resulting OAL packet to OAL B.  If the OPT flag is set
      and OAL A has OAL packets queued to send to OAL B, it can
      optionally begin sending their carrier packets under the (new)
      current SND.WND as implicit acknowledgements instead of returning
      an explicit ACK.  In that case, the tentative Window size M
      becomes the current receive window size.

   *  OAL B receives the implicit/explicit acknowledgement(s) then
      resets its SND state based on the pending/advertised values and
      marks the NCE as REACHABLE.  If OAL B receives an explicit
      acknowledgement, it uses the advertised Window size and abandons
      the tentative size.  (Note that OAL B sets the OPT flag in the
      SYN/ACK to assert that it will interpret timely receipt of carrier
      packets within the (new) current window as an implicit
      acknowledgement.  Potential benefits include reduced delays and
      control message overhead, but use case analysis is outside the
      scope of this specification.)




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   Following synchronization, OAL A and OAL B hold updated NCEs and
   AFVs, and can exchange OAL packets with Identifications set to
   SND.NXT for each interface pair while the state remains REACHABLE and
   there is available window capacity.  Either neighbor may at any time
   send a new SYN to assert a new ISS.  For example, if OAL A's current
   SND.WND for OAL B is nearing exhaustion and/or ReachableTime is
   nearing expiration, OAL A continues to send OAL packets under the
   current SND.WND while also sending a SYN with a new unpredictable
   ISS.  When OAL B receives the SYN, it resets its RCV variables and
   may optionally return either an asymmetric ACK or a symmetric SYN/ACK
   to also assert a new ISS.  While sending SYNs, both neighbors
   continue to send OAL packets with Identifications set to the current
   SND.NXT for each interface pair then reset the SND variables after an
   acknowledgement is received.

   While the optimal symmetric exchange is efficient, anomalous
   conditions such as receipt of old duplicate SYNs can cause confusion
   for the algorithm as discussed in Section 3.4 of [RFC0793].  For this
   reason, the OMNI option header includes an RST flag which OAL nodes
   set in solicited NA responses to ACKs received with incorrect
   acknowledgement numbers.  The RST procedures (and subsequent
   synchronization recovery) are conducted exactly as specified in
   [RFC0793].

   OMNI interfaces may set the PNG ("ping") flag when a reachability
   confirmation outside the context of the standard IPv6 ND protocol
   messaging protocol is needed (OMNI interfaces therefore only set the
   PNG flag in advertisement messages and ignore it in solicitation
   messages).  When an OMNI interface receives a PNG, it returns an
   unsolicited NA (uNA) ACK with the PNG message Identification in the
   Acknowledgment, but without updating RCV state variables.  OMNI
   interfaces return unicast uNA ACKs even for multicast PNG destination
   addresses, since OMNI link multicast is based on unicast emulation.

   OMNI interfaces that employ the window synchronization procedures
   described above observe the following requirements:

   *  OMNI interfaces MUST select new unpredictable ISS values that are
      at least a full window outside of the current SND.WND.

   *  OMNI interfaces MUST set the initial SYN message Window field to a
      tentative value to be used only if no concluding NA ACK is sent.

   *  OMNI interfaces that receive advertisements with the PNG and/or
      SYN flag set MUST NOT set the PNG and/or SYN flag in uNA
      responses.





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   *  OMNI interfaces that send advertisements with the PNG and/or SYN
      flag set MUST ignore uNA responses with the PNG and/or SYN flag
      set.

   *  OMNI interfaces MUST send IPv6 ND messages used for window
      synchronization securely while using unpredictable initial
      Identification values until synchronization is complete.

   Note: Although OMNI interfaces employ TCP-like window synchronization
   and support uNA ACK responses to SYNs and PNGs, all other aspects of
   the IPv6 ND protocol (e.g., control message exchanges, NCE state
   management, timers, retransmission limits, etc.) are honored exactly
   per [RFC4861].  OMNI interfaces further manage per-interface-pair
   window synchronization parameters in one or more AFVs for each
   neighbor pair.

   Note: Recipients of OAL-encapsulated IPv6 ND messages index the NCE
   based on the message source address, which also determines the
   carrier packet Identification window.  However, IPv6 ND messages may
   contain a message source address that does not match the OMNI
   encapsulation source address when the recipient acts as a proxy.

   Note: OMNI interface neighbors apply separate send and receive
   windows for all of their (multilink) underlay interface pairs that
   exchange carrier packets.  Each interface pair represents a distinct
   underlay network path, and the set of paths traversed may be highly
   diverse when multiple interface pairs are used.  OMNI intermediate
   nodes therefore become aware of each distinct set of interface pair
   window synchronization parameters based on periodic IPv6 ND message
   updates to their respective AFVs.

6.6.  OAL Fragment Retransmission

   When the OAL source sends carrier packets to an OAL destination, it
   should cache recently sent carrier packets in case timely best-effort
   selective retransmission is requested.  The OAL destination in turn
   maintains a checklist for the (Source, Destination, Identification)-
   tuple of recently received carrier packets and notes the ordinal
   numbers of OAL packet fragments already received (i.e., as Frag #0,
   Frag #1, Frag #2, etc.).  The timeframe for maintaining the OAL
   source and destination caches determines the link persistence (see:
   [RFC3366]).

   If the OAL destination notices some fragments missing after most
   other fragments within the same link persistence timeframe have
   already arrived, it may issue an Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) with
   Selective Repeat (SR) by sending a uNA message to the OAL source.
   The OAL destination creates a uNA message with an OMNI option with



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   one or more Fragmentation Report (FRAGREP) sub-options that include a
   list of (Identification, Bitmap)-tuples for fragments received and
   missing from this OAL source (see: Section 12 and
   [I-D.templin-6man-fragrep]).  The OAL destination includes an
   authentication signature if necessary, performs OAL encapsulation
   (with the its own address as the OAL source and the source address of
   the message that prompted the uNA as the OAL destination) and sends
   the message to the OAL source.

   When the OAL source receives the uNA message, it authenticates the
   message then examines the FRAGREP.  For each (Source, Destination,
   Identification)-tuple, the OAL source determines whether it still
   holds the corresponding carrier packets in its cache and retransmits
   any for which the Bitmap indicates a loss event.  For example, if the
   Bitmap indicates that ordinal fragments #3, #7, #10 and #13 from the
   OAL packet with Identification 0x12345678 are missing the OAL source
   only retransmits carrier packets containing those fragments.  When
   the OAL destination receives the retransmitted carrier packets, it
   admits the enclosed fragments into the reassembly cache and updates
   its checklist.  If some fragments are still missing, the OAL
   destination may send a small number of additional uNA ARQ/SRs within
   the link persistence timeframe.

   The OAL therefore provides a link-layer low-to-medium persistence
   ARQ/SR service consistent with [RFC3366] and Section 8.1 of
   [RFC3819].  The service provides the benefit of timely best-effort
   link-layer retransmissions which may reduce carrier packet loss and
   avoid some unnecessary end-to-end delays.  This best-effort network-
   based service therefore compliments higher layer end-to-end protocols
   responsible for true reliability.

   Note: If a FRAGREP for a fragmented OAL packet that includes more
   than 128 fragments sets ordinal fragment bit #127, the OAL source
   should retransmit all ordinal fragments beginning with the actual
   #127 and continuing to the final fragment.  Fragmented OAL packets
   with such a large number of fragments should occur very rarely if
   ever, however.

6.7.  OAL MTU Feedback Messaging

   When the OMNI interface forwards original IP packets/parcels from the
   network layer, it invokes the OAL and returns internally-generated
   ICMPv4 Fragmentation Needed [RFC1191] or ICMPv6 Path MTU Discovery
   (PMTUD) Packet Too Big (PTB) [RFC8201] messages as necessary.  This
   document refers to both of these ICMPv4/ICMPv6 message types simply
   as "PTBs", and introduces a distinction between PTB "hard" and "soft"
   errors as discussed below and also in [I-D.templin-6man-fragrep].




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   Ordinary PTB messages with ICMPv4 header "unused" field or ICMPv6
   header Code field value 0 are hard errors that always indicate loss
   due to a real MTU restriction has occurred.  However, the OMNI
   interface can also forward large original IP packets/packets via OAL
   encapsulation and fragmentation while at the same time returning PTB
   soft error messages (subject to rate limiting) if it deems the
   original IP packet/parcel too large according to factors such as link
   performance characteristics, number of fragments needed, reassembly
   congestion, etc.  This ensures that the path MTU is adaptive and
   reflects the current path used for a given data flow.  The OMNI
   interface can therefore continuously forward original IP packets/
   parcels without loss while returning PTB soft error messages
   recommending a smaller size if necessary.  Original sources that
   receive the soft errors in turn reduce the size of the original IP
   packets/parcels they send (i.e., the same as for hard errors), but
   can soon resume sending larger packets/parcels if the soft errors
   subside.

   An OAL source sends PTB soft error messages by setting the ICMPv4
   header "unused" field or ICMPv6 header Code field to the value 1 if
   the original IP packet/parcel was dropped or 2 if it was forwarded
   successfully (see: Section 25).  The OAL source sets the PTB
   destination address to the original IP packet/parcel source, and sets
   the source address to one of its OMNI interface addresses that is
   routable from the perspective of the original source.  The OAL source
   then sets the MTU field to a value smaller than the original IP
   packet/parcel size but no smaller than 576 for ICMPv4 or 1280 for
   ICMPv6, writes the leading portion of the original IP packet/parcel
   first fragment into the "packet in error" field, and returns the PTB
   soft error to the original source.  When the original source receives
   the PTB soft error, it temporarily reduces the size of the IP
   packets/parcels it sends the same as for hard errors but may seek to
   increase future packet/parcel sizes dynamically while no further soft
   errors are arriving.  (If the original source does not recognize the
   soft error code, it regards the PTB the same as a hard error but
   should heed the retransmission advice given in [RFC8201] suggesting
   retransmission based on normal packetization layer retransmission
   timers.)

   An OAL destination may experience reassembly cache congestion, and
   can return uNA messages to the OAL source that originated the
   fragments (subject to rate limiting) that include OMNI encapsulated
   PTB messages with code 1 or 2.  The OAL destination creates a uNA
   message with an OMNI option containing an authentication message sub-
   option if necessary followed optionally by a ICMPv6 Error sub-option
   that encodes a PTB message with a reduced value and with the leading
   portion an OAL first fragment containing the header of an original IP
   packet/parcel whose source must be notified (see: Section 12).  The



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   OAL destination encapsulates the leading portion of the OAL first
   fragment (beginning with the OAL header) in the PTB "packet in error"
   field, signs the message if an authentication sub-option is included,
   performs OAL encapsulation (with the its own address as the OAL
   source and the source address of the message that prompted the uNA as
   the OAL destination) and sends the message to the OAL source.

   When the OAL source receives the uNA message, it sends a
   corresponding network layer PTB soft error to the original source to
   recommend a smaller size.  The OAL source crafts the PTB by
   extracting the leading portion of the original IP packet/parcel from
   the OMNI encapsulated PTB message (i.e., not including the OAL
   header) and writes it in the "packet in error" field of a network
   layer PTB with destination set to the original IP packet/parcel
   source and source set to one of its OMNI interface addresses that is
   routable from the perspective of the original source.

   Original sources that receive PTB soft errors can dynamically tune
   the size of the original IP packets/parcels they to send to produce
   the best possible throughput and latency, with the understanding that
   these parameters may change over time due to factors such as
   congestion, mobility, network path changes, etc.  Original sources
   should therefore consider receipt or absence of soft errors as hints
   of when increasing or decreasing packet/parcel sizes may provide
   better performance.  The OMNI interface supports continuous
   transmission and reception of packets/parcels of various sizes in the
   face of dynamically changing network conditions.  Moreover, since PTB
   soft errors do not indicate a hard limit, original sources that
   receive soft errors can resume sending larger packets/parcels without
   waiting for the recommended 10 minutes specified for PTB hard errors
   [RFC1191][RFC8201].  The OMNI interface therefore provides an
   adaptive service that accommodates MTU diversity especially well-
   suited for dynamic multilink environments.

   Since IP layer middleboxes often filter raw ICMP messages (even those
   as important as PTBs), the OAL source SHOULD instead use only ICMPv6
   PTB messages encapsulated in UDP/IP headers to return MTU feedback to
   the original source.  The OAL source sets the ICMPv6 source to its
   own IP address and destination to the IP address of the original
   source (while using IPv4-Compatible IPv6 addresses for IPv4).  The
   OAL source then prepares the PTB message as discussed above while
   encapsulating the message in UDP/IP headers using the same IP source
   and destination addresses and with the UDP port number reserved for
   OMNI.  Original sources therefore SHOULD implement enough of the OMNI
   specification to be able to recognize and process these messages.






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6.8.  OAL Super-Packets

   The OAL source ordinarily includes a 40-octet IPv6 encapsulation
   header for each original IP packet/parcel during OAL encapsulation.
   The OAL source also calculates the OAL checksum then performs
   fragmentation such that a copy of the 40-octet IPv6 header plus an
   8-octet IPv6 Fragment Header is included in each OAL fragment (when a
   Routing Header is added, the OAL encapsulation headers become larger
   still).  However, these encapsulations may represent excessive
   overhead in some environments.  OAL header compression can
   dramatically reduce the amount of encapsulation overhead, however a
   complimentary technique known as "packing" (see:
   [I-D.ietf-intarea-tunnels]) supports encapsulation of multiple
   original IP packets/parcels and/or control messages within a single
   OAL "super-packet".

   When the OAL source has multiple original IP packets/parcels to send
   to the same OAL destination with total length no larger than the OAL
   destination MRU, it can concatenate them into a super-packet
   encapsulated in a single OAL header.  Within the OAL super-packet,
   the IP header of the first original IP packet/parcel (iHa) followed
   by its data (iDa) is concatenated immediately following the OAL
   header, then the IP header of the next original packet/parcel (iHb)
   followed by its data (iDb) is concatenated immediately following the
   first, etc. with the trailing OAL checksum included in the final
   fragment.  The OAL super-packet format is transposed from
   [I-D.ietf-intarea-tunnels] and shown in Figure 9:

                   <------- Original IP packets ------->
                   +-----+-----+
                   | iHa | iDa |
                   +-----+-----+
                         |
                         |     +-----+-----+
                         |     | iHb | iDb |
                         |     +-----+-----+
                         |           |
                         |           |     +-----+-----+
                         |           |     | iHc | iDc |
                         |           |     +-----+-----+
                         |           |           |
                         v           v           v
        +----------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+----+
        |  OAL Hdr | iHa | iDa | iHb | iDb | iHc | iDc |Csum|
        +----------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+----+
        <--- OAL "Super-Packet" with single OAL Hdr/Csum --->

                     Figure 9: OAL Super-Packet Format



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   When the OAL source prepares a super-packet, it applies OAL
   fragmentation, includes a trailing checksum in the final fragment,
   applies L2 encapsulation to each fragment then sends the resulting
   carrier packets to the OAL destination.  When the OAL destination
   receives the super-packet it sets aside the trailing checksum,
   reassembles if necessary, then verifies the checksum while regarding
   the remaining OAL header Payload Length as the sum of the lengths of
   all payload packets/parcels.  The OAL destination then selectively
   extracts each original IP packet/parcel (e.g., by setting pointers
   into the super-packet buffer and maintaining a reference count, by
   copying each packet into a separate buffer, etc.) and forwards each
   one to the network layer.  During extraction, the OAL determines the
   IP protocol version of each successive original IP packet/parcel 'j'
   by examining the four most-significant bits of iH(j), and determines
   the length of each one by examining the rest of iH(j) according to
   the IP protocol version.

   When an OAL source prepares a super-packet that includes an IPv6 ND
   message with an authentication signature as the first original IP
   packet/parcel (i.e., iHa/iDa), it calculates the authentication
   signature over the remainder of super-packet.  Security and integrity
   for forwarding initial data messages in conjunction with IPv6 ND
   messages used to establish NCE state are therefore supported.  (A
   common use case entails a path MPS probe beginning with a signed IPv6
   ND message followed by a NULL IPv6 packet with a suitably large
   (Jumbo) Payload Length but with Next Header set to 59 for "No Next
   Header".)

6.9.  OAL Bubbles

   OAL sources may send NULL OAL packets known as "bubbles" for the
   purpose of establishing Network Address Translator (NAT) state on the
   path to the OAL destination.  The OAL source prepares a bubble by
   crafting an OAL header with appropriate IPv6 source and destination
   ULAs, with the IPv6 Next Header field set to the value 59 ("No Next
   Header" - see [RFC8200]) and with only the trailing OAL Checksum
   field (i.e., and no protocol data) immediately following the IPv6
   header.

   The OAL source includes a random Identification value then
   encapsulates the OAL packet in L2 headers destined to either the
   mapped address of the OAL destination's first-hop ingress NAT or the
   L2 address of the OAL destination itself.  When the OAL source sends
   the resulting carrier packet, any egress NATs in the path toward the
   L2 destination will establish state based on the activity but the
   bubble will be harmlessly discarded by either an ingress NAT on the
   path to the OAL destination or by the OAL destination itself.




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   The bubble concept for establishing NAT state originated in [RFC4380]
   and was later updated by [RFC6081].  OAL bubbles may be employed by
   mobility services such as [I-D.templin-6man-aero].

6.10.  OMNI Hosts

   OMNI Hosts are end systems that connect to the OMNI link over ENET
   underlay interfaces (i.e., either via an OMNI interface or as a
   sublayer of the ENET interface itself).  Each ENET is connected to
   the rest of the OMNI link by a Client that receives an MNP
   delegation.  Clients delegate MNP addresses and/or sub-prefixes to
   ENET nodes (i.e., Hosts, other Clients, routers and non-OMNI hosts)
   using standard mechanisms such as DHCP [RFC8415][RFC2131] and IPv6
   Stateless Address AutoConfiguration (SLAAC) [RFC4862].  Clients
   forward original IP packets/parcels between their ENET Hosts and
   peers on external networks acting as routers and/or OAL intermediate
   nodes.

   OMNI Hosts coordinate with Clients and/or other Hosts connected to
   the same ENET using OMNI L2 encapsulation of IPv6 ND messages without
   including OAL encapsulation.  The L2 encapsulation headers and ND
   messages both use the MNP-based addresses assigned to ENET underlay
   interfaces as source and destination addresses (i.e., instead of
   ULAs).  For IPv4 MNPs, the ND messages use IPv4-Compatible IPv6
   addresses [RFC4291] in place of the IPv4 addresses.

   Hosts discover Clients by sending encapsulated RS messages using an
   OMNI link IP anycast address (or the unicast address of the Client)
   as the RS L2 encapsulation destination as specified in Section 15.
   The Client configures the IPv4 and/or IPv6 anycast addresses for the
   OMNI link on its ENET interface and advertises the address(es) into
   the ENET routing system.  The Client then responds to the
   encapsulated RS messages by sending an encapsulated RA message that
   uses its ENET unicast address as the source.  (To differentiate
   itself from an INET border Proxy/Server, the Client sets the RA
   message OMNI Interface Attributes sub-option LHS field to 0 for the
   Host's interface index.  When the RS message includes an L2 anycast
   destination address, the Client also includes an Interface Attributes
   sub-option for interface index 0 to inform the Host of its L2 unicast
   address - see: Section 15 for full details on the RS and RA message
   contents.)

   Hosts coordinate with peer Hosts on the same ENET by sending
   encapsulated NS messages to receive an NA reply.  (Hosts determine
   whether a peer is on the same ENET by matching the peer's IP address
   with the MNP (sub)-prefix for the ENET advertised in the Client's RA
   message [RFC8028].)  Each ENET peer then creates a NCE and
   synchronizes Identification windows the same as for OMNI link



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   neighbors, and the Host can then engage in OMNI link transactions
   with the Client and/or other ENET Hosts.  By coordinating with the
   Client in this way, the Host treats the Client as if it were an ANET
   Proxy/Server, and the Client provides the same services that a Proxy/
   Server would provide.  By coordinating with other Hosts, the peer
   hosts can exchange large IP packets/parcels over the ENET using
   encapsulation and fragmentation if necessary.

   When a Host prepares an original IP packet/parcel, it uses the IP
   address of its OMNI interface (which is the same as the IP address of
   the underlying native ENET interface) as the source and the IP
   address of the (remote) peer as the destination.  The Host next
   performs parcel segmentation if necessary (see: Section 6.11) then
   encapsulates the packet/parcel in OMNI L2 headers while setting the
   L2 source to the L3 source address and L2 destination to either the
   L3 destination address if the peer is on the local ENET, or to the IP
   address of the Client otherwise.  The Host can then proceed to
   exchange packets/parcels with the destination, either directly or via
   the Client as an intermediate node.

   The encapsulation procedures are coordinated per Section 6.1, except
   that the OMNI L2 encapsulation header is followed by a Type value of
   '3' as the first four bits of an OCH-3 OMNI compressed header that
   includes Fragment Header information (see: Section 6.4).  When the L2
   encapsulation is based on an EUI [EUI] or IPv4 address, the Host next
   translates the encapsulation header into an IPv6 header with
   compatible addresses that include the N octets of the EUI or IPv4
   address in the N least significant bits of the IPv6 address while
   setting the (16-N) most significant octets to 0.  Next, for IPv4
   ENETs the Host sets the {IPv6 Traffic Class, Payload Length, Next
   Header, Hop Limit} fields according to the IPv4 {Type of Service,
   Total Length, Protocol, TTL} fields, respectively and also sets Flow
   Label to 0.  The Host then calculates an OAL checksum (using a
   pseudo-header based on this IPv6 header instead of an OAL header),
   writes the value as the final two octets of the encapsulation then
   applies IPv6 fragmentation to produce IPv6 fragments no smaller than
   the MPS the same as described in Section 6.1.  The Host next
   translates the IPv6 encapsulation headers back to OMNI L2 headers for
   the native ENET address format and with Type set to 3 to indicate the
   presence of an OCH-3 header.  The Host finally sends the resultant
   carrier packets to the ENET peer.

   When the ENET peer receives the carrier packets, it first translates
   the OMNI L2 headers back to IPv6 headers with compatible addresses
   and translates the OCH-3 headers into IPv6 Fragment Headers the same
   as above.  The peer then reassembles and verifies the OAL checksum.
   If the checksum is correct, the peer next removes the encapsulation
   headers and applies parcel reassembly if necessary.  The peer then



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   either delivers the original IP packet/parcel to upper layers if the
   peer is the destination or forwards the packet/parcel toward the
   final destination if the peer is a Client acting as an intermediate
   node.

   Hosts and Clients that initiate OMNI-based original IP packet/parcel
   transactions should first test the path toward the final destination
   using the parcel path qualification procedure specified in
   [I-D.templin-intarea-parcels].  An OMNI Host that sends and receives
   parcels need not implement the full OMNI interface abstraction but
   MUST implement enough of the OAL to be capable of fragmenting and
   reassembling maximum-length encapsulated IP packets/parcels and sub-
   parcels as discussed above and in the following section.

   Note: Hosts and their peer Clients/Hosts on the same ANET/ENET can
   improve efficiency by forwarding original IP packets/parcels that do
   not require fragmentation as direct encapsulations within the OMNI L2
   header and without including an OCH-3 header.  In that case, the
   first four bits immediately following the OMNI L2 encapsulation
   header encode the value '4' for IPv4 or '6' for IPv6.  Note that this
   savings comes at the expense of omitting a well-behaved
   Identification, but this may be an acceptable tradeoff in many
   secured ANET/ENET instances.

6.11.  IP Parcels

   IP parcels are formed by an OMNI Host or Client upper layer protocol
   entity identified by the "5-tuple" (source address, destination
   address, source port, destination port, protocol number) when it
   produces a {TCP,UDP} protocol data unit containing the concatenation
   of multiple upper layer protocol segments.  The upper layer protocol
   then presents the buffer and non-final segment size to the IP layer
   which appends a single {TCP,UDP}/IP header (plus any extension
   headers) before presenting the parcel to the OMNI Interface.  Upper
   layer protocol formatting and processing rules for IP parcels are
   specified in [I-D.templin-intarea-parcels], while detailed OAL
   encapsulation and fragmentation procedures are specified here.

   When the IP layer forwards a parcel, the OMNI interface invokes the
   OAL which forwards it to either an intermediate node or the final
   destination itself.  The OAL source first assigns a monotonically-
   incrementing (modulo 127) "Parcel ID" and subdivides the parcel into
   sub-parcels if necessary as specified in
   [I-D.templin-intarea-parcels] with each sub-parcel no larger than the
   maximum of the path MTU to the next hop or 64KB (minus headers).  The
   OAL source next performs encapsulation on each sub-parcel with
   destination set to the next hop address.  If the next hop is reached
   via an ANET/INET interface, the OAL source inserts an OAL header the



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   same as discussed in Section 6.1 and sets the destination to the ULA-
   MNP of the target Client.  If the next hop is reached via an ENET
   interface, the OAL source instead inserts an IP header of the
   appropriate protocol version for the underlay ENET (i.e., even if the
   encapsulation header is IPv4) and sets the destination to the ENET IP
   address of the next hop.  The OAL source inserts the encapsulation
   header even if no actual fragmentation is needed and/or even if the
   Jumbo Payload option is present.

   The OAL source next assigns an appropriate Identification number that
   is monotonically-incremented for each consecutive sub-parcel,
   calculates and appends the OAL checksum, then performs IPv6
   fragmentation over the sub-parcel if necessary to create fragments
   small enough to traverse the path to the next hop.  (If the
   encapsulation header is IPv4, the OAL source first translates the
   encapsulation header into an IPv6 header with IPv4-Compatible IPv6
   addresses before performing the fragmentation/reassembly operation
   while inserting the IPv6 Fragment Header.)  The OAL source then
   writes the "Parcel ID" and sets/clears the "(P)arcel" and "(More)
   (S)ub-Parcels" bits in the Fragment Header of the first fragment
   (see: Figure 4).  (The OAL source sets P to 1 for a parcel or to 0
   for a non-parcel.  When P is 1, the OAL next sets S to 1 for non-
   final sub-parcels or to 0 if the sub-parcel contains the final
   segment.)  The OAL source then sends each resulting carrier packet to
   the next hop, i.e., after first translating the IPv6 encapsulation
   header back to IPv4 if necessary.

   When the next hop receives the carrier packets, it acts as an OAL
   destination and reassembles if necessary (i.e., after first
   translating the IPv4 encapsulation header to IPv6 if necessary).  If
   the P flag in the first fragment is 0, the OAL destination then
   processes the reassembled entity as an ordinary IP packet; otherwise
   it continues processing as a sub-parcel.  If the OAL destination is
   not the final destination, it can optionally retain the sub-parcels
   along with their Parcel ID and Identification values for a brief time
   for opportunistic re-combining with peer sub-parcels of the same
   original parcel identified by the 4-tuple consisting of the IP
   encapsulation source and destination, Identification and Parcel ID.
   The OAL destination re-combines peers by concatenating the segments
   included in sub-parcels with the same Parcel ID and with
   Identification values within 64 of one another to create a larger
   sub-parcel possibly even as large as the entire original parcel.
   Order of concatenation need not be strictly observed, with the
   exception that the final sub-parcel (i.e., the one with S set to 0)
   must occur as a final concatenation and not as an intermediate.  The
   OAL destination then appends a common {TCP,UDP}/IP header plus
   extensions to each re-combined sub-parcel as specified in
   [I-D.templin-intarea-parcels].



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   When the current OAL destination is an intermediate node, it next
   becomes an OAL source to forward the re-combined (sub-)parcel(s) to
   the next hop toward the final destination using encapsulation/
   translation the same as specified above.  (Each such intermediate
   node MUST ensure that the S flag remains set to 0 in the sub-parcel
   that contains the final segment.)  When the parcel or sub-parcels
   arrive at the final OAL destination, it re-combines them into the
   largest possible (sub)-parcels while honoring the S flag then
   delivers them to upper layers which act on the enclosed 5-tuple
   information supplied by the original source.

   The Parcel Path Qualification procedures specified in
   [I-D.templin-intarea-parcels] require a new Code value in the ICMPv6
   PTB field to identify a Parcel Reply.  These ICMPv6 PTB messages are
   always encapsulated according to OMNI rules and are processed only by
   nodes that implement at least enough of the OMNI specification to
   recognize the messages.  This document therefore defines a new ICMPv6
   PTB Code value 3 for Parcel Reply messages (see: Section 25).

   Note: IP Parcels may also originate from a non-OMNI original source
   and travel over multiple parcel-capable IP links before reaching an
   OMNI link ingress node (i.e., either a Client or Proxy/Server acting
   as a "relay").  The ingress node then forwards the parcel into the
   OMNI link according to the rules established above for locally-
   generated parcels, with the exception that the parcel IP TTL/Hop
   Limit is decremented.  Similarly, when the IP parcel arrives at the
   OMNI link egress node (i.e., either a Client or Proxy/Server acting
   as a "relay"), the parcel may travel over multiple parcel-capable IP
   links before reaching the final destination.

   Note: The process of re-combining parcels at the OAL destination is
   optional, and should be avoided in cases where performance could be
   negatively impacted.  It is always acceptable to forward sub-parcels
   on toward the final destination without first re-combining, since
   each sub-parcel will contain a well-formed header and an integral
   number of upper layer protocol segments.

6.12.  OAL Requirements

   In light of the above, OAL sources, destinations and intermediate
   nodes observe the following normative requirements:

   *  OAL sources MUST forward original IP packets/parcels either larger
      than the OMNI interface MRU or smaller than the minimum MPS minus
      the trailing checksum size as atomic fragments (i.e., and not as
      multiple fragments).





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   *  OAL sources MUST produce non-final fragments with payloads no
      smaller than the minimum MPS during fragmentation.

   *  OAL intermediate nodes SHOULD and OAL destinations MUST
      unconditionally drop any non-final OAL fragments with payloads
      smaller than the minimum MPS.

   *  OAL destinations MUST drop any new OAL fragments with offset and
      length that would overlap with other fragments and/or leave holes
      smaller than the minimum MPS between fragments that have already
      been received.

   Note: Under the minimum MPS, an ordinary 1500 octet original IP
   packet/parcel would require at most 4 OAL fragments, with each non-
   final fragment containing 400 payload octets and the final fragment
   containing 302 payload octets (i.e., the final 300 octets of the
   original IP packet/parcel plus the 2 octet trailing checksum).  For
   all packet/parcel sizes, the likelihood of successful reassembly may
   improve when the OMNI interface sends all fragments of the same
   fragmented OAL packet consecutively over the same underlay interface
   pair instead of spread across multiple underlay interface pairs.
   Finally, an assured minimum/path MPS allows continuous operation over
   all paths including those that traverse bridged L2 media with
   dissimilar MTUs.

   Note: Certain legacy network hardware of the past millennium was
   unable to accept IP fragment "bursts" resulting from a fragmentation
   event - even to the point that the hardware would reset itself when
   presented with a burst.  This does not seem to be a common problem in
   the modern era, where fragmentation and reassembly can be readily
   demonstrated at line rate (e.g., using tools such as 'iperf3') even
   over fast links on ordinary hardware platforms.  Even so, while the
   OAL destination is reporting reassembly congestion (see: Section 6.7)
   the OAL source could impose "pacing" by inserting an inter-fragment
   delay and increasing or decreasing the delay according to congestion
   indications.

6.13.  OAL Fragmentation Security Implications

   As discussed in Section 3.7 of [RFC8900], there are four basic
   threats concerning IPv6 fragmentation; each of which is addressed by
   effective mitigations as follows:

   1.  Overlapping fragment attacks - reassembly of overlapping
       fragments is forbidden by [RFC8200]; therefore, this threat does
       not apply to the OAL.





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   2.  Resource exhaustion attacks - this threat is mitigated by
       providing a sufficiently large OAL reassembly cache and
       instituting "fast discard" of incomplete reassemblies that may be
       part of a buffer exhaustion attack.  The reassembly cache should
       be sufficiently large so that a sustained attack does not cause
       excessive loss of good reassemblies but not so large that (timer-
       based) data structure management becomes computationally
       expensive.  The cache should also be indexed based on the arrival
       underlay interface such that congestion experienced over a first
       underlay interface does not cause discard of incomplete
       reassemblies for uncongested underlay interfaces.

   3.  Attacks based on predictable fragment identification values - in
       environments where spoofing is possible, this threat is mitigated
       through the use of Identification windows beginning with
       unpredictable values per Section 6.5.  By maintaining windows of
       acceptable Identifications, OAL neighbors can quickly discard
       spurious carrier packets that might otherwise clutter the
       reassembly cache.  The OAL additionally provides an integrity
       check to detect corruption that may be caused by spurious
       fragments received with in-window Identification values.

   4.  Evasion of Network Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDS) - since the
       OAL source employs a robust MPS, network-based firewalls can
       inspect and drop OAL fragments containing malicious data thereby
       disabling reassembly by the OAL destination.  However, since OAL
       fragments may take different paths through the network (some of
       which may not employ a firewall) each OAL destination must also
       employ a firewall.

   IPv4 includes a 16-bit Identification (IP ID) field with only 65535
   unique values such that at high data rates the field could wrap and
   apply to new carrier packets while the fragments of old carrier
   packets using the same IP ID are still alive in the network
   [RFC4963].  Since carrier packets sent via an IPv4 path with DF=0 are
   normally no larger than 576 octets, IPv4 fragmentation is possible
   only at small-MTU links in the path which should support data rates
   low enough for safe reassembly [RFC3819].  (IPv4 carrier packets
   larger than 576 octets with DF=0 may incur high data rate reassembly
   errors in the path, but the OAL checksum provides OAL destination
   integrity assurance.)  Since IPv6 provides a 32-bit Identification
   value, IP ID wraparound at high data rates is not a concern for IPv6
   fragmentation.

   Fragmentation security concerns for large IPv6 ND messages are
   documented in [RFC6980].  These concerns are addressed when the OMNI
   interface employs the OAL instead of directly fragmenting the IPv6 ND
   message itself.  For this reason, OMNI interfaces MUST NOT send IPv6



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   ND messages larger than the OMNI interface MTU, and MUST employ OAL
   encapsulation and fragmentation for IPv6 ND messages larger than the
   minimum/path MPS for this OAL destination.

   Unless the path is secured at the network-layer or below (i.e., in
   environments where spoofing is possible), OMNI interfaces MUST NOT
   send ordinary carrier packets with Identification values outside the
   current window and MUST secure IPv6 ND messages used for address
   resolution or window state synchronization.  OAL destinations SHOULD
   therefore discard without reassembling any out-of-window OAL
   fragments received over an unsecured path.

7.  Frame Format

   When the OMNI interface forwards original IP packets/parcels from the
   network layer it first invokes OAL encapsulation and fragmentation,
   then wraps each resulting OAL packet/fragment in any necessary L2
   headers to produce carrier packets according to the native frame
   format of the underlay interface.  For example, for Ethernet-
   compatible interfaces the frame format is specified in [RFC2464], for
   aeronautical radio interfaces the frame format is specified in
   standards such as ICAO Doc 9776 (VDL Mode 2 Technical Manual), for
   various forms of tunnels the frame format is found in the appropriate
   tunneling specification, etc.

   When the OMNI interface encapsulates an OAL packet/fragment directly
   over an Ethernet-compatible link layer, the over-the-wire
   transmission format is shown in Figure 10:

   +--- ~~~ ---+--------+--------+-------- ~~~ --------+--- ~~~ ---+
   |  eth-hdr  |    OAL Length   | OAL Packet/Fragment | eth-trail |
   +--  ~~~ ---+--------+--------+-------- ~~~ --------+--- ~~~ ---+
               |<-------   Ethernet Payload   -------->|

                   Figure 10: OMNI Ethernet Frame Format

   The format includes a standard Ethernet Header ("eth-hdr") with
   EtherType TBD2 (see: Section 25.2) followed by an Ethernet Payload
   beginning with a 2-octet OAL Length field followed by an OAL (or
   native IPv6/IPv4) Packet/Fragment.  The Ethernet Payload is then
   followed by a standard Ethernet Trailer ("eth-trail").

   The OAL Packet/Fragment begins with a 4-bit "Type/Version" as
   discussed in Section 6.2.  When "Type/Version" encodes '1', '2' or
   '3', the OAL Packet/Fragment includes a compressed OAL IPv6 header
   and OAL Length MUST encode the value that would appear in the
   uncompressed header Payload Length.  When "Type/Version" encodes '0',
   '4' or '6', the OAL Packet/Fragment instead includes an uncompressed



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   OAL IPv6, native IPv4, or native IPv6 header (respectively).  In that
   case, the IP header {Total, Payload} and/or Jumbo Payload Length
   fields determine the packet/fragment length and the OAL Length field
   is ignored (noting that future documents MAY specify an alternate
   use).

   See Figure 2 for a map of the various L2 layering combinations
   possible.  For any layering combination, the final layer (e.g., UDP,
   IP, Ethernet, etc.) must have an assigned number and frame format
   representation that is compatible with the selected underlay
   interface.

8.  Link-Local Addresses (LLAs)

   [RFC4861] requires that nodes assign Link-Local Addresses (LLAs) to
   all interfaces, and that routers use their LLAs as the source address
   for RA and Redirect messages.  OMNI interfaces honor the first
   requirement, but do not honor the second since the OMNI link could
   consist of the concatenation of multiple links with diverse ULA
   prefixes (see Section 9) but for which multiple nodes might configure
   identical interface identifiers (IIDs).  OMNI interface LLAs are
   therefore considered only as context for IID formation as discussed
   below and have no other operational role.

   OMNI interfaces assign IPv6 LLAs through pre-service administrative
   actions.  Clients assign "LLA-MNPs" with IIDs that embed the Client's
   unique MNP, while Proxy/Servers assign "LLA-RNDs" that include a
   randomly-generated IIDs generated as specified in [RFC7217].  LLAs
   are configured as follows:

   *  IPv6 LLA-MNPs encode the most-significant 64 bits of an MNP within
      the least-significant 64 bits of the IPv6 link-local prefix
      fe80::/64, i.e., in the IID portion of the LLA.  The LLA prefix
      length is determined by adding 64 to the MNP prefix length. e.g.,
      for the MNP 2001:db8:1000:2000::/56 the corresponding LLA-MNP
      prefix is fe80::2001:db8:1000:2000/120.  (The base LLA-MNP for
      each "/N" prefix sets the final 128-N bits to 0, but all LLA-MNPs
      that match the prefix are also accepted.)  Non-MNP IPv6 prefix-
      based LLAs are also represented the same as for LLA-MNPs, but
      include a GUA prefix that is not properly covered by the MSP.

   *  IPv4-Compatible LLA-MNPs are constructed as fe80::{IPv4-Prefix},
      i.e., the IID consists of 32 '0' bits followed by a 32 bit IPv4
      address/prefix, which may be either public or private in
      correspondence with the network layer addressing plan.  The
      IPv4-Compatible LLA-MNP prefix length is determined by adding 96
      to the IPv4 prefix length.  For example, the IPv4-Compatible LLA-
      MNP for 192.0.2.0/24 is fe80::192.0.2.0/120, also written as



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      fe80::c000:0200/120.  (The base LLA-MNP for each "/N" prefix sets
      the final 128-N bits to 0, but all LLA-MNPs that match the prefix
      are also accepted.)  Non-MNP IPv4 prefix-based LLAs are also
      represented the same as for LLA-MNPs, but include a GUA prefix
      that is not properly covered by the MSP.

   *  LLA-RNDs are randomly-generated and assigned to Proxy/Servers and
      other SRT infrastructure elements.  They may also be assigned by
      Clients to support the MNP delegation process.  The upper 72 bits
      of the LLA-RND encode the prefix fe80::/72, and the lower 56 bits
      include a randomly-generated candidate pseudo-random value
      configured as specified in [RFC7217]; if the most significant 24
      bits of the 56 bit candidate encodes the value '0', the node
      generates a new candidate to obtain one with a different most
      significant 24 bits to avoid overlap with IPv4-Compatible LLAs.

   *  The address fe80::/128 (i.e., the LLA /64 prefix followed by an
      all-zero IID) is considered the LLA Subnet Router Anycast address

   Since the prefix 0000::/8 is "Reserved by the IETF" [RFC4291], no
   MNPs can be allocated from that block ensuring that there is no
   possibility for overlap between the different MNP and RND LLA
   constructs discussed above.

   Since LLA-MNPs are based on the distribution of administratively
   assured unique MNPs, and since LLA-RNDs are assumed unique through
   pseudo-random assignment, OMNI interfaces set the autoconfiguration
   variable DupAddrDetectTransmits to 0 [RFC4862].

   Note: If future protocol extensions relax the 64-bit boundary in IPv6
   addressing, the additional prefix bits of an MNP could be encoded in
   bits 16 through 63 of the LLA-MNP.  (The most-significant 64 bits
   would therefore still be in bits 64-127, and the remaining bits would
   appear in bits 16 through 48.)  However, this would interfere with
   the relationship between OMNI LLAs and ULAs (see: Section 9) and
   render many OMNI functions inoperable.  The analysis provided in
   [RFC7421] furthermore suggests that the 64-bit boundary will remain
   in the IPv6 architecture for the foreseeable future.

9.  Unique-Local Addresses (ULAs)

   OMNI links use IPv6 Unique-Local Addresses (ULAs) as the source and
   destination addresses in both IPv6 ND messages and OAL packet IPv6
   encapsulation headers.  ULAs are routable only within the scope of an
   OMNI link, and are derived from the IPv6 Unique Local Address prefix
   fd00::/8 (i.e., the prefix fc00::/7 followed by the L bit set to 1).
   When the first 16 bits of the ULA encode the value fd00::/16, the
   address is considered as either a Temporary ULA (TLA) or an eXtended



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   ULA (XLA) - see below.  For all other ULAs, the 56 bits following
   fd00::/8 encode a 40-bit Global ID followed by a 16-bit Subnet ID as
   specified in Section 3 of [RFC4193].  All OMNI link ULA types finally
   include a 64-bit value in the IID portion of the address ULA::/64 as
   specified below.

   When a node configures a ULA for OMNI, it selects a 40-bit Global ID
   for the OMNI link initialized to a candidate pseudo-random value as
   specified in Section 3 of [RFC4193]; if the most significant 8 bits
   of the candidate encodes the value '0', the node selects a new
   candidate until it obtains one with a different most significant 8
   bits.  All nodes on the same OMNI link use the same Global ID, and
   statistical uniqueness of the pseudo-random Global ID provides a
   unique OMNI link identifier allowing different links to be joined
   together in the future without requiring renumbering.

   Next, for each logical segment of the same OMNI link the node selects
   a 16-bit Subnet ID value between 0x0000 and 0xffff.  Nodes on the
   same logical segment configure the same Subnet ID, but nodes on
   different segments of the same OMNI link can still exchange IPv6 ND
   messages as single-hop neighbors even if they configure different
   Subnet IDs.  When a node moves to a different OMNI link segment, it
   resets the Global ID and Subnet ID value according to the new segment
   but need not change the IID.

   ULAs and their associated prefix lengths are configured in
   correspondence with LLAs through stateless prefix translation where
   "ULA-MNPs" simply copy the IIDs of their corresponding LLA-MNPs and
   "ULA-RNDs" simply copy the IIDs of their corresponding LLA-RNDs.  For
   example, for the OMNI link ULA prefix fd{Global}:{Subnet}::/64:

   *  the ULA-MNP corresponding to the LLA-MNP fe80::2001:db8:1:2 with a
      56-bit MNP length is simply fd{Global}:{Subnet}:2001:db8:1:2/120
      (where, the ULA prefix length becomes 64 plus the IPv6 MNP
      length).

   *  the ULA-MNP corresponding to fe80::192.0.2.0 with a 28-bit MNP
      length is simply fd{Global}:{Subnet}::192.0.2.0/124 (where, the
      ULA prefix length becomes 96 plus the IPv4 MNP length).

   *  the ULA-RND corresponding to fe80::0012:3456:789a:bcde is simply
      fd{Global}:{Subnet}::0012:3456:789a:bcde/128.

   *  the Subnet Router Anycast ULA corresponding to fe80::/128 is
      simply fd{Global}:{Subnet}::/128.






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   The ULA presents an IPv6 address format that is routable within the
   OMNI link routing system and can be used to convey link-scoped (i.e.,
   single-hop) IPv6 ND messages across multiple hops through IPv6
   encapsulation [RFC2473].  The OMNI link extends across one or more
   underlying Internetworks to include all Proxy/Servers and other
   service nodes.  All Clients are also considered to be connected to
   the OMNI link, however unnecessary encapsulations are omitted
   whenever possible to conserve bandwidth (see: Section 14).

   Clients can configure TLAs when they have no other ULA addresses by
   setting the ULA prefix to fd00::/16 followed by a 48-bit randomly-
   generated number followed by a random or MNP-based IID as discussed
   in Section 8.  XLAs are a special-case TLA that use the prefix
   fd00::/64.  (Note that XLAs can also be formed from LLAs simply by
   inverting bits 7 and 8 of 'fe80' to form 'fd00'.)

   OMNI nodes use XLA-MNPs as "default" ULAs for representing MNPs in
   the OMNI link routing system.  Clients use {TLA,XLA}-MNPs when they
   already know their MNP but need to express it outside the context of
   a specific ULA prefix, and Proxy/Servers advertise XLA-MNPs into the
   OMNI link routing system instead of advertising fully-qualified
   {TLA,ULA}-MNPs and/or non-routable LLA-MNPs.

   {TLAs,XLAs} provide initial "bootstrapping" addresses while the
   Client is in the process of procuring an MNP and/or identifying the
   ULA prefix for the OMNI link segment; TLAs are not advertised into
   the OMNI link routing system but can be used for Client-to-Client
   communications within a single {A,I,E}NET when no OMNI link
   infrastructure is present.  Within each individual {A,I,E}NET, TLAs
   employ optimistic DAD principles [RFC4429] since they are
   statistically unique.

   Each OMNI link may be subdivided into SRT segments that often
   correspond to different administrative domains or physical
   partitions.  Each SRT segment is identified by a different Subnet ID
   within the same ULA ::/48 prefix.  Multiple distinct OMNI links with
   different ULA ::/48 prefixes can also be joined together into a
   single unified OMNI link through simple interconnection without
   requiring renumbering.  In that case, the (larger) unified OMNI link
   routing system may carry multiple distinct ULA prefixes.

   OMNI nodes can use Segment Routing [RFC8402] to support efficient
   forwarding to destinations located in other OMNI link segments.  A
   full discussion of Segment Routing over the OMNI link appears in
   [I-D.templin-6man-aero].






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   Note: IPv6 ULAs taken from the prefix fc00::/7 followed by the L bit
   set to 0 (i.e., as fc00::/8) are never used for OMNI OAL addressing,
   however the range could be used for MSP/MNP addressing under certain
   limiting conditions (see: Section 10).  When used within the context
   of OMNI, ULAs based on the prefix fc00::/8 are referred to as "ULA-
   C's".

   Note: When they appear in the OMNI link routing table, ULA-RNDs
   always use prefix lengths between /48 and /64 (or, /128) while XLA-
   MNPs always use prefix lengths between /65 and /128. {TLA,ULA}-MNPs
   and {TLA,XLA}-RNDs should never appear in the OMNI link routing
   table, but may appear in {A,I,E}NET routing tables.

10.  Global Unicast Addresses (GUAs)

   OMNI domains use IP Global Unicast Address (GUA) prefixes [RFC4291]
   as Mobility Service Prefixes (MSPs) from which Mobile Network
   Prefixes (MNP) are delegated to Clients.  Fixed correspondent node
   networks reachable from the OMNI link are represented by non-MNP GUA
   prefixes that are not derived from the MSP, but are treated in all
   other ways the same as for MNPs.

   For IPv6, GUA MSPs are assigned by IANA [IPV6-GUA] and/or an
   associated Regional Internet Registry (RIR) such that the OMNI link
   can be interconnected to the global IPv6 Internet without causing
   inconsistencies in the routing system.  An OMNI link could instead
   use ULAs with the 'L' bit set to 0 (i.e., from the "ULA-C" prefix
   fc00::/8)[RFC4193], however this would require IPv6 NAT if the domain
   were ever connected to the global IPv6 Internet.

   For IPv4, GUA MSPs are assigned by IANA [IPV4-GUA] and/or an
   associated RIR such that the OMNI link can be interconnected to the
   global IPv4 Internet without causing routing inconsistencies.  An
   OMNI ANET/ENET could instead use private IPv4 prefixes (e.g.,
   10.0.0.0/8, etc.)  [RFC3330], however this would require IPv4 NAT at
   the INET-to-ANET/ENET boundary.  OMNI interfaces advertise IPv4 MSPs
   into IPv6 routing systems as IPv4-Compatible IPv6 prefixes [RFC4291]
   (e.g., the IPv6 prefix for the IPv4 MSP 192.0.2.0/24 is
   ::192.0.2.0/120).

   OMNI interfaces assign the IPv4 anycast address TBD3 (see: IANA
   Considerations), and IPv4 routers that configure OMNI interfaces
   advertise the prefix TBD3/N into the routing system of other networks
   (see: IANA Considerations).  OMNI interfaces also configure global
   IPv6 anycast addresses formed according to [RFC3056] as:

   2002:TBD3{32}:MSP{64}:Link-ID{16}




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   where TBD3{32} is the 32 bit IPv4 anycast address and MSP{64} encodes
   an MSP zero-padded to 64 bits (if necessary).  For example, the OMNI
   IPv6 anycast address for MSP 2001:db8::/32 is
   2002:TBD3{32}:2001:db8:0:0:{Link-ID}, the OMNI IPv6 anycast address
   for MSP 192.0.2.0/24 is 2002:TBD3{32}::c000:0200:{Link-ID}, etc.).

   The16-bit Link-ID in the OMNI IPv6 anycast address identifies a
   specific OMNI link within the domain that services the MSP.  The
   special Link-ID value '0' is a wildcard that matches all links, while
   all other values identify specific links.  Mappings between Link-ID
   values and the ULA Global IDs assigned to OMNI links are outside the
   scope of this document.

   OMNI interfaces assign OMNI IPv6 anycast addresses, and IPv6 routers
   that configure OMNI interfaces advertise the corresponding prefixes
   into the routing systems of other networks.  An OMNI IPv6 anycast
   prefix is formed the same as for any IPv6 prefix; for example, the
   prefix 2002:TBD3{32}:2001:db8::/80 matches all OMNI IPv6 anycast
   addresses covered by the prefix.  When IPv6 routers advertise OMNI
   IPv6 anycast prefixes in this way, Clients can locate and associate
   with either a specific OMNI link or any OMNI link within the domain
   that services the MSP of interest.

   OMNI interfaces use OMNI IPv6 and IPv4 anycast addresses to support
   Service Discovery in the spirit of [RFC7094], i.e., the addresses are
   not intended for use in long-term transport protocol sessions.
   Specific applications for OMNI IPv6 and IPv4 anycast addresses are
   discussed throughout the document as well as in
   [I-D.templin-6man-aero].

11.  Node Identification

   OMNI Clients and Proxy/Servers that connect over open Internetworks
   include a unique node identification value for themselves in the OMNI
   options of their IPv6 ND messages (see: Section 12.2.3).  An example
   identification value alternative is the Host Identity Tag (HIT) as
   specified in [RFC7401], while Hierarchical HITs (HHITs)
   [I-D.ietf-drip-rid] may be more appropriate for certain domains such
   as the Unmanned (Air) Traffic Management (UTM) service for Unmanned
   Air Systems (UAS).  Another example is the Universally Unique
   IDentifier (UUID) [RFC4122] which can be self-generated by a node
   without supporting infrastructure with very low probability of
   collision.

   When a Client is truly outside the context of any infrastructure, it
   may have no MNP information at all.  In that case, the Client can use
   a TLA or (H)HIT as an IPv6 source/destination address for sustained
   communications in Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and (multihop) Vehicle-to-



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   Infrastructure (V2I) scenarios.  The Client can also propagate the
   ULA/(H)HIT into the multihop routing tables of (collective) Mobile/
   Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs/VANETs) using only the vehicles
   themselves as communications relays.

   When a Client connects via a protected-spectrum ANET, an alternate
   form of node identification (e.g., MAC address, serial number,
   airframe identification value, VIN, etc.) embedded in a ULA may be
   sufficient.  The Client can then include OMNI "Node Identification"
   sub-options (see: Section 12.2.3) in IPv6 ND messages should the need
   to transmit identification information over the network arise.

12.  Address Mapping - Unicast

   OMNI interfaces maintain a network layer conceptual neighbor cache
   per [RFC1256] or [RFC4861] the same as for any IP interface, and (for
   IPv6) use the link-local address format specified in Section 8.  This
   network layer neighbor cache maintains state through static and/or
   dynamic configurations.

   Each OMNI interface also maintains a separate internal OAL
   (adaptation layer) conceptual neighbor cache that includes a Neighbor
   Cache Entry (NCE) for each of its active OAL neighbors per [RFC4861].
   For each NCE, OAL neighbors also maintain one or more AERO Forwarding
   Vectors (AFVs) which map per-interface-pair parameters.  Throughout
   this document, the terms "neighbor cache", "NCE" and "AFV" refer to
   this OAL neighbor information unless otherwise specified.

   IPv6 Neighbor Discovery (ND) [RFC4861] messages sent over OMNI
   interfaces without OAL encapsulation observe the native underlay
   interface Source/Target Link-Layer Address Option (S/TLLAO) format
   (e.g., for Ethernet the S/TLLAO is specified in [RFC2464]).  IPv6 ND
   messages sent from within the OMNI interface using OAL encapsulation
   do not include S/TLLAOs, but instead include a new option type that
   encodes OMNI link-specific information.  Hence, this document does
   not define a new S/TLLAO format but instead defines a new option type
   termed the "OMNI option" designed for these purposes.  (Note that
   OMNI interface IPv6 ND messages sent without encapsulation may
   include both OMNI options and S/TLLAOs, but the information conveyed
   in each is mutually exclusive.)

   For each IPv6 ND message, the OMNI interface includes one or more
   OMNI options (and any other ND message options) then completely
   populates all option information.  If the OMNI interface includes an
   authentication signature, it first sets the OMNI authentication sub-
   option signature field to 0 then calculates the authentication
   signature beginning after the IPv6 ND message header checksum field.
   The OMNI interface extends the calculation over the entire length of



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   the ND message as well as any concatenated extensions in the case of
   a super-packet, then writes the authentication signature value into
   the appropriate OMNI authentication sub-option field.  The OMNI
   interface then calculates the IPv6 ND message checksum per [RFC4443]
   beginning with a pseudo-header of the IPv6 header and writes the
   value into the Checksum field.  OMNI interfaces verify first
   integrity then authenticity of each IPv6 ND message or super-packet
   received, and process the message further only following successful
   verification.

   OMNI interface Clients such as aircraft typically have multiple
   wireless data link types (e.g. satellite-based, cellular,
   terrestrial, air-to-air directional, etc.) with diverse performance,
   cost and availability properties.  The OMNI interface would therefore
   appear to have multiple L2 connections, and may include information
   for multiple underlay interfaces in a single IPv6 ND message
   exchange.  OMNI interfaces manage their dynamically-changing
   multilink profiles by including OMNI options in IPv6 ND messages as
   discussed in the following subsections.

12.1.  The OMNI Option

   OMNI options appear in IPv6 ND messages formatted as shown in
   Figure 11:

        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |      Type     |     Length    |         Sub-Options           ~
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                      Figure 11: OMNI Option Format

   In this format:

   *  Type is set to TBD4 (see: IANA Considerations).

   *  Length is set to the number of 8 octet blocks in the option.  The
      value 0 is invalid, while the values 1 through 255 (i.e., 8
      through 2040 octets, respectively) indicate the total length of
      the OMNI option.  If multiple OMNI option instances appear in the
      same IPv6 ND message, the union of the contents of all OMNI
      options is accepted unless otherwise qualified for specific sub-
      options below.







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   *  Sub-Options is a Variable-length field padded if necessary such
      that the complete OMNI Option is an integer multiple of 8 octets
      long.  Sub-Options contains zero or more sub-options as specified
      in Section 12.2.

   The OMNI option is included in all OMNI interface IPv6 ND messages;
   the option is processed by receiving interfaces that recognize it and
   otherwise ignored.  The OMNI interface processes all OMNI option
   instances received in the same IPv6 ND message in the consecutive
   order in which they appear.  The OMNI option(s) included in each IPv6
   ND message may include full or partial information for the neighbor.
   The OMNI interface therefore retains the union of the information in
   the most recently received OMNI options in the corresponding NCE.

12.2.  OMNI Sub-Options

   Each OMNI option includes a Sub-Options block containing zero or more
   individual sub-options.  Each consecutive sub-option is concatenated
   immediately following its predecessor.  All sub-options except Pad1
   (see below) are in an OMNI-specific type-length-value (TLV) format
   encoded as follows:

         0                   1                   2
         0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
        +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-
        | Sub-Type|      Sub-Length     | Sub-Option Data ...
        +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-

                        Figure 12: Sub-Option Format

   *  Sub-Type is a 5-bit field that encodes the sub-option type.  Sub-
      option types defined in this document are:



















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           Sub-Option Name             Sub-Type
           Pad1                           0
           PadN                           1
           Node Identification            2
           Authentication                 3
           Window Synchronization         4
           Prefix Length                  5
           Interface Attributes           6
           Traffic Selector               7
           AERO Forwarding Parameters     8
           Geo Coordinates                9
           DHCPv6 Message                10
           PIM-SM Message                11
           HIP Message                   12
           QUIC-TLS Message              13
           Fragmentation Report          14
           ICMPv6 Error                  15
           Proxy/Server Departure        16
           Sub-Type Extension            30

                                  Figure 13

      Sub-Types 16-29 are available for future assignment for major
      protocol functions, while Sub-Type 30 supports scalable extension
      to include other functions.  Sub-Type 31 is reserved by IANA.

   *  Sub-Length is an 11-bit field that encodes the length of the Sub-
      Option Data in octets.

   *  Sub-Option Data is a block of data with format determined by Sub-
      Type and length determined by Sub-Length.  Note that each
      individual sub-option may end on an arbitrary octet boundary,
      whereas the OMNI option itself must include padding if necessary
      for 8-octet alignment.

   The OMNI interface codes each sub-option with a 2 octet header that
   includes Sub-Type in the most significant 5 bits followed by Sub-
   Length in the next most significant 11 bits.  Each sub-option encodes
   a maximum Sub-Length value of 2038 octets minus the lengths of the
   OMNI option header and any preceding sub-options.  This allows ample
   Sub-Option Data space for coding large objects (e.g., ASCII strings,
   domain names, protocol messages, security codes, etc.), while a
   single OMNI option is limited to 2040 octets the same as for any IPv6
   ND option.

   The OMNI interface codes initial sub-options in a first OMNI option
   instance and subsequent sub-options in additional instances in the
   same IPv6 ND message in the intended order of processing.  The OMNI



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   interface can then code any remaining sub-options in additional IPv6
   ND messages if necessary.  Implementations must observe these size
   limits and refrain from sending IPv6 ND messages larger than the OMNI
   interface MTU.

   The OMNI interface processes all OMNI option Sub-Options received in
   an IPv6 ND message while skipping over and ignoring any unrecognized
   sub-options.  The OMNI interface processes the Sub-Options of all
   OMNI option instances in the consecutive order in which they appear
   in the IPv6 ND message, beginning with the first instance and
   continuing through any additional instances to the end of the
   message.  If an individual sub-option length would cause processing
   to exceed the OMNI option instance and/or IPv6 ND message lengths,
   the OMNI interface accepts any sub-options already processed and
   ignores the remainder of that instance.  The interface then processes
   any remaining OMNI option instances in the same fashion to the end of
   the IPv6 ND message.

   IPv6 ND messages that require OMNI authentication services MUST
   include a Node Identification sub-option as the first sub-option of
   the first OMNI option, and MUST include some form of authentication
   (e.g., HMAC, HIP, QUIC, etc.) as the immediately next sub-option
   whether in the same or different OMNI option.  A single IPv6 ND
   messages may include only one OMNI authentication service sub-option;
   if multiple are included, the first sub-option is processed and all
   others are ignored.  The IPv6 ND message may also include non-OMNI
   authentication options such as those specified in [RFC3971] or
   [RFC8928].  Nodes that receive IPv6 ND messages over unsecured
   underlying networks first verify the IPv6 ND message checksum then
   authenticate the message by processing any valid authentication
   options/sub-options.

   When a Client OMNI interface prepares a secured unicast RS message,
   it includes a single Interface Attributes sub-option specific to the
   underlay interface that will transmit the RS (see: Section 12.2.7).
   When a Client OMNI interface prepares a secured unicast NS message,
   it can instead include an AERO Forwarding Parameters sub-option
   specific to the underlay interface that will transmit the NS (see:
   Section 12.2.9).

   Note: large objects that exceed the maximum Sub-Option Data length
   are not supported under the current specification; if this proves to
   be limiting in practice, future specifications may define support for
   fragmenting large sub-options across multiple OMNI options within the
   same IPv6 ND message (or even across multiple IPv6 ND messages, if
   necessary).





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   The following sub-option types and formats are defined in this
   document:

12.2.1.  Pad1

         0
         0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
        +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
        | S-Type=0|x|x|x|
        +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                              Figure 14: Pad1

   *  Sub-Type is set to 0.  If multiple instances appear in OMNI
      options of the same message all are processed.

   *  Sub-Type is followed by 3 'x' bits, set to any value on
      transmission (typically all-zeros) and ignored on reception.  Pad1
      therefore consists of 1 octet with the most significant 5 bits set
      to 0, and with no Sub-Length or Sub-Option Data fields following.

   If more than one octet of padding is required, the PadN option,
   described next, should be used, rather than multiple Pad1 options.

12.2.2.  PadN

         0                   1                   2
         0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
        +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-
        | S-Type=1|    Sub-length=N     | N padding octets ...
        +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-

                              Figure 15: PadN

   *  Sub-Type is set to 1.  If multiple instances appear in OMNI
      options of the same message all are processed.

   *  Sub-Length is set to N that encodes the number of padding octets
      that follow.

   *  Sub-Option Data consists of N octets, set to any value on
      transmission (typically all-zeros) and ignored on receipt.









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   When a proxy forwards an IPv6 ND message with OMNI options, it can
   employ PadN to void any sub-options (other than Pad1) that should not
   be processed by the next hop by simply writing the value '1' over the
   Sub-Type.  When the proxy alters the IPv6 ND message contents in this
   way, any included authentication and integrity checks are
   invalidated.  See: Appendix B for a discussion of IPv6 ND message
   authentication and integrity.

12.2.3.  Node Identification

   The Node Identification sub-option includes a form of identification
   for the node, and (when present) must appear as the first sub-option
   of the first OMNI option in each IPv6 ND message.

   At least one instance of the sub-option must be present in messages
   that also include an OMNI authentication service sub-option.  If
   multiple instances appear in OMNI options of the same IPv6 ND message
   the first instance of a specific ID-Type is processed and all other
   instances of the same ID-Type are ignored.  (It is therefore possible
   for a single IPv6 ND message to convey multiple distinct Node
   Identifications - each with a different ID-Type.)

   The format and contents of the sub-option are shown in Figure 16:

        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       | S-Type=2|    Sub-length=N    |     ID-Type    |               ~
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+               ~
       ~            Node Identification Value (N-1 octets)             ~
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                      Figure 16: Node Identification

   *  Sub-Type is set to 2.  Multiple instances are processed as
      discussed above.

   *  Sub-Length is set to N that encodes the number of Sub-Option Data
      octets that follow.  The ID-Type field is always present; hence,
      the maximum Node Identification Value length is limited by the
      remaining available space in this OMNI option.

   *  ID-Type is a 1 octet field that encodes the type of the Node
      Identification Value.  The following ID-Type values are currently
      defined:

      -  0 - Universally Unique IDentifier (UUID) [RFC4122].  Indicates
         that Node Identification Value contains a 16 octet UUID.



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      -  1 - Host Identity Tag (HIT) [RFC7401].  Indicates that Node
         Identification Value contains a 16 octet HIT.

      -  2 - Hierarchical HIT (HHIT) [I-D.ietf-drip-rid].  Indicates
         that Node Identification Value contains a 16 octet HHIT.

      -  3 - Network Access Identifier (NAI) [RFC7542].  Indicates that
         Node Identification Value contains an N-1 octet NAI.

      -  4 - Fully-Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) [RFC1035].  Indicates
         that Node Identification Value contains an N-1 octet FQDN.

      -  5 - IPv6 Address.  Indicates that Node Identification contains
         a 16-octet IPv6 address that is not a (H)HIT.  The IPv6 address
         type is determined according to the IPv6 addressing
         architecture [RFC4291].

      -  6 - 252 - Unassigned.

      -  253-254 - Reserved for experimentation, as recommended in
         [RFC3692].

      -  255 - reserved by IANA.

   *  Node Identification Value is an (N - 1) octet field encoded
      according to the appropriate the "ID-Type" reference above.

   OMNI interfaces code Node Identification Values used for DHCPv6
   messaging purposes as a DHCP Unique IDentifier (DUID) using the
   "DUID-EN for OMNI" format with enterprise number 45282 (see:
   Section 25) as shown in Figure 17:

        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |         DUID-Type (2)         |      EN (high bits == 0)      |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |     EN (low bits = 45282)     |    ID-Type    |               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+               |
       ~                    Node Identification Value                  ~
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                    Figure 17: DUID-EN for OMNI Format

   In this format, the OMNI interface codes the ID-Type and Node
   Identification Value fields from the OMNI sub-option following a 6
   octet DUID-EN header, then includes the entire "DUID-EN for OMNI" in
   a DHCPv6 message per [RFC8415].




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12.2.4.  Authentication

   The Authentication sub-option includes a Hashed Message
   Authentication Code (HMAC) computed according to [RFC2104] and
   [RFC6234].

   The Authentication sub-option is formatted as shown in Figure 18:

        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       | S-Type=3|    Sub-length=N     |    Reserved   |      Type     |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                                                               |
       ~          Hashed Message Authentication Code (HMAC)            ~
       |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                        Figure 18: Authentication

   *  Sub-Type is set to 3.  The Authentication sub-option must appear
      at most once in any IPv6 ND message; if multiple instances appear
      in OMNI options of the same message the first is processed and all
      others are ignored.

   *  Sub-Length is set to N, i.e., the length of the option in octets
      beginning immediately following the Sub-Length field and extending
      to the end of the HMAC.  The length of the HMAC is therefore
      limited by the remaining available space for this sub-option.

   *  Reserved is set to 0 on transmission and ignored on reception.

   *  Type encodes the authentication algorithm type found in the IANA
      "ICMPv6 Parameters - Trust Anchor Option (Type 15) Name Field"
      registry, and determines the length of the HMAC.  For example,
      when Type is 3 the authentication algorithm is SHA-1 and the HMAC
      is 160 bits (20 octets) in length, when Type is 5 the algorithm is
      SHA-256 and the HMAC is 256 bits (32 octets) in length, etc.  A
      full list of available Types is found in the registry, which cites
      [RFC6495] for several well-known Types.

   *  HMAC includes the Hashed Message Authentication Code for this IPv6
      ND message with field length determined by Type.

12.2.5.  Window Synchronization

   IPv6 ND messages used for window synchronization between Clients and
   Proxy/Servers include a Window Synchronization sub-option.



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   The Window Synchronization sub-option is formatted as follows:

        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
                                       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                                       | S-Type=4|    Sub-length=12    |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                        Sequence Number                        |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                     Acknowledgment Number                     |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |S|A|R|O|P|     |                                               |
       |Y|C|S|P|N| Res |                   Window                      |
       |N|K|T|T|G|     |                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                    Figure 19: Window Synchronization

   *  Sub-Type is set to 4.  If instances appear in OMNI options of the
      same message, the first is processed and all others are ignored.

   *  Sub-Length is set to 12.

   *  Sub-Option Data contains a 4-octet Sequence Number, followed by a
      4-octet Acknowledgement Number, followed by a 1-octet flags field
      followed by a 3-octet Window size modeled from the Transmission
      Control Protocol (TCP) header specified in Section 3.1 of
      [RFC0793].  The (SYN, ACK, RST) flags are used for TCP-like window
      synchronization, while the TCP (URG, PSH, FIN) flags are not used
      and therefore omitted.  The (OPT, PNG) flags are OMNI-specific,
      and the remaining flags are Reserved.  Together, these fields
      support the asymmetric and symmetric OAL window synchronization
      services specified in Section 6.5.

12.2.6.  Prefix Length

   IPv6 ND messages that need to assert or receive an MNP prefix length
   can include a simple Prefix Length sub-option instead of a full
   DHCPv6 message.  The Prefix Length sub-option therefore may appear in
   RS/RA messages, Redirect messages, NS/NA messages used for address
   resolution and certain uNA messages as follows:

   *  For RS messages, Prefix Length refers either to the MNP found in
      the RS source address or to the length of the MNP delegation the
      Client wishes to receive.

   *  For RA messages, Prefix Length refers to the RA destination
      address.



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   *  For Redirect messages, Prefix Length refers to the MNP found in
      the Destination Address field within the Redirect message body.

   *  For NS messages used for address resolution, Prefix Length refers
      to the MNP found in the NS source address.

   *  For NA messages used for address resolution, and for uNA messages
      originated by MS endpoints, Prefix Length refers to the MNP found
      in the NA Target Address field.

   *  The Prefix Length option is ignored in all other messages.

   The Prefix Length sub-option is formatted as follows:

         0                   1                   2                   3
         0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
        +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
        | S-Type=5|    Sub-length=2     |    Preflen    |
        +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                          Figure 20: Prefix Length

   *  Sub-Type is set to 5.  If multiple instances appear in OMNI
      options of the same message, the first is processed and all others
      are ignored.

   *  Sub-Length is set to 1.

   *  Preflen is an 8 bit field that determines the length of a subject
      MNP.  Values 1 through 64 specify a valid MNP length; if any other
      value appears the sub-option must be ignored.

   Note that in the above Preflen applies only to the MNP itself.  Any
   ULAs/XLAs that include the MNP in the interface identifier are
   represented in the forwarding and routing information as (64 +
   Preflen).

12.2.7.  Interface Attributes

   The Interface Attributes sub-option provides neighbors with
   forwarding information for the multilink conceptual sending algorithm
   discussed in Section 14.  Neighbors use the forwarding information to
   selecting among potentially multiple candidate underlay interfaces
   that can be used to forward carrier packets to the neighbor based on
   factors such as traffic selectors and link quality.  Interface
   Attributes further include link-layer address information to be used
   for either direct INET encapsulation for targets in the local SRT
   segment or spanning tree forwarding for targets in remote SRT



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   segments.

   OMNI nodes include Interface Attributes for some/all of a source or
   target Client's underlay interfaces in NS/NA and uNA messages used to
   publish Client information (see: [I-D.templin-6man-aero]).  At most
   one Interface Attributes sub-option for each distinct ifIndex may be
   included; if an IPv6 ND message includes multiple Interface
   Attributes sub-options for the same ifIndex, the first is processed
   and all others are ignored.  OMNI nodes that receive NS/NA messages
   can use all of the included Interface Attributes and/or Traffic
   Selectors to formulate a map of the prospective source or target node
   as well as to seed the information to be later populated in an AERO
   Forwarding Parameters sub-option (see: Section 12.2.9).

   OMNI Clients and Proxy/Servers also include Interface Attributes sub-
   options in RS/RA messages used to initialize, discover and populate
   routing and addressing information.  Each RS message MUST contain
   exactly one Interface Attributes sub-option with an ifIndex
   corresponding to the Client's underlay interface used to transmit the
   message, and each RA message MUST echo the same Interface Attributes
   sub-option with any (proxyed) information populated by the FHS Proxy/
   Server to provide operational context.

   When an FHS Proxy/Server receives an RS message destined to an
   anycast L2 address, it MUST include an Interface Attributes sub-
   option with ifIndex '0' that encodes its unicast L2 address relative
   to the Client's underlay interface immediately after the Client
   Interface Attributes sub-option in the solicited RA response.  Any
   additional Interface Attributes sub-options that appear in RS/RA
   messages are ignored.

   The Interface Attributes sub-option is formatted as shown below:



















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        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       | S-Type=6|    Sub-length=N     |  Link |TS Form|      SRT      |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                            ifIndex                            |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                            ifType                             |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                            ifProvider                         |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |      FMT      |                                               ~
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+                                               ~
       ~                  LHS Proxy/Server ULA/L2ADDR                  ~
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       ~                                                               ~
       ~                RFC 6088 Format Traffic Selector               ~
       ~                                                               ~
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                     Figure 21: Interface Attributes

   *  Sub-Type is set to 6.  Multiple instances are processed as
      discussed above.

   *  Sub-Length is set to N that encodes the number of Sub-Option Data
      octets that follow.

   *  Sub-Option Data contains an "Interface Attributes" option encoded
      as follows:

      -  Link encodes a 4-bit link metric.  The value '0' means the link
         is DOWN, and the remaining values mean the link is UP with
         metric ranging from '1' ("lowest") to '15' ("highest").

      -  TS-Form is a 4-bit field that encodes the same value that would
         appear in an [RFC6088] TS Format and determines the trailing
         RFC 6088 Format Traffic Selector type, if present.  The
         following values are defined:

         o  0 - no traffic selector

         o  1 - IPv4 binary traffic selector

         o  2 - IPv6 binary traffic selector

         o  0 - 15 - reserved for future use




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      -  SRT is a 1-octet Segment Routing Topology prefix length value
         between 0 and 128 that determines the prefix length associated
         with the LHS ULA.

      -  ifIndex is a 4-octet index value corresponding to a specific
         underlay interface.  Client OMNI interfaces MUST number each
         distinct underlay interface with a non-zero ifIndex value
         assigned by network management per [RFC2863] and include the
         value in this field.  The ifIndex value '0' denotes
         "unspecified".

      -  ifType is a 4-octet type value corresponding to this underlay
         interface.  The value is coded per the 'IANAifType-MIB'
         registry [http://www.iana.org].

      -  ifProvider is a 4-octet provider identifier corresponding to
         this underlay interface.  This document defines the single
         provider identifier value '0' (undefined).  Future documents
         may define other values.

      -  FMT - a 1-octet "Forward/Mode/Type" code interpreted as
         follows:

         o  The most significant two bits (i.e., "FMT-Forward" and "FMT-
            Mode") are interpreted in conjunction with one another.
            When FMT-Forward is clear, the LHS Proxy/Server performs OAL
            reassembly and decapsulation to obtain the original IP
            packet/parcel before forwarding.  If the FMT-Mode bit is
            clear, the LHS Proxy/Server then forwards the original IP
            packet/parcel at layer 3; otherwise, it invokes the OAL to
            re-encapsulate, re-fragment and sends the resulting carrier
            packets to the Client via the selected underlay interface.
            When FMT-Forward is set, the LHS Proxy/Server forwards
            unsecured OAL fragments to the Client without reassembling,
            while reassembling secured OAL fragments before re-
            fragmenting and forwarding to the Client.  If FMT-Mode is
            clear, all carrier packets destined to the Client must
            always be sent via the LHS Proxy/Server; otherwise the
            Client is eligible for direct forwarding over the open INET
            where it may be located behind one or more NATs.

         o  The value encoded in the least significant 6 bits (i.e.,
            "FMT-Type") determines the type and length of the L2ADDR
            field as follows:

            +  0 - L2ADDR is 4 octets in length and encodes an IPv4
               address.




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            +  1 - L2ADDR is 16 octets in length and encodes an IPv6
               address.

            +  2 - L2ADDR is 6 octets in length and encodes an EUI-48
               address [EUI].

            +  3 - L2ADDR is 8 octets in length and encodes an EUI-64
               address [EUI].

            +  4-63 - Reserved for future use.

      -  LHS Proxy/Server ULA/L2ADDR - encodes the 15 least significant
         octets of the Proxy/Server ULA followed by the L2ADDR field
         formatted as above (note that the FMT code is replaced with the
         value "fd" after processing to form a proper 16 octet ULA).
         When SRT and ULA are both set to 0, the LHS Proxy/Server is
         considered unspecified in this IPv6 ND message.  FMT, SRT and
         LHS together provide guidance for the OMNI interface forwarding
         algorithm.  Specifically, if LHS::/SRT is located in the local
         OMNI link segment, then the source can address the target
         Client either through its dependent Proxy/Server or through
         direct encapsulation following NAT traversal according to FMT.
         Otherwise, the target Client is located on a different SRT
         segment and the path from the source must employ a combination
         of route optimization and spanning tree hop traversals.  L2ADDR
         identifies the LHS Proxy/Server's INET-facing interface not
         located behind NATs, therefore no UDP port number is included
         since port number 8060 is used when the L2 encapsulation
         includes a UDP header.  Instead, L2ADDR includes only an L2
         address with type and length determined by FMT-Type as
         described above.  When L2ADDR includes an IPv4 or IPv6 address,
         it is recorded in network byte order in ones-compliment
         "obfuscated" form as specified in [RFC4380].

      -  RFC 6088 Format Traffic Selector - traffic selectors formatted
         according to TS Form, with length determined by the remainder
         of the sup-option length following the LHS information.  When
         TS Form encodes the value 1 or 2, the field is processed per
         [RFC6088]; when TS Form encodes any other value the field (if
         present) is ignored.











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12.2.8.  Traffic Selector

   The Traffic Selector sub-option provides forwarding information for
   the multilink conceptual sending algorithm discussed in Section 14.
   The sub-option includes the same information that would appear in an
   Interface Attributes sub-option; hence, it can be used as an
   extension to any Interface Attributes with the same ifIndex value
   present.

   IPv6 ND messages may include Traffic Selectors for some or all of the
   source/target Client's underlay interfaces (see:
   [I-D.templin-6man-aero] for more information).

   Traffic Selectors must be honored by all implementations in the
   format shown below:

        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       | S-Type=7|    Sub-length=N     |   TS Format   |    Reserved   |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                            ifIndex                            |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       ~                                                               ~
       ~                RFC 6088 Format Traffic Selector               ~
       ~                                                               ~
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                       Figure 22: Traffic Selector

   *  Sub-Type is set to 7.  Multiple instances with the same ifIndex
      value may appear in the same IPv6 ND message.  When multiple
      instances appear, all are processed and the cumulative information
      from all is accepted.

   *  Sub-Length is set to N that encodes the number of Sub-Option Data
      octets that follow.

   *  Sub-Option Data contains a "Traffic Selector" encoded as follows:

      -  TS Format is a 1-octet field that encodes a Traffic Selector
         version per [RFC6088].  If TS Format encodes the value 1 or 2,
         the Traffic Selector includes IPv4 or IPv6 information,
         respectively.  If TS Format encodes any other value, the sub-
         option is ignored.

      -  Reserved is a 1-octet field set to 0 on transmission and
         ignored on receipt



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      -  ifIndex is a 4-octet value corresponding to a specific underlay
         interface the same as specified above for Interface Attributes
         and AERO Forwarding Parameters above.  The OMNI options of a
         single message may include multiple Traffic Selector sub-
         options; each with the same or different ifIndex values.

      -  The remainder of the sub-option includes a traffic selector
         formatted per [RFC6088] beginning with the "Flags (A-N)" field,
         and with the Traffic Selector IP protocol version coded in the
         TS Format field.  If a single interface identified by ifIndex
         requires Traffic Selectors for multiple IP protocol versions,
         or if a Traffic Selector block would exceed the available
         space, the remaining information is coded in additional Traffic
         Selector sub-options that all encode the same ifIndex.

12.2.9.  AERO Forwarding Parameters

   OMNI nodes include the AERO Forwarding Parameters sub-option in NS/NA
   messages used to coordinate with multilink route optimization
   targets.  If an NS/NA message includes the sub-option in a manner
   that solicits a response, the NA response must also include the sub-
   option.  Each NS/NA message may contain at most one AERO Forwarding
   Parameters sub-option; if an NS/NA message contains additional AERO
   Forwarding Parameters sub-options, the first is processed and all
   others are ignored.

   When an NS/NA message includes an AERO Forwarding Parameters sub-
   option with Job code '00' (see below), the FHS Client Interface
   Attributes MUST correspond to the underlay interface used to transmit
   the solicitation message.  When the NS/NA message also includes
   Interface Attributes sub-options and/or Traffic Selectors, the
   options must appear following the AERO Forwarding Parameters sub-
   option.

   The AERO Forwarding Parameters sub-option includes the necessary
   state for establishing AERO Forwarding Vectors (AFVs) in the AERO
   Forwarding Information Bases (AFIBs) of the OAL source, destination
   and intermediate nodes in the path.  The sub-option also records
   addressing information for FHS/LHS nodes on the path, including
   "L2ADDRs" which MUST be unicast encapsulation addresses (i.e., and
   not anycast/multicast).  The manner for populating multilink
   forwarding information is specified in detail in
   [I-D.templin-6man-aero].

   The AERO Forwarding Parameters sub-option is formatted as shown in
   Figure 23:





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        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       | S-Type=8|    Sub-length=N     |    Reserved   |  A  |  B  |Job|
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       ~           AERO Forwarding Vector Index (AFVI) List            ~
       ~                (5 consecutive 4-octet AFVIs)                  ~
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       ~                      FHS Client ifIndex                       ~
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       ~                FHS Proxy/Server FMT/ULA/L2ADDR                ~
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       ~                  FHS Gateway FMT/ULA/L2ADDR                   ~
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       ~                      LHS Client ifIndex                       ~
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       ~                LHS Proxy/Server FMT/ULA/L2ADDR                ~
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       ~                   LHS Gateway FMT/ULA/L2ADDR                  ~
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                  Figure 23: AERO Forwarding Parameters

   *  Sub-Type is set to 8.  If multiple instances appear in OMNI
      options of the same message the first instance is processed and
      all others are ignored.

   *  Sub-Length encodes the number of Sub-Option Data octets that
      follow.  The length includes all fields up to and including the
      Tunnel Window Synchronization Parameters for all Job codes, while
      including the remaining fields only for Job codes "0" and "1" (see
      below).

   *  Sub-Option Data contains AERO Forwarding Parameters as follows:

      -  Reserved is a 1-octet reserved field set to 0 on transmission
         and ignored on receipt.

      -  A/B and Job are fields that determine per-hop processing of the
         AFVI List, where A is a 3-bit count of the number of "A" AFVI
         List entries and B is a 3-bit count of the number of "B" AFVI
         List entries (valid A/B values are 0-5).  Job is a 2-bit code
         interpreted as follows:

         o  '00' - "Initialize; Build B" - the FHS source sets this code
            in an NS/NA used to initialize AFV state (any other messages
            that include this code MUST be dropped).  The FHS source



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            first sets A/B to 0, and the FHS source and each
            intermediate node along the path to the LHS destination that
            processes the message creates a new AFV.  Each node that
            processes the message then assigns a unique 4-octet "B" AFVI
            to the AFV and also writes the value into list entry B, then
            increments B.  When the message arrives at the LHS
            destination, B will contain the number of AFVI List "B"
            entries, with the FHS source entry first, followed by
            entries for each consecutive intermediate node and ending
            with an entry for the final intermediate node (i.e., the
            list is populated in the forward direction).  An NS/NA
            message containing a Job Code '00' AERO Forwarding
            Parameters sub-option always solicits a responsive NA
            message containing Job Code '01'.

         o  '01' - "Follow B; Build A" - the LHS source sets this code
            in a solicited NA response to an NS/NA with Job code "0"
            (any other messages that include this code MUST be dropped).
            The LHS source first copies the AFVI List and B value from
            the code '00' solicitation into these fields and sets A to
            0.  The LHS source and each intermediate node along the path
            to the FHS destination that processes the message then uses
            AFVI List entry B to locate the corresponding AFV.  Each
            node that processes the message then assigns a unique
            4-octet "A" AFVI to the AFV and also writes the value into
            list entry B, then increments A and decrements B.  When the
            message arrives at the FHS destination, A will contain the
            number of AFVI List "A" entries, with the LHS source entry
            last, preceded by entries for each consecutive intermediate
            node and beginning with an entry for the final intermediate
            node (i.e., the list is populated in the reverse direction).

         o  '10' - "Follow A; Record B" - the FHS node that sent the
            original code '00' solicitation and received the
            corresponding code '01' advertisement sets this code in any
            subsequent NS/NA messages sent to the same LHS destination.
            The FHS source copies the AFVI List and A value from the
            code '01' advertisement into these fields and sets B to 0.
            The FHS source and each intermediate node along the path to
            the LHS destination that processes the message then uses the
            "A" AFVI found at list entry B to locate the corresponding
            AFV.  Each node that processes the message then writes the
            AFV's "B" AFVI into list entry B, then decrements A and
            increments B.  When the message arrives at the LHS
            destination, B will contain the number of AFVI List "B"
            entries populated in the forward direction.





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         o  '11' - "Follow B; Record A" - the LHS node that received the
            original code '00' solicitation and sent the corresponding
            code '01' advertisement sets this code in any subsequent NS/
            NA messages sent to the same FHS destination.  The LHS
            source copies the AFVI List and B values from the code '00'
            solicitation into these fields and sets A to 0.  The LHS
            source and each intermediate node along the path to the FHS
            destination that processes the message then uses the "B"
            AFVI List entry found at list entry B to locate the
            corresponding AFV.  Each node that processes the message
            then writes the AFV's "A" AFVI into list entry B, then
            increments A and decrements B.  When the message arrives at
            the FHS destination, A will contain the number of AFVI List
            "A" entries populated in the reverse direction.

         Job and A/B together determine the per-hop behavior at each
         FHS/LHS source, intermediate node and destination that
         processes an IPv6 ND message.  When a Job code specifies
         "Initialize", each FHS/LHS node that processes the message
         creates a new AFV.  When a Job code specifies "Build", each
         node that processes the message assigns a new AFVI.  When a Job
         code specifies "Follow", each node that processes the message
         uses an A/B AFVI List entry to locate an AFV (if the AFV cannot
         be located, the node returns a parameter problem and drops the
         message).  Using this algorithm, FHS sources that send code
         '00' solicitations and receive code '01' advertisements
         discover only "A" information, while LHS sources that receive
         code '00' solicitations and return code '01' advertisements
         discover only "B" information.  FHS/LHS intermediate nodes can
         instead examine A, B and the AFVI List to determine the number
         of previous hops, the number of remaining hops, and the A/B
         AFVIs associated with the previous/remaining hops.  However, no
         intermediate nodes will discover inappropriate A/B AFVIs for
         their location in the multihop forwarding chain.  See:
         [I-D.templin-6man-aero] for further discussion on A/B AFVI
         processing.















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      -  AERO Forwarding Vector Index (AFVI) List is a 20-octet block
         that contains 5 consecutive 4-octet AFVI entries.  The FHS/LHS
         source and each intermediate node on the path to the
         destination processes the list according to the Job and A/B
         codes (see above).  Note that the reason the AFVI list contains
         at most 5 entries is that only the FHS (Client, Proxy/Server,
         Gateway) and LHS (Client, Proxy/Server, Gateway) nodes are
         eligible for OMNI link route optimization resulting in at most
         5 AFVIs "hops" that must be exposed.  All other OMNI link nodes
         (i.e., downstream Clients that connect via an FHS/LHS Client)
         must forward through their upstream-dependent OMNI link
         neighbors without applying OMNI link route optimization.

      -  For Job codes '00' and '01' only, two trailing state variable
         blocks are included for First-Hop Segment (FHS) followed by
         Last-Hop Segment (LHS) network elements.  When present, each
         block encodes the following information:

         o  Client ifIndex encodes the 4 octet index for this Client
            interface.  The source sets the FHS/LHS ifIndex values
            according to its own local interface information and
            neighbor information discovered from earlier NS/NA address
            resolution exchanges.

         o  Proxy/Server FMT/ULA/L2ADDR encodes a 1 octet FMT code
            immediately followed by the 15 least significant octets of
            the Proxy/Server ULA, where FMT/ULA are interpreted the same
            as defined for the Interface Attribute sub-option in
            Section 12.2.7 but with the FMT-Forward and FMT-Mode bits
            ignored.  FMT/ULA is then followed by a 16 octet L2ADDR that
            identifies an open INET interface not located behind NATs,
            therefore no UDP port number is included since port number
            8060 is used when the L2 encapsulation includes a UDP
            header.  Unlike the Interface Attribute sub-option, L2ADDR
            is always exactly 16 octets in length regardless of the
            actual L2 address length 'N' with the L2 address appearing
            in the N least-significant octets and the (16 - N) most-
            significant octets set to '0'.  When L2ADDR includes an IPv4
            or IPv6 address, it is recorded in network byte order in
            ones-compliment "obfuscated" form as specified in [RFC4380].

         o  Gateway FMT/ULA/L2ADDR encodes a 1 octet FMT code followed
            by the 15 least significant ULA octets followed by a 16
            octet L2ADDR exactly as for the Proxy/Server FMT/ULA/L2ADDR
            above.

12.2.10.  Geo Coordinates




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        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       | S-Type=9|    Sub-length=N     |   Reserved  |      Geo Type   |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       ~                        Geo Coordinates                        ~
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                        Figure 24: Geo Coordinates

   *  Sub-Type is set to 9.  If multiple instances appear in OMNI
      options of the same message all are processed.

   *  Sub-Length is set to N that encodes the number of Sub-Option Data
      octets that follow.

   *  Reserved is a 1 octet field set to 0 on transmission and ignored
      on reception.

   *  Geo Type is a 1 octet field that encodes a type designator that
      determines the format and contents of the Geo Coordinates field
      that follows.  The following types are currently defined:

      -  0 - NULL, i.e., the Geo Coordinates field is zero-length.

   *  Geo Coordinates is a type-specific format field of length up to
      the remaining available space for this OMNI option.  New formats
      to be specified in future documents and may include attributes
      such as latitude/longitude, altitude, heading, speed, etc.

12.2.11.  Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6) Message

   The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6) sub-option
   may be included in the OMNI options of Client RS messages and Proxy/
   Server RA messages.

   FHS Proxy/Servers that forward RS/RA messages between a Client and an
   LHS Proxy/Server also forward DHCPv6 sub-options unchanged.  Note
   that DHCPv6 messages do not include a Checksum field since integrity
   is protected by the IPv6 ND message checksum, authentication
   signature and/or lower-layer authentication and integrity checks.










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        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
                                       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                                       |S-Type=10|    Sub-length=N     |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |    msg-type   |               transaction-id                  |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                                                               |
       .                        DHCPv6 options                         .
       .                 (variable number and length)                  .
       |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                        Figure 25: DHCPv6 Message

   *  Sub-Type is set to 10.  If multiple instances appear in OMNI
      options of the same message the first is processed and all others
      are ignored.

   *  Sub-Length is set to N that encodes the number of Sub-Option Data
      octets that follow.  The 'msg-type' and 'transaction-id' fields
      are always present; hence, the length of the DHCPv6 options is
      limited by the remaining available space for this OMNI option.

   *  'msg-type' and 'transaction-id' are coded according to Section 8
      of [RFC8415].

   *  A set of DHCPv6 options coded according to Section 21 of [RFC8415]
      follows.

12.2.12.  PIM-SM Message

   The Protocol Independent Multicast - Sparse Mode (PIM-SM) Message
   sub-option may be included in the OMNI options of IPv6 ND messages.
   PIM-SM messages are formatted as specified in Section 4.9 of
   [RFC7761], with the exception that the Checksum field is replaced by
   a Reserved field (set to 0) since the IPv6 ND message is already
   protected by the IPv6 ND message checksum, authentication signature
   and/or lower-layer authentication and integrity checks.

   The PIM-SM message sub-option format is shown in Figure 26:










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        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |S-Type=11|    Sub-length=N     |PIM Ver| Type  |   Reserved    |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                                                               |
       /                         PIM-SM Message                        /
       /                                                               /
       |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                 Figure 26: PIM-SM Message Option Format

   *  Sub-Type is set to 11.  If multiple instances appear in OMNI
      options of the same message all are processed.

   *  Sub-Length is set to N, i.e., the length of the option in octets
      beginning immediately following the Sub-Length field and extending
      to the end of the PIM-SM message.  The length of the entire PIM-SM
      message is therefore limited by the remaining available space for
      this OMNI option.

   *  The PIM-SM message is coded exactly as specified in Section 4.9 of
      [RFC7761], except that the Checksum field is replaced by a
      Reserved field set to 0 on transmission and ignored on reception.
      The "PIM Ver" field MUST encode the value 2, and the "Type" field
      encodes the PIM message type.  (See Section 4.9 of [RFC7761] for a
      list of PIM-SM message types and formats.)

12.2.13.  Host Identity Protocol (HIP) Message

   The Host Identity Protocol (HIP) Message sub-option (when present)
   provides an authentication service alternative for IPv6 ND messages
   exchanged between Clients and FHS Proxy/Servers (or between Clients
   and their peers) over an open Internetwork.  When the HIP service is
   used, FHS Proxy/Servers authenticate the HIP authentication
   signatures in source Client IPv6 ND messages then remove the HIP
   message sub-option and securely forward the ND messages to other OMNI
   nodes.  LHS Proxy/Servers that receive secured IPv6 ND messages from
   other OMNI nodes that do not already include a security sub-option
   insert HIP authentication signatures before forwarding them to the
   target Client.

   OMNI interfaces that use the HIP service include the HIP message sub-
   option when they forward IPv6 ND messages that require security over
   INET underlay interfaces, i.e., where authentication and integrity is
   not already assured by lower layers or other OMNI layer services.
   The OMNI interface calculates the authentication signature over the



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   entire length of the OAL packet (or super-packet) beginning after the
   IPv6 ND message header and extending over the remainder of the OAL
   packet or super-packet.  OMNI interfaces that process OAL packets
   containing secured IPv6 ND messages verify the signature then either
   process the rest of the message locally or forward a proxyed copy to
   the next hop.

   When a FHS Client inserts a HIP message sub-option in an IPv6 ND
   message destined to a target in a remote spanning tree segment, it
   must ensure that the insertion does not cause the message to exceed
   the OMNI interface MTU.  If the LHS Proxy/Server cannot create
   sufficient space through any means without causing the OMNI option to
   exceed 2040 octets or causing the IPv6 ND message to exceed the OMNI
   interface MTU, it returns a suitable error (see: Section 12.2.16) and
   drops the message.

   The HIP message sub-option is formatted as shown below:

        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |S-Type=12|    Sub-length=N     |0| Packet Type |Version| RES.|1|
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |           Reserved            |           Controls            |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                Sender's Host Identity Tag (HIT)               |
       |                                                               |
       |                                                               |
       |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |               Receiver's Host Identity Tag (HIT)              |
       |                                                               |
       |                                                               |
       |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                                                               |
       /                        HIP Parameters                         /
       /                                                               /
       |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                          Figure 27: HIP Message

   *  Sub-Type is set to 12.  If multiple instances appear in OMNI
      options of the same message the first is processed and all others
      are ignored.





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   *  Sub-Length is set to N, i.e., the length of the option in octets
      beginning immediately following the Sub-Length field and extending
      to the end of the HIP parameters.  The length of the entire HIP
      message is therefore limited by the remaining available space for
      this OMNI option.

   *  The HIP message is coded per Section 5 of [RFC7401], except that
      the OMNI "Sub-Type" and "Sub-Length" fields replace the first 2
      octets of the HIP message header (i.e., the Next Header and Header
      Length fields).  Also, since the IPv6 ND message is already
      protected by its own checksum, the HIP message Checksum field is
      replaced by a Reserved field set to 0 on transmission and ignored
      on reception.

   Note: In some environments, maintenance of a Host Identity Tag (HIT)
   namespace may be unnecessary for securely associating an OMNI node
   with an IPv6 address-based identity.  In that case, IPv6 ULAs can be
   used instead of HITs in the authentication signature as long as the
   address can be uniquely associated with the Sender/Receiver.

12.2.14.  QUIC-TLS Message

        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |S-Type=13|    Sub-length=N    |                                ~
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-                                ~
       ~                         QUIC-TLS Message                      ~
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                       Figure 28: QUIC-TLS Message

   *  Sub-Type is set to 13.  If multiple instances appear in OMNI
      options of the same IPv6 ND message, the first is processed and
      all others are ignored.

   *  Sub-Length is set to N that encodes the number of Sub-Option Data
      octets that follow.

   *  The QUIC-TLS message [RFC9000][RFC9001][RFC9002] encodes the QUIC
      and TLS message parameters necessary to support QUIC connection
      establishment.

   IPv6 ND messages serve as couriers to transport the QUIC and TLS
   parameters necessary to establish a secured QUIC connection.






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12.2.15.  Fragmentation Report (FRAGREP)

   Fragmentation Report (FRAGREP) sub-options may be included in the
   OMNI options of uNA messages sent from an OAL destination to an OAL
   source.  The message consists of (N / 20)-many (Identification,
   Bitmap)-tuples which include the Identification values of OAL
   fragments received plus a Bitmap marking the ordinal positions of
   individual fragments received and fragments missing.

       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
                                     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                                     |S-Type=14|   Sub-Length = N    |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                        Identification #1                      |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                                                               |
     ~                            Bitmap #1                          ~
     |                                                               |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                        Identification #2                      |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                                                               |
     ~                            Bitmap #2                          ~
     |                                                               |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-                               ~
     |                              ...                              |
     +                              ...                              +

              Figure 29: Fragmentation Report (FRAGREP)

   *  Sub-Type is set to 14.  If multiple instances appear in OMNI
      options of the same message all are processed.

   *  Sub-Length is set to N, i.e., the length of the option in octets
      beginning immediately following the Sub-Length field and extending
      to the end of the sub-option.  If N is not an integral multiple of
      20 octets, the sub-option is ignored.  The length of the entire
      sub-option should not cause the entire IPv6 ND message to exceed
      the minimum IPv6 MTU.

   *  Identification (i) includes the 32-bit IPv6 Identification value
      found in the Fragment Header of a received OAL fragment.  (Only
      those Identification values included represent fragments for which
      loss was experienced; any Identification values not included
      correspond to fragments that were either received in their
      entirety or may still be in transit.)




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   *  Bitmap (i) includes a 128-bit ordinal checklist of up to 128
      fragments, with each bit set to 1 for a fragment received or 0 for
      a fragment missing.  For example, for a 20-fragment OAL packet
      with ordinal fragments #3, #10, #13 and #17 missing and all other
      fragments received, Bitmap (i) encodes the following:

            0                   1                   2
            0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2
           +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-
           |1|1|1|0|1|1|1|1|1|1|0|1|1|0|1|1|1|0|1|1|0|0|0|...
           +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-

                                  Figure 30

      (Note that loss of an OAL atomic fragment is indicated by a
      Bitmap(i) with all bits set to 0.)

12.2.16.  ICMPv6 Error

        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |S-Type=15|     Sub-length=N    |     Type      |     Code      |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                                                               |
       +                         Message Body                          +
       |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                         Figure 31: ICMPv6 Error

   *  Sub-Type is set to 15.  If multiple instances appear in OMNI
      options of the same IPv6 ND message all are processed.

   *  Sub-Length is set to N that encodes the number of Sub-Option Data
      octets that follow.

   *  Sub-Option Data includes a one octet Type followed by a one octet
      Code followed by an (N-2)-octet Message Body encoded exactly as
      per Section 2.1 of [RFC4443].  OMNI interfaces include as much of
      the ICMPv6 error message body in the sub-option as possible
      without causing the entire IPv6 ND message to exceed the minimum
      IPv6 MTU.  While all ICMPv6 error message types are supported, OAL
      destinations in particular may include ICMPv6 PTB messages in uNA
      messages to provide MTU feedback information via the OAL source
      (see: Section 6.7).  Note: ICMPv6 informational messages must not
      be included and must be ignored if received.




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12.2.17.  Proxy/Server Departure

   OMNI Clients include a Proxy/Server Departure sub-option in RS
   messages when they associate with a new FHS and/or Hub Proxy/Server
   and need to send a departure indication to an old FHS and/or Hub
   Proxy/Server.  The Proxy/Server Departure sub-option is formatted as
   shown below:

        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
                                       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                                       |S-Type=16|   Sub-length=32     |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                                                               |
       ~                Old FHS Proxy/Server ULA (16 octets)           ~
       |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                                                               |
       ~                Old Hub Proxy/Server ULA (16 octets)           ~
       |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                    Figure 32: Proxy/Server Departure

   *  Sub-Type is set to 16.  If multiple instances appear in OMNI
      options of the same message, the first is processed and all others
      are ignored.

   *  Sub-Length is set to 32.

   *  Sub-Option Data contains the 16 octet ULA for the "Old FHS Proxy/
      Server" followed by a 16 octet ULA for an "Old Hub Proxy/Server.
      (If the Old FHS/Hub is a different node, the corresponding ULA
      includes the address of the (foreign) Proxy/Server.  If the Old
      FHS/Hub is the local node, the corresponding ULA includes the
      node's own address.  If the FHS/Hub is unspecified, the
      corresponding ULA instead includes the value 0.)

12.2.18.  Sub-Type Extension

   Since the Sub-Type field is only 5 bits in length, future
   specifications of major protocol functions may exhaust the remaining
   Sub-Type values available for assignment.  This document therefore
   defines Sub-Type 30 as an "extension", meaning that the actual Sub-
   Option type is determined by examining a 1 octet "Extension-Type"
   field immediately following the Sub-Length field.  The Sub-Type
   Extension is formatted as shown in Figure 33:




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        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |S-Type=30|     Sub-length=N    | Extension-Type|               ~
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+               ~
       ~                                                               ~
       ~                       Extension-Type Body                     ~
       ~                                                               ~
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                      Figure 33: Sub-Type Extension

   *  Sub-Type is set to 30.  If multiple instances appear in OMNI
      options of the same message all are processed, where each
      individual extension defines its own policy for processing
      multiple of that type.

   *  Sub-Length is set to N that encodes the number of Sub-Option Data
      octets that follow.  The Extension-Type field is always present,
      and the maximum Extension-Type Body length is limited by the
      remaining available space in this OMNI option.

   *  Extension-Type contains a 1 octet Sub-Type Extension value between
      0 and 255.

   *  Extension-Type Body contains an N-1 octet block with format
      defined by the given extension specification.

   Extension-Type values 0 and 1 are defined in the following
   subsections, while Extension-Type values 2 through 252 are available
   for assignment by future specifications which must also define the
   format of the Extension-Type Body and its processing rules.
   Extension-Type values 253 and 254 are reserved for experimentation,
   as recommended in [RFC3692], and value 255 is reserved by IANA.

12.2.18.1.  RFC4380 Header Extension Option

        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |S-Type=30|      Sub-length=N   |   Ext-Type=0  |   Header Type |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       ~                      Header Option Value                      ~
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

      Figure 34: RFC4380 Header Extension Option (Extension-Type 0)

   *  Sub-Type is set to 30.



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   *  Sub-Length is set to N that encodes the number of Sub-Option Data
      octets that follow.  The Extension-Type and Header Type fields are
      always present, and the Header Option Value is limited by the
      remaining available space in this OMNI option.

   *  Extension-Type is set to 0.  Each instance encodes exactly one
      header option per Section 5.1.1 of [RFC4380], with Ext-Type and
      Header Type representing the first two octets of the option.  If
      multiple instances of the same Header Type appear in OMNI options
      of the same message the first instance is processed and all others
      are ignored.

   *  Header Type and Header Option Value are coded exactly as specified
      in Section 5.1.1 of [RFC4380]; the following types are currently
      defined:

      -  0 - Origin Indication (IPv4) - value coded as a UDP port number
         followed by a 4-octet IPv4 address both in "obfuscated" form
         per Section 5.1.1 of [RFC4380].

      -  1 - Authentication Encapsulation - value coded per
         Section 5.1.1 of [RFC4380].

      -  2 - Origin Indication (IPv6) - value coded per Section 5.1.1 of
         [RFC4380], except that the address is a 16-octet IPv6 address
         instead of a 4-octet IPv4 address.

   *  Header Type values 3 through 252 are available for assignment by
      future specifications, which must also define the format of the
      Header Option Value and its processing rules.  Header Type values
      253 and 254 are reserved for experimentation, as recommended in
      [RFC3692], and value 255 is Reserved by IANA.

12.2.18.2.  RFC6081 Trailer Extension Option

        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |S-Type=30|      Sub-length=N   |   Ext-Type=1  |  Trailer Type |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       ~                     Trailer Option Value                      ~
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

      Figure 35: RFC6081 Trailer Extension Option (Extension-Type 1)

   *  Sub-Type is set to 30.





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   *  Sub-Length is set to N that encodes the number of Sub-Option Data
      octets that follow.  The Extension-Type and Trailer Type fields
      are always present, and the maximum-length Trailer Option Value is
      limited by the remaining available space in this OMNI option.

   *  Extension-Type is set to 1.  Each instance encodes exactly one
      trailer option per Section 4 of [RFC6081].  If multiple instances
      of the same Trailer Type appear in OMNI options of the same
      message the first instance is processed and all others ignored.

   *  Trailer Type and Trailer Option Value are coded exactly as
      specified in Section 4 of [RFC6081]; the following Trailer Types
      are currently defined:

      -  0 - Unassigned

      -  1 - Nonce Trailer - value coded per Section 4.2 of [RFC6081].

      -  2 - Unassigned

      -  3 - Alternate Address Trailer (IPv4) - value coded per
         Section 4.3 of [RFC6081].

      -  4 - Neighbor Discovery Option Trailer - value coded per
         Section 4.4 of [RFC6081].

      -  5 - Random Port Trailer - value coded per Section 4.5 of
         [RFC6081].

      -  6 - Alternate Address Trailer (IPv6) - value coded per
         Section 4.3 of [RFC6081], except that each address is a
         16-octet IPv6 address instead of a 4-octet IPv4 address.

   *  Trailer Type values 7 through 252 are available for assignment by
      future specifications, which must also define the format of the
      Trailer Option Value and its processing rules.  Trailer Type
      values 253 and 254 are reserved for experimentation, as
      recommended in [RFC3692], and value 255 is Reserved by IANA.

13.  Address Mapping - Multicast

   The multicast address mapping of the native underlay interface
   applies.  The Client mobile router also serves as an IGMP/MLD Proxy
   for its ENETs and/or hosted applications per [RFC4605].







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   The Client uses Multicast Listener Discovery (MLDv2) [RFC3810] to
   coordinate with Proxy/Servers, and underlay network elements use MLD
   snooping [RFC4541].  The Client can also employ multicast routing
   protocols to coordinate with network-based multicast sources as
   specified in [I-D.templin-6man-aero].

   Since the OMNI link model is NBMA, OMNI links support link-scoped
   multicast through iterative unicast transmissions to individual
   multicast group members (i.e., unicast/multicast emulation).

14.  Multilink Conceptual Sending Algorithm

   The Client's IPv6 layer selects the outbound OMNI interface according
   to SBM considerations when forwarding original IP packets/parcels
   from local or ENET applications to external correspondents.  Each
   OMNI interface maintains an internal OAL neighbor cache maintained
   the same as discussed in [RFC4861], but also includes additional
   state for multilink coordination.  Each Client OMNI interface
   maintains default routes via Proxy/Servers discovered as discussed in
   Section 15, and may configure more-specific routes discovered through
   means outside the scope of this specification.

   For each original IP packet/parcel it forwards, the OMNI interface
   selects one or more source underlay interfaces based on PBM factors
   (e.g., traffic attributes, cost, performance, message size, etc.) and
   one or more target underlay interfaces for the neighbor based on
   Interface Attributes received in IPv6 ND messages (see:
   Section 12.2.7).  Multilink forwarding may also direct carrier packet
   replication across multiple underlay interface pairs for increased
   reliability at the expense of duplication.  The set of all Interface
   Attributes and Traffic Selectors received in IPv6 ND messages
   determines the multilink forwarding profile for selecting target
   underlay interfaces.

   When the OMNI interface forwards an original IP packet/parcel over a
   selected source underlay interface, it first employs OAL
   encapsulation and fragmentation as discussed in Section 5, then
   performs L2 encapsulation as directed by the appropriate AFV.  The
   OMNI interface also performs L2 encapsulation (following OAL
   encapsulation) when the nearest Proxy/Server is located multiple hops
   away as discussed in Section 15.2.

   OMNI interface multilink service designers MUST observe the BCP
   guidance in Section 15 [RFC3819] in terms of implications for
   reordering when original IP packets/parcels from the same flow may be
   spread across multiple underlay interfaces having diverse properties.





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14.1.  Multiple OMNI Interfaces

   Clients may connect to multiple independent OMNI links within the
   same or different OMNI domains to support SBM.  The Client configures
   a separate OMNI interface for each link so that multiple interfaces
   (e.g., omni0, omni1, omni2, etc.) are exposed to the IP layer.  Each
   OMNI interface configures one or more OMNI anycast addresses (see:
   Section 10), and the Client injects the corresponding anycast
   prefixes into the ENET routing system.  Multiple distinct OMNI links
   can therefore be used to support fault tolerance, load balancing,
   reliability, etc.

   Applications in ENETs can use Segment Routing to select the desired
   OMNI interface based on SBM considerations.  The application writes
   an OMNI anycast address into the original IP packet/parcel's
   destination address, and writes the actual destination (along with
   any additional intermediate hops) into the Segment Routing Header.
   Standard IP routing directs the packet/parcel to the Client's mobile
   router entity, where the anycast address identifies the correct OMNI
   interface for next hop forwarding.  When the Client receives the
   packet/parcel, it replaces the IP destination address with the next
   hop found in the Segment Routing Header and forwards the message via
   the OMNI interface identified by the anycast address.

   Note: The Client need not configure its OMNI interface indexes in
   one-to-one correspondence with the global OMNI Link-IDs configured
   for OMNI domain administration since the Client's indexes (i.e.,
   omni0, omni1, omni2, etc.) are used only for its own local interface
   management.

14.2.  Client-Proxy/Server Loop Prevention

   After a Proxy/Server has registered an MNP for a Client (see:
   Section 15), the Proxy/Server will forward all original IP packets/
   parcels (or carrier packets) destined to an address within the MNP to
   the Client.  The Client will under normal circumstances then forward
   the resulting original IP packet/parcel to the correct destination
   within its connected (downstream) ENETs.

   If at some later time the Client loses state (e.g., after a reboot),
   it may begin returning original IP packets/parcels (or carrier
   packets) with destinations corresponding to its MNP to the Proxy/
   Server as its default router.  The Proxy/Server therefore drops any
   original IP packets/parcels received from the Client with a
   destination address that corresponds to the Client's MNP (i.e.,
   whether ULA or GUA), and drops any carrier packets with both source
   and destination address corresponding to the same Client's MNP
   regardless of their origin.



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15.  Router Discovery and Prefix Registration

   Clients engage the MS by sending RS messages with OMNI options under
   the assumption that one or more Proxy/Server will process the message
   and respond.  The RS message is received by a FHS Proxy/Server, which
   may in turn forward a proxyed copy of the RS to a Hub Proxy/Server
   located on the same or different SRT segment.  The Hub Proxy/Server
   then returns an RA message either directly to the Client or via an
   FHS Proxy/Server acting as a proxy.

   To support Client to service coordination, OMNI defines three new
   flag bits in the IPv6 ND RS message format as shown in Figure 36:

        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |     Type      |     Code      |          Checksum             |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |N|A|U|                         Reserved                        |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |   Options ...
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-

       Figure 36: OMNI-Enhanced Router Solicitation Message Format

   Clients set or clear the N/A/U flags in RS messages as directives to
   the Mobility Service FHS and Hub Proxy/Servers.  Proxy/Servers
   interpret the flags as follows:

   *  When an FHS Proxy/Server forwards or processes an RS with the N
      flag set, it responds directly to NS Neighbor Unreachability
      Detection (NUD) messages by returning NA(NUD) replies; otherwise,
      it forwards NS(NUD) messages to the Client.

   *  When the Hub Proxy/Server receives an RS with the A flag set, it
      responds directly to NS Address Resolution (AR) messages by
      returning NA(AR) replies; otherwise, it forwards NS(AR) messages
      to the Client.

   *  When the Hub Proxy/Server receives an RS with the U flag set, it
      maintains a Report List of recent NS(AR) message sources for the
      source or target Client and sends uNA messages to all list members
      if any aspects of the Client's underlay interfaces change.








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   Mobility Service Proxy/Servers function according to the N/A/U flag
   settings received in the most recent RS message to support dynamic
   Client updates.  In all IPv6 RS messages, the remaining flags in the
   RS header Reserved field must be set to 0 on transmission and ignored
   on reception.

   Clients and FHS Proxy/Servers include an authentication signature in
   their RS/RA exchanges when necessary but always include a valid IPv6
   ND message checksum.  FHS and Hub Proxy/Server RS/RA message
   exchanges over the SRT secured spanning tree instead always include
   the checksum and omit the authentication signature.  Clients and
   Proxy/Servers use the information included in RS/RA messages to
   establish NCE state and OMNI link autoconfiguration information as
   discussed in this section.

   For each underlay interface, the Client sends RS messages with OMNI
   options to coordinate with a (potentially) different FHS Proxy/Server
   for each interface but with a single Hub Proxy/Server.  All Proxy/
   Servers are identified by their ULA-RNDs and accept carrier packets
   addressed to their anycast/unicast L2ADDRs; the Hub Proxy/Server may
   be chosen among any of the Client's FHS Proxy/Servers or may be any
   other Proxy/Server for the OMNI link.  Example ULA/L2ADDR discovery
   methods are given in [RFC5214] and include data link login
   parameters, name service lookups, static configuration, a static
   "hosts" file, etc.  In the absence of other information, the Client
   can resolve the DNS Fully-Qualified Domain Name (FQDN)
   "linkupnetworks.[domainname]" where "linkupnetworks" is a constant
   text string and "[domainname]" is a DNS suffix for the OMNI link
   (e.g., "example.com").  The name resolution will retain a set of DNS
   resource records with the addresses of Proxy/Servers for the domain.

   Each FHS Proxy/Server configures a ULA-RND based on a /64 ULA prefix
   for the link/segment with randomly-generated Global ID to assure
   global uniqueness then administratively assigned to FHS Proxy/Servers
   for the link to assure global consistency.  The Client can then
   configure ULA-MNPs derived from the 64-bit ULA prefix assigned to a
   FHS Proxy/Server for each underlay interface.  The FHS Proxy/Servers
   discovered over multiple of the Client's underlay interfaces may
   configure the same or different ULA prefixes, and the Client's ULA-
   MNP for each underlay interface will fall within the ULA (multilink)
   subnet relative to each FHS Proxy/Server.

   Clients configure OMNI interfaces that observe the properties
   discussed in previous sections.  The OMNI interface and its underlay
   interfaces are said to be in either the "UP" or "DOWN" state
   according to administrative actions in conjunction with the interface
   connectivity status.  An OMNI interface transitions to UP or DOWN
   through administrative action and/or through state transitions of the



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   underlay interfaces.  When a first underlay interface transitions to
   UP, the OMNI interface also transitions to UP.  When all underlay
   interfaces transition to DOWN, the OMNI interface also transitions to
   DOWN.

   When a Client OMNI interface transitions to UP, it sends RS messages
   to register its MNP and an initial set of underlay interfaces that
   are also UP.  The Client sends additional RS messages to refresh
   lifetimes and to register/deregister underlay interfaces as they
   transition to UP or DOWN.  The Client's OMNI interface sends initial
   RS messages over an UP underlay interface with its XLA-MNP as the
   source (or with a TLA-RND as the source if it does not yet have an
   MNP) and with destination set to link-scoped All-Routers multicast or
   the ULA of a specific (Hub) Proxy/Server.  The Client sets the RS
   N/A/U flags, then includes an OMNI option per Section 12 with an OMNI
   Window Coordination sub-option, a Prefix Length or DHCPv6 Solicit
   sub-option if necessary, an Interface Attributes sub-option for the
   underlay interface, and with any other necessary OMNI sub-options
   such as authentication, Proxy/Server Departure, etc.  The OMNI
   interface finally sets or clears the Interface Attributes FMT-Forward
   and FMT-Mode bits according to the behavior it would like to receive
   from the FHS Proxy/Server as described in Section 12.2.7.

   The Client then calculates the authentication signature checksum and
   prepares to forward the RS over the underlay interface using OAL
   encapsulation and fragmentation if necessary.  The OMNI interface
   selects an Identification value (see: Section 6.5), sets the OAL
   source address to the ULA-MNP corresponding to the RS source if known
   (otherwise to a TLA-RND), sets the OAL destination to an OMNI IPv6
   anycast address or a known Proxy/Server ULA, optionally includes a
   Nonce and/or Timestamp, then performs fragmentation if necessary.
   When L2 encapsulation is used, the Client includes the discovered FHS
   Proxy/Server L2ADDR or an anycast address as the L2 destination then
   forwards the resulting carrier packet(s) into the underlay network.
   Note that the Client does not yet create a NCE, but instead caches
   the Identification, Nonce and/or Timestamp values included in its RS
   message transmissions to match against any received RA messages.

   When an FHS Proxy/Server receives the carrier packets containing an
   RS it sets aside the L2 headers, verifies the Identifications and
   reassembles if necessary, sets aside the OAL header, then verifies
   the RS authentication signature/checksum.  The FHS Proxy/Server then
   creates/updates a NCE indexed by the Client's RS source address and
   caches the OMNI Interface Attributes and any Traffic Selector sub-
   options while also caching the L2 (UDP/IP) and OAL source and
   destination address information.  The FHS Proxy/Server next caches
   the RS N flag and Window Synchronization parameters (see:
   Section 12.1) then examines the RS destination address.  If the



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   destination matches its own ULA, the FHS Proxy/Server assumes the Hub
   role and acts as the sole entry point for injecting the Client's XLA-
   MNP into the OMNI link routing system (i.e., after performing any
   necessary prefix delegation operations) while setting the prefix to
   fd00::/64 and suffix to the 64-bit MNP, then including a prefix
   length set to the MNP prefix length plus 64.  (For example, if the
   MNP prefix length is 48, the prefix length field encodes the value
   112.)  The FHS/Hub Proxy/Server then caches the RS A/U flags to
   determine its role in processing NS(AR) messages and generating uNA
   messages (see: Section 12.1).

   The FHS/Hub Proxy/Server then prepares to return an RA message
   directly to the Client by first populating the Cur Hop Limit, Flags,
   Router Lifetime, Reachable Time and Retrans Timer fields with values
   appropriate for the OMNI link.  The FHS/Hub Proxy/Server next
   includes as the first RA message option an OMNI option with a Window
   Synchronization sub-option, an authentication sub-option if necessary
   and a (proxyed) copy of the Client's original Interface Attributes
   sub-option with its INET-facing interface information written in the
   FMT, SRT and LHS Proxy/Server ULA/L2ADDR fields.  The Proxy/Server
   also sets or clears the FMT-Forward and FMT-Mode flags if necessary
   to convey its capabilities to the Client, noting that it should honor
   the Client's stated preferences for those parameters if possible or
   override otherwise.  The FMT-Forward/Mode flags thereafter remain
   fixed unless and until a new RS/RA exchange produces different values
   (see: Section 12.2.7 for further discussion).  If the FHS/Hub Proxy/
   Server's Client-facing interface is different than its INET-facing
   interface, the Proxy/Server next includes a second Interface
   Attributes sub-option with ifIndex set to '0' and with a unicast L2
   address for its Client-facing interface in the L2ADDR field.

   The FHS/Hub Proxy/Server next includes an Origin Indication sub-
   option that includes the RS L2 source L2ADDR information (see:
   Section 12.2.18.1), then includes any other necessary OMNI sub-
   options (either within the same OMNI option or in additional OMNI
   options).  Following the OMNI option(s), the FHS/Hub Proxy/Server
   next includes any other necessary RA options such as PIOs with (A;
   L=0) that include the OMNI link MSPs [RFC8028], RIOs [RFC4191] with
   more-specific routes, Nonce and Timestamp options, etc.  The FHS/Hub
   Proxy/Server then sets the RA source address to its own ULA and
   destination address to the Client's ULA-MNP (i.e., relative to the
   ULA /64 prefix for its Client-facing underlay interface) while also
   recording the corresponding XLA-MNP as an (alternate) index to the
   Client NCE, then calculates the authentication signature/checksum.
   The FHS/Hub Proxy/Server finally performs OAL encapsulation with
   source set to its own ULA and destination set to the OAL source that
   appeared in the RS, then calculates the OAL checksum, selects an
   appropriate Identification, fragments if necessary, encapsulates each



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   fragment in appropriate L2 headers with source and destination
   address information reversed from the RS L2 information and returns
   the resulting carrier packets to the Client over the same underlay
   interface the RS arrived on.

   When an FHS Proxy/Server receives an RS with a valid authentication
   signature/checksum and with destination set to link-scoped All-
   Routers multicast, it can either assume the Hub role itself the same
   as above or act as a proxy and select the ULA of another Proxy/Server
   to serve as the Hub. When an FHS Proxy/Server assumes the proxy role
   or receives an RS with destination set to the ULA of another Proxy/
   Server, it forwards the message while acting as a proxy.  The FHS
   Proxy/Server creates/updates a NCE for the Client (i.e., based on the
   RS source address) and caches the OAL source, Window Synchronization,
   N flag, Interface Attributes addressing information as above then
   writes its own INET-facing FMT, SRT and LHS Proxy/Server ULA/L2ADDR
   information into the appropriate Interface Attributes sub-option
   fields (while also setting/clearing FMT-Forward and FMT-Type as
   above).  The FHS Proxy/Server then calculates and includes the
   checksum, performs OAL encapsulation with source set to its own ULA
   and destination set to the ULA of the Hub Proxy/Server, calculates
   the OAL checksum, selects an appropriate Identification, fragments if
   necessary, encapsulates each fragment in appropriate L2 headers and
   sends the resulting carrier packets into the SRT secured spanning
   tree.

   When the Hub Proxy/Server receives the carrier packets, it discards
   the L2 headers, reassembles if necessary to obtain the proxyed RS,
   verifies checksums, then performs DHCPv6 Prefix Delegation (PD) to
   obtain the Client's MNP if the RS source is a (TLA,XLA}-RND.  The Hub
   Proxy/Server then creates/updates a NCE for the Client's XLA-MNP and
   caches any state (including the A/U flags, OAL addresses, Interface
   Attributes information and Traffic Selectors), then finally performs
   routing protocol injection.  The Hub Proxy/Server then returns an RA
   that echoes the Client's (proxyed) Interface Attributes sub-option
   and with any RA parameters the same as specified for the FHS/Hub
   Proxy/Server case above.  The Hub Proxy/Server then sets the RA
   source address to its own ULA and destination address to the RS
   source address; if the RS source address is a TLA-RND, the Hub Proxy/
   Server also includes the MNP in a DHCPv6 PD Reply OMNI sub-option.
   The Hub Proxy/Server next calculates the checksum, then encapsulates
   the RA as an OAL packet with source set to its own ULA and
   destination set to the ULA of the FHS Proxy/Server that forwarded the
   RS.  The Hub Proxy/Server finally calculates the OAL checksum,
   selects an appropriate Identification, fragments if necessary,
   encapsulates each fragment in appropriate L2 headers and sends the
   resulting carrier packets into the secured spanning tree.




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   When the FHS Proxy/Server receives the carrier packets it discards
   the L2 headers, reassembles if necessary to obtain the RA message,
   verifies checksums then updates the OMNI interface NCE for the Client
   and creates/updates a NCE for the Hub. The FHS Proxy/Server then sets
   the P flag in the RA flags field [RFC4389] and proxys the RA by
   changing the OAL source to its own ULA, changing the OAL destination
   to the OAL address found in the Client's NCE, and changing the RA
   destination address to the ULA-MNP of the Client relative to its own
   /64 ULA prefix while also recording the corresponding XLA-MNP as an
   alternate index into the Client NCE.  (If the RA destination address
   was a TLA-RND, the FHS Proxy Server determines the MNP by consulting
   the DHCPv6 PD Reply message sub-option.)  The FHS Proxy/Server next
   includes Window Synchronization parameters responsive to those in the
   Client's RS, an Interface Attributes sub-option with ifIndex '0' and
   with its Client-facing interface unicast L2 address if necessary (see
   above), an Origin Indication sub-option with the Client's cached
   L2ADDR and an authentication sub-option if necessary.  The FHS Proxy/
   Server finally selects an Identification value per Section 6.5,
   calculates the authentication signature/checksum, fragments if
   necessary, encapsulates each fragment in L2 headers with addresses
   taken from the Client's NCE and sends the resulting carrier packets
   via the same underlay interface over which the RS was received.

   When the Client receives the carrier packets, it discards the L2
   headers, reassembles if necessary and removes the OAL header to
   obtain the RA message.  The Client next verifies the authentication
   signature/checksum, then matches the RA message with its previously-
   sent RS by comparing the RS Sequence Number with the RA
   Acknowledgement Number and also comparing the Nonce and/or Timestamp
   values if present.  If the values match, the Client then creates/
   updates OMNI interface NCEs for both the Hub and FHS Proxy/Server and
   caches the information in the RA message.  In particular, the Client
   caches the RA source address as the Hub Proxy/Server ULA and uses the
   OAL source address to configure both an underlay interface-specific
   ULA for the Hub Proxy/Server and the ULA of this FHS Proxy/Server.
   The Client then uses the ULA-MNP in the RA destination address to
   configure its address within the ULA (multilink) subnet prefix of the
   FHS Proxy/Server.  If the Client has multiple underlay interfaces, it
   creates additional FHS Proxy/Server NCEs and ULA-MNPs as necessary
   when it receives RAs over those interfaces (noting that multiple of
   the Client's underlay interfaces may be serviced by the same or
   different FHS Proxy/Servers).  The Client finally adds the Hub Proxy/
   Server ULA to the default router list if necessary.

   For each underlay interface, the Client next caches the (filled-out)
   Interface Attributes for its own ifIndex and Origin Indication
   information that it received in an RA message over that interface so
   that it can include them in future NS/NA messages to provide



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   neighbors with accurate FMT/SRT/LHS information.  (If the message
   includes an Interface Attributes sub-option with ifIndex '0', the
   Client also caches the L2ADDR as the underlay network-local unicast
   address of the FHS Proxy//Server via that underlay interface.)  The
   Client then compares the Origin Indication L2ADDR information with
   its own underlay interface addresses to determine whether there may
   be NATs on the path to the FHS Proxy/Server; if the L2ADDR
   information differs, the Client is behind a NAT and must supply the
   Origin information in IPv6 ND message exchanges with prospective
   neighbors on the same SRT segment.  The Client finally configures
   default routes and assigns the OMNI Subnet Router Anycast address
   corresponding to the MNP (e.g., 2001:db8:1:2::) to the OMNI
   interface.

   Following the initial exchange, the FHS Proxy/Server MAY later send
   additional periodic and/or event-driven unsolicited RA messages per
   [RFC4861].  (The unsolicited RAs may be initiated either by the FHS
   Proxy/Server itself or by the Hub via the FHS as a proxy.)  The
   Client then continuously manages its underlay interfaces according to
   their states as follows:

   *  When an underlay interface transitions to UP, the Client sends an
      RS over the underlay interface with an OMNI option with sub-
      options as specified above.

   *  When an underlay interface transitions to DOWN, the Client sends
      unsolicited NA messages over any UP underlay interface with an
      OMNI option containing Interface Attributes sub-options for the
      DOWN underlay interface with Link set to '0'.  The Client sends
      isolated unsolicited NAs when reliability is not thought to be a
      concern (e.g., if redundant transmissions are sent on multiple
      underlay interfaces), or may instead set the PNG flag in the OMNI
      header to trigger a uNA reply.

   *  When the Router Lifetime for the Hub Proxy/Server nears
      expiration, the Client sends an RS over any underlay interface to
      receive a fresh RA from the Hub. If no RA messages are received
      over a first underlay interface (i.e., after retrying), the Client
      marks the underlay interface as DOWN and should attempt to contact
      the Hub Proxy/Server via a different underlay interface.  If the
      Hub Proxy/Server is unresponsive over additional underlay
      interfaces, the Client sends an RS message with destination set to
      the ULA of another Proxy/Server which will then assume the Hub
      role.







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   *  When all of a Client's underlay interfaces have transitioned to
      DOWN (or if the prefix registration lifetime expires), the Hub
      Proxy/Server withdraws the MNP the same as if it had received a
      message with a release indication.

   The Client is responsible for retrying each RS exchange up to
   MAX_RTR_SOLICITATIONS times separated by RTR_SOLICITATION_INTERVAL
   seconds until an RA is received.  If no RA is received over an UP
   underlay interface (i.e., even after attempting to contact alternate
   Proxy/Servers), the Client declares this underlay interface as DOWN.
   When changing to a new FHS or Hub Proxy/Server, the Client also
   includes a Proxy/Server Departure OMNI sub-option in new RS messages;
   the (new) FHS Proxy/Server will in turn send uNA messages to the old
   FHS and/or Hub Proxy/Server to announce the Client's departure as
   discussed in [I-D.templin-6man-aero].

   The IPv6 layer sees the OMNI interface as an ordinary IPv6 interface.
   Therefore, when the IPv6 layer sends an RS message the OMNI interface
   returns an internally-generated RA message as though the message
   originated from an IPv6 router.  The internally-generated RA message
   contains configuration information consistent with the information
   received from the RAs generated by the Hub Proxy/Server.  Whether the
   OMNI interface IPv6 ND messaging process is initiated from the
   receipt of an RS message from the IPv6 layer or independently of the
   IPv6 layer is an implementation matter.  Some implementations may
   elect to defer the OMNI interface internal RS/RA messaging process
   until an RS is received from the IPv6 layer, while others may elect
   to initiate the process proactively.  Still other deployments may
   elect to administratively disable IPv6 layer RS/RA messaging over the
   OMNI interface, since the messages are not required to drive the OMNI
   interface internal RS/RA process.  (Note that this same logic applies
   to IPv4 implementations that employ "ICMP Router Discovery"
   [RFC1256].)

   Note: The Router Lifetime value in RA messages indicates the time
   before which the Client must send another RS message over this
   underlay interface (e.g., 600 seconds), however that timescale may be
   significantly longer than the lifetime the MS has committed to retain
   the prefix registration (e.g., REACHABLETIME seconds).  Proxy/Servers
   are therefore responsible for keeping MS state alive on a shorter
   timescale than the Client may be required to do on its own behalf.










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   Note: On certain multicast-capable underlay interfaces, Clients
   should send periodic unsolicited multicast NA messages and Proxy/
   Servers should send periodic unsolicited multicast RA messages as
   "beacons" that can be heard by other nodes on the link.  If a node
   fails to receive a beacon after a timeout value specific to the link,
   it can initiate Neighbor Unreachability Detection (NUD) exchanges to
   test reachability.

   Note: If a single FHS Proxy/Server services multiple of a Client's
   underlay interfaces, Window Synchronization will initially be
   repeated for the RS/RA exchange over each underlay interface, i.e.,
   until the Client discovers the many-to-one relationship.  This will
   naturally result in a single window synchronization that applies over
   the Client's multiple underlay interfaces for the same FHS Proxy/
   Server.

   Note: Although the Client's FHS Proxy/Server is a first-hop segment
   node from its own perspective, the Client stores the Proxy/Server's
   FMT/SRT/ULA/L2ADDR as last-hop segment (LHS) information to supply to
   neighbors.  This allows both the Client and Hub Proxy/Server to
   supply the information to neighbors that will perceive it as LHS
   information on the return path to the Client.

   Note: The Hub Proxy/Server injects Client XLA-MNP into the OMNI link
   routing system by simply creating a route-to-interface forwarding
   table entry for fd00::{MNP}/N via the OMNI interface.  The dynamic
   routing protocol will notice the new entry and propagate the route to
   its peers.  If the Hub receives additional RS messages, it need not
   re-create the forwarding table entry (nor disturb the dynamic routing
   protocol) if an entry is already present.  If the Hub ceases to
   receive RS messages from any of the Client's interfaces, it removes
   the Client XLA-MNP from the forwarding table (i.e., after a short
   delay) resulting in its removal also from the routing system.

   Note: If the Client's initial RS message includes an anycast L2
   destination address, the FHS Proxy/Server returns the solicited RA
   using the same anycast address as the L2 source while including an
   Interface Attributes sub-option with ifIndex '0' and its true unicast
   address in the L2ADDR.  When the Client sends additional RS messages,
   it includes this FHS Proxy/Server unicast address as the L2
   destination and the FHS Proxy/Server returns the solicited RA using
   the same unicast address as the L2 source.  This will ensure that RS/
   RA exchanges are not impeded by any NATs on the path while avoiding
   long-term exposure of messages that use an anycast address as the
   source.






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   Note: The Origin Indication sub-option is included only by the FHS
   Proxy/Server and not by the Hub (unless the Hub is also serving as an
   FHS).

   Note: Clients should set the N/A/U flags consistently in successive
   RS messages and only change those settings when an FHS/Hub Proxy/
   Server service profile update is necessary.

   Note: After a Client has discovered its ULA-MNPs for a given set of
   FHS Proxy/Servers, it should begin using its XLA-MNP as the IPv6 ND
   message source address and ULA-MNP as the OAL source address in
   future IPv6 ND messages and refrain from further use of TLAs.  In any
   case, the Client SHOULD NOT gratuitously configure and use large
   numbers of additional TLAs, as doing so would simply result in
   address change churn in NCEs with no operational advantages.

   Note: Although the Client adds the Hub Proxy/Server ULA to the
   default router list, it also caches the ULAs of the FHS Proxy/Servers
   on the path to the Hub over each underlying interface.  When the
   Client needs to send an original IP packet/parcel to a default
   router, it engages OAL encapsulation/fragmentation while using a
   destination ULA corresponding to the selected interface which directs
   the packet to an FHS Proxy/Server for that interface.  The FHS Proxy/
   Server then performs L2 encapsulation and sends the resulting carrier
   packets without disturbing the Hub.

15.1.  Window Synchronization

   In environments where Identification window synchronization is
   necessary, the RS/RA exchanges discussed above observe the principles
   specified in Section 6.5.  Window synchronization is conducted
   between the Client and each FHS Proxy/Server used to contact the Hub
   Proxy/Server, i.e., and not between the Client and the Hub.  This is
   due to the fact that the Hub Proxy/Server is responsible only for
   forwarding control and data messages via the secured spanning tree to
   FHS Proxy/Servers, and is not responsible for forwarding messages
   directly to the Client under a synchronized window.  Also, in the
   reverse direction the FHS Proxy/Servers handle all default forwarding
   actions without forwarding Client-initiated data to the Hub.

   When a Client needs to perform window synchronization via a new FHS
   Proxy/Server, it sets the RS source address to its own {TLA,XLA}-MNP
   (or a {TLA,XLA}-RND) and destination address to the ULA of the Hub
   Proxy/Server (or to All-Routers multicast in an initial RS), then
   sets the SYN flag and includes an initial Sequence Number for Window
   Synchronization.  The Client then performs OAL encapsulation using
   its own ULA-MNP (or the TLA-RND) as the source and the ULA of the FHS
   Proxy/Server as the destination and includes an Interface Attributes



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   sub-option then performs L2 encapsulation and sends the resulting
   carrier packets to the FHS Proxy/Server.  The FHS Proxy/Server then
   extracts the RS message and caches the Window Synchronization
   parameters then re-encapsulates with its own ULA as the source and
   the ULA of the Hub Proxy/Server as the target.

   The FHS Proxy/Server then performs L2 encapsulation and sends the
   resulting carrier packets via the secured spanning tree to the Hub
   Proxy/Server, which updates the Client's Interface Attributes and
   returns a unicast RA message with source set to its own ULA and
   destination set to the RS source address and with the Client's
   Interface Attributes echoed.  The Hub Proxy/Server then performs OAL
   encapsulation using its own ULA as the source and the ULA of the FHS
   Proxy/Server as the destination, then performs L2 encapsulation and
   sends the carrier packets via the secured spanning tree to the FHS
   Proxy/Server.  The FHS Proxy/Server then proxys the message as
   discussed in the previous section and includes responsive Window
   Synchronization information.  The FHS Proxy/Server then forwards the
   message to the Client which updates its window synchronization
   information for the FHS Proxy/Server as necessary.

   Following the initial RS/RA-driven window synchronization, the Client
   can re-assert new windows with specific FHS Proxy/Servers by
   performing NS/NA exchanges between its own XLA-MNPs and the ULAs of
   the FHS Proxy/Servers without having to disturb the Hub.

15.2.  Router Discovery in IP Multihop and IPv4-Only Networks

   On some *NETs, a Client may be located multiple IP hops away from the
   nearest OMNI link Proxy/Server.  Forwarding through IP multihop *NETs
   is conducted through the application of a routing protocol (e.g., a
   MANET/VANET routing protocol over omnidirectional wireless
   interfaces, an inter-domain routing protocol in an enterprise
   network, etc.).  Example routing protocols optimized for MANET/VANET
   operations include [RFC3684] and [RFC5614] which operate according to
   the link model articulated in [RFC5889] and subnet model articulated
   in [RFC5942].

   A Client located potentially multiple *NET hops away from the nearest
   Proxy/Server prepares an RS message, sets the source address to its
   XLA-MNP (or to a TLA-RND if it does not yet have an MNP), and sets
   the destination to link-scoped All-Routers multicast or the unicast
   ULA of a Proxy/Server the same as discussed above.  The OMNI
   interface then employs OAL encapsulation, sets the OAL source address
   to a TLA and sets the OAL destination to an OMNI IPv6 anycast address
   based on either a native IPv6 or IPv4-Compatible IPv6 prefix (see:
   Section 10).




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   For IPv6-enabled *NETs, if the underlay interface does not configure
   an IPv6 GUA the Client injects the TLA into the IPv6 multihop routing
   system and forwards the message without further encapsulation.
   Otherwise, the Client encapsulates the message in UDP/IPv6 L2
   headers, sets the source to the underlay interface IPv6 address and
   sets the destination to the same OMNI IPv6 anycast address.  The
   Client then forwards the message into the IPv6 multihop routing
   system which conveys it to the nearest Proxy/Server that advertises a
   matching OMNI IPv6 anycast prefix.  If the nearest Proxy/Server is
   too busy, it should forward (without Proxying) the OAL-encapsulated
   RS to another nearby Proxy/Server connected to the same IPv6
   (multihop) network that also advertises the matching OMNI IPv6
   anycast prefix.

   For IPv4-only *NETs, the Client encapsulates the RS message in UDP/
   IPv4 L2 headers, sets the source to the underlay interface IPv4
   address and sets the destination to the OMNI IPv4 anycast address.
   The Client then forwards the message into the IPv4 multihop routing
   system which conveys it to the nearest Proxy/Server that advertises
   the corresponding IPv4 prefix.  If the nearest Proxy/Server is too
   busy and/or does not configure the specified OMNI IPv6 anycast
   address, it should forward (without Proxying) the OAL-encapsulated RS
   to another nearby Proxy/Server connected to the same IPv4 (multihop)
   network that configures the OMNI IPv6 anycast address.  (In
   environments where reciprocal RS forwarding cannot be supported, the
   first Proxy/Server should instead return an RA based on its own
   MSP(s).)

   When an intermediate *NET hop that participates in the routing
   protocol receives the encapsulated RS, it forwards the message
   according to its routing tables (note that an intermediate node could
   be a fixed infrastructure element such as a roadside unit or another
   MANET/VANET node).  This process repeats iteratively until the RS
   message is received by a penultimate *NET hop within single-hop
   communications range of a Proxy/Server, which forwards the message to
   the Proxy/Server.

   When a Proxy/Server that configures the OMNI IPv6 anycast OAL
   destination receives the message, it decapsulates the RS and assumes
   either the Hub or FHS role (in which case, it forwards the RS to a
   candidate Hub).  The Hub Proxy/Server then prepares an RA message
   with source address set to its own ULA and destination address set to
   the RS source address if it is acting only as the Hub (or to the
   Client ULA-MNP within its ULA subnet prefix if it is also acting as
   the FHS Proxy/Server).  The Hub Proxy/Server then performs OAL
   encapsulation with the RA OAL source/destination set to the RS OAL
   destination/source and forwards the RA either to the FHS Proxy/Server
   or directly to the Client.



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   When the Hub or FHS Proxy/Server forwards the RA to the Client, it
   encapsulates the message in L2 encapsulation headers (if necessary)
   with (src, dst) set to the (dst, src) of the RS L2 encapsulation
   headers.  The Proxy/Server then forwards the message to a *NET node
   within communications range, which forwards the message according to
   its routing tables to an intermediate node.  The multihop forwarding
   process within the *NET continues repetitively until the message is
   delivered to the original Client, which decapsulates the message and
   performs autoconfiguration the same as if it had received the RA
   directly from a Proxy/Server on the same physical link.  The Client
   then injects the ULA-MNP into the IPv6 multihop routing system if
   necessary, then begins using the ULA-MNP as its OAL source address
   and suspends use of its TLA since it now has a unique address within
   the FHS Proxy/Server's "Multilink Subnet".

   Note: When the RS message includes anycast OAL and/or L2
   encapsulation destinations, the FHS Proxy/Server must use the same
   anycast addresses as the OAL and/or L2 encapsulation sources to
   support forwarding of the RA message plus any initial data messages.
   The FHS Proxy/Server then sends the resulting carrier packets over
   any NATs on the path.  When the Client receives the RA, it will
   discover its unicast ULA-MNP and/or L2 encapsulation addresses and
   can send future carrier packets using the unicast (instead of
   anycast) addresses to populate NAT state in the forward path.  (If
   the Client does not have immediate data to send to the FHS Proxy/
   Server, it can instead send an OAL "bubble" - see Section 6.9.)
   After the Client begins using unicast OAL/L2 encapsulation addresses
   in this way, the FHS Proxy/Server should also begin using the same
   unicast addresses in the reverse direction.

   Note: When an OMNI interface configures a TLA, any nodes that forward
   an encapsulated RS message with the TLA as the OAL source must not
   consider the message as being specific to a particular OMNI link.
   TLAs can therefore also serve as the source and destination addresses
   of unencapsulated IPv6 data communications within the local routing
   region, and if the TLAs are injected into the local network routing
   protocol their prefix length must be set to 128.

   Note: Each node normally conducts the multi-hop relaying between
   intermediate forwarding nodes using the same underlay interface in
   both the inbound and outbound directions, i.e. as opposed to
   different underlay interfaces.  The final forwarding node within
   range of a Proxy/Server could use the same or a different underlay
   interface to exchange carrier packets with the Proxy/Server, but may
   not be well positioned to perform multilink selections over multiple
   underlay interfaces on behalf of multihop dependent peers.





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15.3.  DHCPv6-based Prefix Registration

   When a Client is not pre-provisioned with an MNP (or, when the Client
   requires additional MNP delegations), it requests the MS to select
   MNPs on its behalf and set up the correct routing state.  The DHCPv6
   service [RFC8415] supports this requirement.

   When a Client requires the MS to select MNPs, it sends an RS message
   with source set to a TLA-RND.  If the Client requires only a single
   MNP delegation, it can then include an OMNI Node Identification sub-
   option plus an OMNI Prefix Length sub-option with Preflen set to the
   length of the desired MNP.  If the Client requires multiple MNP
   delegations and/or more complex DHCPv6 services, it instead includes
   a DHCPv6 Message sub-option containing a Client Identifier, one or
   more IA_PD options and a Rapid Commit option then sets the 'msg-type'
   field to "Solicit", and includes a 3 octet 'transaction-id'.  The
   Client then sets the RS destination to link-scoped All-Routers
   multicast and sends the message using OAL encapsulation and
   fragmentation if necessary as discussed above.

   When the Hub Proxy/Server receives the RS message, it performs OAL
   reassembly if necessary.  Next, if the RS source is a TLA-RND and/or
   the OMNI option includes a DHCPv6 message sub-option, the Hub Proxy/
   Server acts as a "Proxy DHCPv6 Client" in a message exchange with the
   locally-resident DHCPv6 server.  If the RS did not contain a DHCPv6
   message sub-option, the Hub Proxy/Server generates a DHCPv6 Solicit
   message on behalf of the Client using an IA_PD option with the prefix
   length set to the OMNI Prefix Length sub-option Preflen value and
   with a Client Identifier formed from the OMNI option Node
   Identification sub-option; otherwise, the Hub Proxy/Server uses the
   DHCPv6 Solicit message contained in the OMNI option.  The Hub Proxy/
   Server then sends the DHCPv6 message to the DHCPv6 Server, which
   delegates MNPs and returns a DHCPv6 Reply message with PD parameters.
   (If the Hub Proxy/Server wishes to defer creation of Client state
   until the DHCPv6 Reply is received, it can instead act as a
   Lightweight DHCPv6 Relay Agent per [RFC6221] by encapsulating the
   DHCPv6 message in a Relay-forward/reply exchange with Relay Message
   and Interface ID options.  In the process, the Hub Proxy/Server packs
   any state information needed to return an RA to the Client in the
   Relay-forward Interface ID option so that the information will be
   echoed back in the Relay-reply.)

   When the Hub Proxy/Server receives the DHCPv6 Reply, it creates XLA-
   MNPs based on the delegated MNPs and creates OMNI interface XLA-MNP
   forwarding table entries (i.e., to prompt the dynamic routing
   protocol).  The Hub Proxy/Server then sends an RA back to the FHS
   Proxy/Server with the DHCPv6 Reply message included in an OMNI DHCPv6
   message sub-option.  The Hub Proxy/Server sets the RA destination



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   address to the RS source address, sets the RA source address to its
   own ULA, performs OAL encapsulation and fragmentation, performs L2
   encapsulation and sends the RA to the Client via the FHS Proxy/Server
   as discussed above.

   When the FHS Proxy/Server receives the RA, it changes the RA
   destination address to the ULA-MNP for the Client within its own ULA
   subnet prefix, includes a Prefix Length sub-option with Preflen set
   to the length of the MNP, then forwards the RA to the Client.  When
   the Client receives the RA, it reassembles and discards the OAL
   encapsulation then creates a default route, assigns Subnet Router
   Anycast addresses and uses the RA destination address or
   DHCPv6-delegated MNP to automatically configure its primary ULA-MNP.
   The Client will then use these primary MNP-based addresses as the
   source address of any IPv6 ND messages it sends as long as it retains
   ownership of the MNP.

   Note: when the Hub Proxy/Server is also the FHS Proxy/Server, it
   forwards the RA message directly to the Client with the destination
   set to the Client's ULA-MNP (i.e., instead of forwarding via another
   Proxy/Server).

15.4.  OMNI Link Extension

   Clients can provide an OMNI link ingress point for other nodes on
   their (downstream) ENETs that also act as Clients.  When Client A has
   already coordinated with an (upstream) ANET/INET Proxy/Server, Client
   B on an ENET serviced by Client A can send OAL-encapsulated RS
   messages with addresses set the same as specified in Section 15.2.
   When Client A receives the RS message, it infers from the OAL
   encapsulation that Client B is seeking to establish itself as a
   Client instead of just a simple ENET Host.

   Client A then returns an RA message the same as a Proxy/Server would
   do as specified in Section 15.2 except that it instead uses its own
   ULA-MNP as the RA and OAL source addresses and performs (recursive)
   DHCPv6 Prefix Delegation.  The MNP delegation in the RA message must
   be a sub-MNP from the MNP delegated to Client A.  For example, if
   Client A receives the MNP 2001:db8:1000::/48 it can provide a sub-
   delegation such as 2001:db8:1000:2000::/56 to Client B.  Client B can
   in turn sub-delegate 2001:db8:1000:2000::/56 to its own ENET(s),
   where there may be a further prospective Client C that would in turn
   request OMNI link services via Client B.

   To support this Client-to-Client chaining, Clients send IPv6 ND
   messages addressed to the OMNI link anycast address via their ANET/
   INET (i.e., upstream) interfaces, but advertise the OMNI link anycast
   address into their ENET (i.e., downstream) networks where there may



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   be further prospective Clients wishing to join the chain.  The ENET
   of the upstream Client is therefore seen as an ANET by downstream
   Clients, and the upstream Client is seen as a Proxy/Server by
   downstream Clients.

16.  Secure Redirection

   If the underlay network link model is multiple access, the FHS Proxy/
   Server is responsible for assuring that address duplication cannot
   corrupt the neighbor caches of other nodes on the link.  When the
   Client sends an RS message on a multiple access underlay network, the
   Proxy/Server verifies that the Client is authorized to use the
   address and responds with an RA (or forwards the RS to the Hub) only
   if the Client is authorized.

   After verifying Client authorization and returning an RA, the Proxy/
   Server MAY return IPv6 ND Redirect messages to direct Clients located
   on the same underlay network to exchange OAL packets directly without
   transiting the Proxy/Server.  In that case, the Clients can exchange
   OAL packets according to their unicast L2 addresses discovered from
   the Redirect message instead of using the dogleg path through the
   Proxy/Server.  In some underlay networks, however, such direct
   communications may be undesirable and continued use of the dogleg
   path through the Proxy/Server may provide better performance.  In
   that case, the Proxy/Server can refrain from sending Redirects, and/
   or Clients can ignore them.

17.  Proxy/Server Resilience

   *NETs SHOULD deploy Proxy/Servers in Virtual Router Redundancy
   Protocol (VRRP) [RFC5798] configurations so that service continuity
   is maintained even if one or more Proxy/Servers fail.  Using VRRP,
   the Client is unaware which of the (redundant) FHS Proxy/Servers is
   currently providing service, and any service discontinuity will be
   limited to the failover time supported by VRRP.  Widely deployed
   public domain implementations of VRRP are available.

   Proxy/Servers SHOULD use high availability clustering services so
   that multiple redundant systems can provide coordinated response to
   failures.  As with VRRP, widely deployed public domain
   implementations of high availability clustering services are
   available.  Note that special-purpose and expensive dedicated
   hardware is not necessary, and public domain implementations can be
   used even between lightweight virtual machines in cloud deployments.







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18.  Detecting and Responding to Proxy/Server Failures

   In environments where fast recovery from Proxy/Server failure is
   required, FHS Proxy/Servers SHOULD use proactive Neighbor
   Unreachability Detection (NUD) in a manner that parallels
   Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD) [RFC5880] to track Hub
   Proxy/Server reachability.  FHS Proxy/Servers can then quickly detect
   and react to failures so that cached information is re-established
   through alternate paths.  Proactive NUD control messaging is carried
   only over well-connected ground domain networks (i.e., and not low-
   end links such as aeronautical radios) and can therefore be tuned for
   rapid response.

   FHS Proxy/Servers perform proactive NUD for Hub Proxy/Servers for
   which there are currently active Clients.  If a Hub Proxy/Server
   fails, the FHS Proxy/Server can quickly inform Clients of the outage
   by sending multicast RA messages.  The FHS Proxy/Server sends RA
   messages to Clients with source set to the ULA of the Hub, with
   destination address set to All-Nodes multicast (ff02::1) [RFC4291]
   and with Router Lifetime set to 0.

   The FHS Proxy/Server SHOULD send MAX_FINAL_RTR_ADVERTISEMENTS RA
   messages separated by small delays [RFC4861].  Any Clients that have
   been using the (now defunct) Hub Proxy/Server will receive the RA
   messages.

19.  Transition Considerations

   When a Client connects to an *NET link for the first time, it sends
   an RS message with an OMNI option.  If the first hop router
   recognizes the option, it responds according to the appropriate FHS/
   Hub Proxy/Server role resulting in an RA message with an OMNI option
   returned to the Client.  The Client then engages this FHS Proxy/Sever
   according to the OMNI link model specified above.  If the first hop
   router is a legacy IPv6 router, however, it instead returns an RA
   message with no OMNI option and with a non-OMNI unicast source LLA as
   specified in [RFC4861].  In that case, the Client engages the *NET
   according to the legacy IPv6 link model and without the OMNI
   extensions specified in this document.

   If the *NET link model is multiple access, there must be assurance
   that address duplication cannot corrupt the neighbor caches of other
   nodes on the link.  When the Client sends an RS message on a multiple
   access *NET link with an OMNI option, first hop routers that
   recognize the option ensure that the Client is authorized to use the
   address and return an RA with a non-zero Router Lifetime only if the
   Client is authorized.  First hop routers that do not recognize the
   OMNI option instead return an RA that makes no statement about the



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   Client's authorization to use the source address.  In that case, the
   Client should perform Duplicate Address Detection to ensure that it
   does not interfere with other nodes on the link.

   An alternative approach for multiple access *NET links to ensure
   isolation for Client-Proxy/Server communications is through link-
   layer address mappings as discussed in Appendix D.  This arrangement
   imparts a (virtual) point-to-point link model over the (physical)
   multiple access link.

20.  OMNI Interfaces on Open Internetworks

   Client OMNI interfaces configured over IPv6-enabled underlay
   interfaces on an open Internetwork without an OMNI-aware first-hop
   router receive IPv6 RA messages with no OMNI options, while OMNI
   interfaces configured over IPv4-only underlay interfaces receive no
   IPv6 RA messages at all (but may receive IPv4 RA messages [RFC1256]).
   Client OMNI interfaces that receive RA messages with OMNI options
   configure addresses, on-link prefixes, etc. on the underlay interface
   that received the RA according to standard IPv6 ND and address
   resolution conventions [RFC4861] [RFC4862].  Client OMNI interfaces
   configured over IPv4-only underlay interfaces configure IPv4 address
   information on the underlay interfaces using mechanisms such as
   DHCPv4 [RFC2131].

   Client OMNI interfaces configured over underlay interfaces connected
   to open Internetworks can apply security services such as VPNs to
   connect to a Proxy/Server, or can establish a direct link to the
   Proxy/Server through some other means (see Section 4).  In
   environments where an explicit VPN or direct link may be impractical
   or undesirable, Client OMNI interfaces can instead send IPv6 ND
   messages with OMNI options that include authentication signatures.

   OMNI interfaces use UDP/IP as L2 encapsulation headers for
   transmission over open Internetworks with UDP service port number
   8060 (see: Section 25.13 and Section 3.6 of [I-D.templin-6man-aero])
   for both IPv4 and IPv6 underlay interfaces.  The OMNI interface
   submits original IP packets/parcels for OAL encapsulation, then
   encapsulates the resulting OAL fragments in UDP/IP L2 headers to form
   carrier packets.  (The first four bits following the UDP header
   determine whether the OAL headers are uncompressed/compressed as
   discussed in Section 6.4.)  The OMNI interface sets the UDP length to
   the encapsulated OAL fragment length and sets the IP length to an
   appropriate value at least as large as the UDP datagram.

   When necessary, sources include an OMNI option with an authentication
   sub-option in IPv6 ND messages.  The source can employ a simple
   Hashed Message Authentication Code (HMAC) as specified in



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   [RFC2104][RFC6234] or a message-based authentication service such as
   HIP [RFC7401], QUIC-TLS [RFC9000][RFC9001], etc. using the IPv6 ND
   message OMNI option as a "shipping container".  Before calculating
   any authentication signature, the source fully populates any
   necessary OMNI sub-options as well as any ordinary IPv6 ND options as
   necessary.

   The source then sets both the IPv6 ND message Checksum and
   authentication signature fields to 0 and calculates the
   authentication signature over the full length of the IPv6 ND message
   beginning after the IPv6 ND message checksum field and extending over
   the length of the message.  (If the IPv6 ND message is part of an OAL
   super-packet, the source instead continues to calculate the
   authentication signature over the entire length of the super-packet.)
   The source next writes the authentication signature into the
   appropriate sub-option field and forwards the message.

   After establishing a VPN or preparing for UDP/IP encapsulation, OMNI
   interfaces send RS/RA messages for Client-Proxy/Server coordination
   (see: Section 15) and NS/NA messages for route optimization, window
   synchronization and mobility management (see:
   [I-D.templin-6man-aero]).  These control plane messages must be
   authenticated while other control and data plane messages are
   delivered the same as for ordinary best-effort traffic with source
   address and/or Identification window-based data origin verification.
   Upper layer protocol sessions over OMNI interfaces that connect over
   open Internetworks without an explicit VPN should therefore employ
   transport- or higher-layer security to ensure authentication,
   integrity and/or confidentiality.

   Clients should avoid using INET Proxy/Servers as general-purpose
   routers for steady streams of carrier packets that do not require
   authentication.  Clients should therefore perform route optimization
   to coordinate with other INET nodes that can provide forwarding
   services (or preferably coordinate directly with peer Clients
   directly) instead of burdening the Proxy/Server.  Procedures for
   coordinating with peer Clients and discovering INET nodes that can
   provide better forwarding services are discussed in
   [I-D.templin-6man-aero].

   Clients that attempt to contact peers over INET underlay interfaces
   often encounter NATs in the path.  OMNI interfaces accommodate NAT
   traversal using UDP/IP encapsulation and the mechanisms discussed in
   [I-D.templin-6man-aero].  FHS Proxy/Servers include Origin
   Indications in RA messages to allow Clients to detect the presence of
   NATs.





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   Note: Following the initial IPv6 ND message exchange, OMNI interfaces
   configured over INET underlay interfaces maintain neighbor
   relationships by transmitting periodic IPv6 ND messages with OMNI
   options that include authentication signatures.  Other authentication
   services that use their own IPv6 ND option types such as [RFC3971]
   and [RFC8928] can also be used either instead of or in addition to
   the OMNI authentication services specified here.

   Note: OMNI interfaces configured over INET underlay interfaces should
   employ the Identification window synchronization mechanisms specified
   in Section 6.5 in order to exclude spurious carrier packets that
   might otherwise clutter the reassembly cache.  This is especially
   important in environments where carrier packet spoofing and/or
   corruption is a threat.

   Note: NATs may be present on the path from a Client to its FHS Proxy/
   Server, but never on the path from the FHS Proxy/Server to the Hub
   where only INET and/or spanning tree hops occur.  Therefore, the FHS
   Proxy/Server does not communicate Client origin information to the
   Hub where it would serve no purpose.

21.  Time-Varying MNPs

   In some use cases, it is desirable, beneficial and efficient for the
   Client to receive a constant MNP that travels with the Client
   wherever it moves.  For example, this would allow air traffic
   controllers to easily track aircraft, etc.  In other cases, however
   (e.g., intelligent transportation systems), the Client may be willing
   to sacrifice a modicum of efficiency in order to have time-varying
   MNPs that can be changed every so often to defeat adversarial
   tracking.

   The prefix delegation services discussed in Section 15.3 allows
   Clients that desire time-varying MNPs to obtain short-lived prefixes
   to send RS messages with a {TLA,XLA}-RND source address and/or with
   an OMNI option with DHCPv6 Option sub-options.  The Client would then
   be obligated to renumber its internal networks whenever its MNP (and
   therefore also its OMNI address) changes.  This should not present a
   challenge for Clients with automated network renumbering services,
   but may disrupt persistent sessions that would prefer to use a
   constant address.










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22.  (H)HITs and Temporary ULA (TLA)s

   Clients that generate (H)HITs but do not have pre-assigned MNPs can
   request MNP delegations by issuing IPv6 ND messages that use the
   (H)HIT instead of a TLA.  For example, when a Client creates an RS
   message it can set the source to a (H)HIT and destination to link-
   scoped All-Routers multicast.  The IPv6 ND message includes an OMNI
   option with a Node Identification sub-option, then encapsulates the
   message in an IPv6 header with the (H)HIT as the source address.  The
   Client then sends the message as specified in Section 15.2.

   When the Hub Proxy/Server receives the RS message, it notes that the
   source was a (H)HIT, then invokes the DHCPv6 protocol to request an
   MNP prefix delegation while using the (H)HIT (in the form of a DUID)
   as the Client Identifier.  The Hub Proxy/Server then prepares an RA
   message with source address set to its own ULA and destination set to
   the source of the RS message.  The Hub Proxy/Server next includes an
   OMNI option with a Node Identification sub-option and any DHCPv6
   prefix delegation parameters.  The Proxy/Server finally encapsulates
   the RA in an OAL header with source address set to its own ULA and
   destination set to the RS OAL source address, then returns the
   encapsulated RA to the Client either directly or by way of the FHS
   Proxy/Server as a proxy.

   Clients can also use (H)HITs and/or TLAs for direct Client-to-Client
   communications outside the context of any OMNI link supporting
   infrastructure.  When two Clients encounter one another they can use
   their (H)HITs and/or TLAs as original IPv6 packet/parcel source and
   destination addresses to support direct communications.  Clients can
   also inject their (H)HITs and/or TLAs into an IPv6 multihop routing
   protocol to enable multihop communications as discussed in
   Section 15.2.  Clients can further exchange other IPv6 ND messages
   using their (H)HITs and/or TLAs as source and destination addresses.

   Lastly, when Clients are within the coverage range of OMNI link
   infrastructure a case could be made for injecting (H)HITs and/or TLAs
   into the global MS routing system.  For example, when the Client
   sends an RS to an FHS Proxy/Server it could include a request to
   inject the (H)HIT / TLA into the routing system instead of requesting
   an MNP prefix delegation.  This would potentially enable OMNI link-
   wide communications using only (H)HITs or TLAs, and not MNPs.  This
   document notes the opportunity, but makes no recommendation.









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23.  Address Selection

   Clients assign LLAs to the OMNI interface, but do not use LLAs as
   IPv6 ND message source/destination addresses nor for addressing
   ordinary original IP packets/parcels exchanged with OMNI link
   neighbors.

   Clients use ULA-MNPs as source/destination IPv6 addresses in the
   encapsulation headers of OAL packets and use XLA-MNPs as the IPv6
   source addresses of the IPv6 ND messages themselves.  Clients use
   TLAs when an MNP is not available, or as source/destination IPv6
   addresses for communications within a MANET/VANET local area.
   Clients can also use (H)HITs instead of ULAs for local communications
   when operation outside the context of a specific ULA domain and/or
   source address attestation is necessary.

   Clients use MNP-based GUAs as original IP packet/parcel source and
   destination addresses for communications with Internet destinations
   when they are within range of OMNI link supporting infrastructure
   that can inject the MNP into the routing system.  Clients can also
   use MNP-based GUAs within multihop routing regions that are currently
   disconnected from infrastructure as long as the corresponding ULA-
   MNPs have been injected into the routing system.

   Clients use anycast GUAs as OAL and/or L2 encapsulation destination
   addresses for RS messages used to discover the nearest FHS Proxy/
   Server.  When the Proxy/Server returns a solicited RA, it must also
   use the same anycast address as the RA OAL/L2 encapsulation source in
   order to successfully traverse any NATs in the path.  The Client
   should then immediately transition to using the FHS Proxy/Server's
   discovered unicast OAL/L2 address as the destination in order to
   minimize dependence on the Proxy/Server's use of an anycast source
   address.

24.  Error Messages

   An OAL destination or intermediate node may need to return
   ICMPv6-like error messages (e.g., Destination Unreachable, Packet Too
   Big, Time Exceeded, etc.)  [RFC4443] to an OAL source.  Since ICMPv6
   error messages do not themselves include authentication codes, OAL
   nodes can instead return error messages as an OMNI ICMPv6 Error sub-
   option in a secured IPv6 ND uNA message.

25.  IANA Considerations

   The following IANA actions are requested in accordance with [RFC8126]
   and [RFC8726]:




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25.1.  "Protocol Numbers" Registry

   The IANA is instructed to allocate an Internet Protocol number TBD1
   from the 'protocol numbers' registry for the Overlay Multilink
   Network Interface (OMNI) protocol.  Guidance is found in [RFC5237]
   (registration procedure is IESG Approval or Standards Action).

25.2.  "IEEE 802 Numbers" Registry

   During final publication stages, the IESG will be requested to
   procure an IEEE EtherType value TBD2 for OMNI according to the
   statement found at https://www.ietf.org/about/groups/iesg/statements/
   ethertypes/.

   Following this procurement, the IANA is instructed to register the
   value TBD2 in the 'ieee-802-numbers' registry for Overlay Multilink
   Network Interface (OMNI) encapsulation on Ethernet networks.
   Guidance is found in [RFC7042] (registration procedure is Expert
   Review).

25.3.  "IPv4 Special-Purpose Address" Registry

   The IANA is instructed to assign TBD3/N as an "OMNI IPv4 anycast"
   address/prefix in the "IPv4 Special-Purpose Address" registry in a
   similar fashion as for [RFC3068].  The IANA is requested to work with
   the authors to obtain a TBD3/N public IPv4 prefix, whether through an
   RIR allocation, a delegation from IANA's "IPv4 Recovered Address
   Space" registry or through an unspecified third party donation.

25.4.  "IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Option Formats" Registry

   The IANA is instructed to allocate an official Type number TBD4 from
   the "IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Option Formats" registry for the OMNI
   option (registration procedure is RFC required).  Implementations set
   Type to 253 as an interim value [RFC4727].

25.5.  "Ethernet Numbers" Registry

   The IANA is instructed to allocate one Ethernet unicast address TBD5
   (suggested value '00-52-14') in the 'ethernet-numbers' registry under
   "IANA Unicast 48-bit MAC Addresses" (registration procedure is Expert
   Review).  The registration should appear as follows:

   Addresses      Usage                                         Reference
   ---------      -----                                         ---------
   00-52-14       Overlay Multilink Network (OMNI) Interface    [RFCXXXX]

             Figure 37: IANA Unicast 48-bit MAC Addresses



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25.6.  "ICMPv6 Code Fields: Type 2 - Packet Too Big" Registry

   The IANA is instructed to assign three new Code values in the "ICMPv6
   Code Fields: Type 2 - Packet Too Big" registry (registration
   procedure is Standards Action or IESG Approval).  The registry should
   appear as follows:

      Code      Name                         Reference
      ---       ----                         ---------
      0         PTB Hard Error               [RFC4443]
      1         PTB Soft Error (loss)        [RFCXXXX]
      2         PTB Soft Error (no loss)     [RFCXXXX]
      3         Parcel Reply                 [RFCXXXX]

       Figure 38: ICMPv6 Code Fields: Type 2 - Packet Too Big Values

   (Note: this registry also to be used to define values for setting the
   "unused" field of ICMPv4 "Destination Unreachable - Fragmentation
   Needed" messages.)

25.7.  "OMNI Option Sub-Type Values" (New Registry)

   The OMNI option defines a 5-bit Sub-Type field, for which IANA is
   instructed to create and maintain a new registry entitled "OMNI
   Option Sub-Type Values".  Initial values are given below
   (registration procedure is RFC required):

























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      Value    Sub-Type name                  Reference
      -----    -------------                  ----------
      0        Pad1                           [RFCXXXX]
      1        PadN                           [RFCXXXX]
      2        Node Identification            [RFCXXXX]
      3        Authentication                 [RFCXXXX]
      4        Window Synchronization         [RFCXXXX]
      5        Prefix Length                  [RFCXXXX]
      6        Interface Attributes           [RFCXXXX]
      7        Traffic Selector               [RFCXXXX]
      8        AERO Forwarding Parameters     [RFCXXXX]
      9        Geo Coordinates                [RFCXXXX]
      10       DHCPv6 Message                 [RFCXXXX]
      11       PIM-SM Message                 [RFCXXXX]
      12       HIP Message                    [RFCXXXX]
      13       QUIC-TLS Message               [RFCXXXX]
      14       Fragmentation Report           [RFCXXXX]
      15       ICMPv6 Error                   [RFCXXXX]
      16       Proxy/Server Departure         [RFCXXXX]
      15-29    Unassigned
      30       Sub-Type Extension             [RFCXXXX]
      31       Reserved by IANA               [RFCXXXX]

                   Figure 39: OMNI Option Sub-Type Values

25.8.  "OMNI Node Identification ID-Type Values" (New Registry)

   The OMNI Node Identification sub-option (see: Section 12.2.3)
   contains an 8-bit ID-Type field, for which IANA is instructed to
   create and maintain a new registry entitled "OMNI Node Identification
   ID-Type Values".  Initial values are given below (registration
   procedure is RFC required):

      Value    Sub-Type name                  Reference
      -----    -------------                  ----------
      0        UUID                           [RFCXXXX]
      1        HIT                            [RFCXXXX]
      2        HHIT                           [RFCXXXX]
      3        Network Access Identifier      [RFCXXXX]
      4        FQDN                           [RFCXXXX]
      5        IPv6 Address                   [RFCXXXX]
      6-252    Unassigned                     [RFCXXXX]
      253-254  Reserved for Experimentation   [RFCXXXX]
      255      Reserved by IANA               [RFCXXXX]

             Figure 40: OMNI Node Identification ID-Type Values





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25.9.  "OMNI Geo Coordinates Type Values" (New Registry)

   The OMNI Geo Coordinates sub-option (see: Section 12.2.10) contains
   an 8-bit Type field, for which IANA is instructed to create and
   maintain a new registry entitled "OMNI Geo Coordinates Type Values".
   Initial values are given below (registration procedure is RFC
   required):

      Value    Sub-Type name                  Reference
      -----    -------------                  ----------
      0        NULL                           [RFCXXXX]
      1-252    Unassigned                     [RFCXXXX]
      253-254  Reserved for Experimentation   [RFCXXXX]
      255      Reserved by IANA               [RFCXXXX]

                    Figure 41: OMNI Geo Coordinates Type

25.10.  "OMNI Option Sub-Type Extension Values" (New Registry)

   The OMNI option defines an 8-bit Extension-Type field for Sub-Type 30
   (Sub-Type Extension), for which IANA is instructed to create and
   maintain a new registry entitled "OMNI Option Sub-Type Extension
   Values".  Initial values are given below (registration procedure is
   RFC required):

      Value    Sub-Type name                  Reference
      -----    -------------                  ----------
      0        RFC4380 UDP/IP Header Option   [RFCXXXX]
      1        RFC6081 UDP/IP Trailer Option  [RFCXXXX]
      2-252    Unassigned
      253-254  Reserved for Experimentation   [RFCXXXX]
      255      Reserved by IANA               [RFCXXXX]

              Figure 42: OMNI Option Sub-Type Extension Values

25.11.  "OMNI RFC4380 UDP/IP Header Option" (New Registry)

   The OMNI Sub-Type Extension "RFC4380 UDP/IP Header Option" defines an
   8-bit Header Type field, for which IANA is instructed to create and
   maintain a new registry entitled "OMNI RFC4380 UDP/IP Header Option".
   Initial registry values are given below (registration procedure is
   RFC required):









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      Value    Sub-Type name                  Reference
      -----    -------------                  ----------
      0        Origin Indication (IPv4)       [RFC4380]
      1        Authentication Encapsulation   [RFC4380]
      2        Origin Indication (IPv6)       [RFCXXXX]
      3-252    Unassigned
      253-254  Reserved for Experimentation   [RFCXXXX]
      255      Reserved by IANA               [RFCXXXX]

                Figure 43: OMNI RFC4380 UDP/IP Header Option

25.12.  "OMNI RFC6081 UDP/IP Trailer Option" (New Registry)

   The OMNI Sub-Type Extension for "RFC6081 UDP/IP Trailer Option"
   defines an 8-bit Trailer Type field, for which IANA is instructed to
   create and maintain a new registry entitled "OMNI RFC6081 UDP/IP
   Trailer Option".  Initial registry values are given below
   (registration procedure is RFC required):

      Value    Sub-Type name                  Reference
      -----    -------------                  ----------
      0        Unassigned
      1        Nonce                          [RFC6081]
      2        Unassigned
      3        Alternate Address (IPv4)       [RFC6081]
      4        Neighbor Discovery Option      [RFC6081]
      5        Random Port                    [RFC6081]
      6        Alternate Address (IPv6)       [RFCXXXX]
      7-252    Unassigned
      253-254  Reserved for Experimentation   [RFCXXXX]
      255      Reserved by IANA               [RFCXXXX]

                   Figure 44: OMNI RFC6081 Trailer Option

25.13.  Additional Considerations

   The IANA has assigned the UDP port number "8060" for an earlier
   experimental version of AERO [RFC6706].  This document reclaims the
   UDP port number "8060" for 'aero' as the service port for UDP/IP
   encapsulation.  (Note that, although [RFC6706] is not widely
   implemented or deployed, any messages coded to that specification can
   be easily distinguished and ignored since they include an invalid
   ICMPv6 message type number '0'.)  The IANA is therefore instructed to
   update the reference for UDP port number "8060" from "RFC6706" to
   "RFCXXXX" (i.e., this document) while retaining the existing name
   'aero'.





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   The IANA has assigned a 4 octet Private Enterprise Number (PEN) code
   "45282" in the "enterprise-numbers" registry.  This document is the
   normative reference for using this code in DHCP Unique IDentifiers
   based on Enterprise Numbers ("DUID-EN for OMNI Interfaces") (see:
   Section 11).  The IANA is therefore instructed to change the
   enterprise designation for PEN code "45282" from "LinkUp Networks" to
   "Overlay Multilink Network Interface (OMNI)".

   The IANA has assigned the ifType code "301 - omni - Overlay Multilink
   Network Interface (OMNI)" in accordance with Section 6 of [RFC8892].
   The registration appears under the IANA "Structure of Management
   Information (SMI) Numbers (MIB Module Registrations) - Interface
   Types (ifType)" registry.

   No further IANA actions are required.

26.  Security Considerations

   Security considerations for IPv4 [RFC0791], IPv6 [RFC8200] and IPv6
   Neighbor Discovery [RFC4861] apply.  OMNI interface IPv6 ND messages
   SHOULD include Nonce and Timestamp options [RFC3971] when transaction
   confirmation and/or time synchronization is needed.  (Note however
   that when OAL encapsulation is used the (echoed) OAL Identification
   value can provide sufficient transaction confirmation.)

   OMNI interfaces configured over secured ANET/ENET interfaces inherit
   the physical and/or link-layer security properties (i.e., "protected
   spectrum") of the connected networks.  OMNI interfaces configured
   over open INET interfaces can use symmetric securing services such as
   VPNs or can by some other means establish a direct link.  When a VPN
   or direct link may be impractical or undesirable, however, the
   security services specified in [RFC7401], [RFC4380] or [RFC9000] can
   be employed.  While the OMNI link protects control plane messaging,
   applications must still employ end-to-end transport- or higher-layer
   security services to protect the data plane.
















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   Strong network layer security for control plane messages and
   forwarding path integrity for data plane messages between Proxy/
   Servers MUST be supported.  In one example, the AERO service
   [I-D.templin-6man-aero] constructs an SRT spanning tree with Proxy/
   Serves as leaf nodes and secures the spanning tree links with network
   layer security mechanisms such as IPsec [RFC4301] or WireGuard [WG].
   Secured control plane messages are then constrained to travel only
   over the secured spanning tree paths and are therefore protected from
   attack or eavesdropping.  Other control and data plane messages can
   travel over route optimized paths that do not strictly follow the
   secured spanning tree, therefore end-to-end sessions should employ
   transport- or higher-layer security services.  Additionally, the OAL
   Identification value can provide a first level of data origin
   authentication to mitigate off-path spoofing in some environments.

   Identity-based key verification infrastructure services such as iPSK
   may be necessary for verifying the identities claimed by Clients.
   This requirement should be harmonized with the manner in which
   (H)HITs are attested in a given operational environment.

   Security considerations for specific access network interface types
   are covered under the corresponding IP-over-(foo) specification
   (e.g., [RFC2464], [RFC2492], etc.).

   Security considerations for IPv6 fragmentation and reassembly are
   discussed in Section 6.13.  In environments where spoofing is
   considered a threat, OMNI nodes SHOULD employ Identification window
   synchronization and OAL destinations SHOULD configure an (end-system-
   based) firewall.

27.  Implementation Status

   AERO/OMNI Release-3.2 was tagged on March 30, 2021, and is undergoing
   internal testing.  Additional internal releases expected within the
   coming months, with first public release expected end of 1H2021.

   Many AERO/OMNI functions are implemented and undergoing final
   integration.  OAL fragmentation/reassembly buffer management code has
   been cleared for public release.

28.  Document Updates

   This document does not itself update other RFCs, but suggests that
   the following could be updated through future IETF initiatives:

   *  [RFC1191]

   *  [RFC2675]



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   *  [RFC4291]

   *  [RFC4443]

   *  [RFC8201]

   Updates can be through, e.g., standards action, the errata process,
   etc. as appropriate.

29.  Acknowledgements

   The first version of this document was prepared per the consensus
   decision at the 7th Conference of the International Civil Aviation
   Organization (ICAO) Working Group-I Mobility Subgroup on March 22,
   2019.  Consensus to take the document forward to the IETF was reached
   at the 9th Conference of the Mobility Subgroup on November 22, 2019.
   Attendees and contributors included: Guray Acar, Danny Bharj,
   Francois D'Humieres, Pavel Drasil, Nikos Fistas, Giovanni Garofolo,
   Bernhard Haindl, Vaughn Maiolla, Tom McParland, Victor Moreno, Madhu
   Niraula, Brent Phillips, Liviu Popescu, Jacky Pouzet, Aloke Roy, Greg
   Saccone, Robert Segers, Michal Skorepa, Michel Solery, Stephane
   Tamalet, Fred Templin, Jean-Marc Vacher, Bela Varkonyi, Tony Whyman,
   Fryderyk Wrobel and Dongsong Zeng.

   The following individuals are acknowledged for their useful comments:
   Amanda Baber, Stuart Card, Donald Eastlake, Adrian Farrel, Michael
   Matyas, Robert Moskowitz, Madhu Niraula, Greg Saccone, Stephane
   Tamalet, Eliot Lear, Eduard Vasilenko, Eric Vyncke.  Pavel Drasil,
   Zdenek Jaron and Michal Skorepa are especially recognized for their
   many helpful ideas and suggestions.  Akash Agarwal, Madhuri Madhava
   Badgandi, Sean Dickson, Don Dillenburg, Joe Dudkowski, Vijayasarathy
   Rajagopalan, Ron Sackman, Bhargava Raman Sai Prakash and Katherine
   Tran are acknowledged for their hard work on the implementation and
   technical insights that led to improvements for the spec.

   Discussions on the IETF 6man and atn mailing lists during the fall of
   2020 suggested additional points to consider.  The authors gratefully
   acknowledge the list members who contributed valuable insights
   through those discussions.  Eric Vyncke and Erik Kline were the
   intarea ADs, while Bob Hinden and Ole Troan were the 6man WG chairs
   at the time the document was developed; they are all gratefully
   acknowledged for their many helpful insights.  Many of the ideas in
   this document have further built on IETF experiences beginning in the
   1990s, with insights from colleagues including Ron Bonica, Brian
   Carpenter, Ralph Droms, Christian Huitema, Thomas Narten, Dave
   Thaler, Joe Touch, Pascal Thubert, and many others who deserve
   recognition.




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   Early observations on IP fragmentation performance implications were
   noted in the 1986 Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) "qe reset"
   investigation, where fragment bursts from NFS UDP traffic triggered
   hardware resets resulting in communication failures.  Jeff Chase,
   Fred Glover and Chet Juzsczak of the Ultrix Engineering Group led the
   investigation, and determined that setting a smaller NFS mount block
   size reduced the amount of fragmentation and suppressed the resets.
   Early observations on L2 media MTU issues were noted in the 1988 DEC
   FDDI investigation, where Raj Jain, KK Ramakrishnan and Kathy Wilde
   represented architectural considerations for FDDI networking in
   general including FDDI/Ethernet bridging.  Jeff Mogul (who led the
   IETF Path MTU Discovery working group) and other DEC colleagues who
   supported these early investigations are also acknowledged.

   Throughout the 1990's and into the 2000's, many colleagues supported
   and encouraged continuation of the work.  Beginning with the DEC
   Project Sequoia effort at the University of California, Berkeley,
   then moving to the DEC research lab offices in Palo Alto CA, then to
   Sterling Software at the NASA Ames Research Center, then to SRI in
   Menlo Park, CA, then to Nokia in Mountain View, CA and finally to the
   Boeing Company in 2005 the work saw continuous advancement through
   the encouragement of many.  Those who offered their support and
   encouragement are gratefully acknowledged.

   This work is aligned with the NASA Safe Autonomous Systems Operation
   (SASO) program under NASA contract number NNA16BD84C.

   This work is aligned with the FAA as per the SE2025 contract number
   DTFAWA-15-D-00030.

   This work is aligned with the Boeing Information Technology (BIT)
   Mobility Vision Lab (MVL) program.

30.  References

30.1.  Normative References

   [RFC0768]  Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC0768, August 1980,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc768>.

   [RFC0791]  Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC0791, September 1981,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc791>.

   [RFC0793]  Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", RFC 793,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC0793, September 1981,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc793>.



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   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC3971]  Arkko, J., Ed., Kempf, J., Zill, B., and P. Nikander,
              "SEcure Neighbor Discovery (SEND)", RFC 3971,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3971, March 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3971>.

   [RFC4191]  Draves, R. and D. Thaler, "Default Router Preferences and
              More-Specific Routes", RFC 4191, DOI 10.17487/RFC4191,
              November 2005, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4191>.

   [RFC4193]  Hinden, R. and B. Haberman, "Unique Local IPv6 Unicast
              Addresses", RFC 4193, DOI 10.17487/RFC4193, October 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4193>.

   [RFC4291]  Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing
              Architecture", RFC 4291, DOI 10.17487/RFC4291, February
              2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4291>.

   [RFC4443]  Conta, A., Deering, S., and M. Gupta, Ed., "Internet
              Control Message Protocol (ICMPv6) for the Internet
              Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Specification", STD 89,
              RFC 4443, DOI 10.17487/RFC4443, March 2006,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4443>.

   [RFC4727]  Fenner, B., "Experimental Values In IPv4, IPv6, ICMPv4,
              ICMPv6, UDP, and TCP Headers", RFC 4727,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4727, November 2006,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4727>.

   [RFC4861]  Narten, T., Nordmark, E., Simpson, W., and H. Soliman,
              "Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 4861,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4861, September 2007,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4861>.

   [RFC4862]  Thomson, S., Narten, T., and T. Jinmei, "IPv6 Stateless
              Address Autoconfiguration", RFC 4862,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4862, September 2007,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4862>.

   [RFC6088]  Tsirtsis, G., Giarreta, G., Soliman, H., and N. Montavont,
              "Traffic Selectors for Flow Bindings", RFC 6088,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6088, January 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6088>.




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   [RFC8028]  Baker, F. and B. Carpenter, "First-Hop Router Selection by
              Hosts in a Multi-Prefix Network", RFC 8028,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8028, November 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8028>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

   [RFC8200]  Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6
              (IPv6) Specification", STD 86, RFC 8200,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8200, July 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8200>.

   [RFC8201]  McCann, J., Deering, S., Mogul, J., and R. Hinden, Ed.,
              "Path MTU Discovery for IP version 6", STD 87, RFC 8201,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8201, July 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8201>.

   [RFC8415]  Mrugalski, T., Siodelski, M., Volz, B., Yourtchenko, A.,
              Richardson, M., Jiang, S., Lemon, T., and T. Winters,
              "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6)",
              RFC 8415, DOI 10.17487/RFC8415, November 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8415>.

30.2.  Informative References

   [ATN]      Maiolla, V., "The OMNI Interface - An IPv6 Air/Ground
              Interface for Civil Aviation, IETF Liaison Statement
              #1676, https://datatracker.ietf.org/liaison/1676/", 3
              March 2020.

   [ATN-IPS]  WG-I, ICAO., "ICAO Document 9896 (Manual on the
              Aeronautical Telecommunication Network (ATN) using
              Internet Protocol Suite (IPS) Standards and Protocol),
              Draft Edition 3 (work-in-progress)", 10 December 2020.

   [CKSUM]    Stone, J., Greenwald, M., Partridge, C., and J. Hughes,
              "Performance of Checksums and CRC's Over Real Data, IEEE/
              ACM Transactions on Networking, Vol. 6, No. 5", October
              1998.

   [CRC]      Jain, R., "Error Characteristics of Fiber Distributed Data
              Interface (FDDI), IEEE Transactions on Communications",
              August 1990.






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   [EUI]      IEEE, I., "Guidelines for Use of Extended Unique
              Identifier (EUI), Organizationally Unique Identifier
              (OUI), and Company ID, https://standards.ieee.org/wp-
              content/uploads/import/documents/tutorials/eui.pdf", 3
              August 2017.

   [I-D.ietf-drip-rid]
              Moskowitz, R., Card, S. W., Wiethuechter, A., and A.
              Gurtov, "DRIP Entity Tag (DET) for Unmanned Aircraft
              System Remote ID (UAS RID)", Work in Progress, Internet-
              Draft, draft-ietf-drip-rid-32, 3 August 2022,
              <https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-ietf-drip-rid-
              32.txt>.

   [I-D.ietf-intarea-tunnels]
              Touch, J. and M. Townsley, "IP Tunnels in the Internet
              Architecture", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-
              ietf-intarea-tunnels-10, 12 September 2019,
              <https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-ietf-intarea-
              tunnels-10.txt>.

   [I-D.ietf-ipwave-vehicular-networking]
              Jeong, J. P., "IPv6 Wireless Access in Vehicular
              Environments (IPWAVE): Problem Statement and Use Cases",
              Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-ipwave-
              vehicular-networking-29, 19 May 2022,
              <https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-ietf-ipwave-
              vehicular-networking-29.txt>.

   [I-D.templin-6man-aero]
              Templin, F., "Automatic Extended Route Optimization
              (AERO)", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-templin-
              6man-aero-62, 5 October 2022,
              <https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-templin-6man-aero-
              62.txt>.

   [I-D.templin-6man-fragrep]
              Templin, F. L., "IPv6 Fragment Retransmission and Path MTU
              Discovery Soft Errors", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft,
              draft-templin-6man-fragrep-07, 29 March 2022,
              <https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-templin-6man-
              fragrep-07.txt>.









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   [I-D.templin-6man-lla-type]
              Templin, F. L., "The IPv6 Link-Local Address Type Field",
              Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-templin-6man-lla-
              type-02, 23 November 2020,
              <https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-templin-6man-lla-
              type-02.txt>.

   [I-D.templin-intarea-parcels]
              Templin, F., "IP Parcels", Work in Progress, Internet-
              Draft, draft-templin-intarea-parcels-16, 6 October 2022,
              <https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-templin-intarea-
              parcels-16.txt>.

   [IPV4-GUA] Postel, J., "IPv4 Address Space Registry,
              https://www.iana.org/assignments/ipv4-address-space/ipv4-
              address-space.xhtml", 14 December 2020.

   [IPV6-GUA] Postel, J., "IPv6 Global Unicast Address Assignments,
              https://www.iana.org/assignments/ipv6-unicast-address-
              assignments/ipv6-unicast-address-assignments.xhtml", 14
              December 2020.

   [RFC1035]  Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and
              specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, DOI 10.17487/RFC1035,
              November 1987, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1035>.

   [RFC1122]  Braden, R., Ed., "Requirements for Internet Hosts -
              Communication Layers", STD 3, RFC 1122,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC1122, October 1989,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1122>.

   [RFC1146]  Zweig, J. and C. Partridge, "TCP alternate checksum
              options", RFC 1146, DOI 10.17487/RFC1146, March 1990,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1146>.

   [RFC1149]  Waitzman, D., "Standard for the transmission of IP
              datagrams on avian carriers", RFC 1149,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC1149, April 1990,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1149>.

   [RFC1191]  Mogul, J. and S. Deering, "Path MTU discovery", RFC 1191,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC1191, November 1990,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1191>.

   [RFC1256]  Deering, S., Ed., "ICMP Router Discovery Messages",
              RFC 1256, DOI 10.17487/RFC1256, September 1991,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1256>.




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   [RFC2104]  Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M., and R. Canetti, "HMAC: Keyed-
              Hashing for Message Authentication", RFC 2104,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2104, February 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2104>.

   [RFC2131]  Droms, R., "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol",
              RFC 2131, DOI 10.17487/RFC2131, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2131>.

   [RFC2464]  Crawford, M., "Transmission of IPv6 Packets over Ethernet
              Networks", RFC 2464, DOI 10.17487/RFC2464, December 1998,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2464>.

   [RFC2473]  Conta, A. and S. Deering, "Generic Packet Tunneling in
              IPv6 Specification", RFC 2473, DOI 10.17487/RFC2473,
              December 1998, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2473>.

   [RFC2492]  Armitage, G., Schulter, P., and M. Jork, "IPv6 over ATM
              Networks", RFC 2492, DOI 10.17487/RFC2492, January 1999,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2492>.

   [RFC2675]  Borman, D., Deering, S., and R. Hinden, "IPv6 Jumbograms",
              RFC 2675, DOI 10.17487/RFC2675, August 1999,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2675>.

   [RFC2863]  McCloghrie, K. and F. Kastenholz, "The Interfaces Group
              MIB", RFC 2863, DOI 10.17487/RFC2863, June 2000,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2863>.

   [RFC2923]  Lahey, K., "TCP Problems with Path MTU Discovery",
              RFC 2923, DOI 10.17487/RFC2923, September 2000,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2923>.

   [RFC2983]  Black, D., "Differentiated Services and Tunnels",
              RFC 2983, DOI 10.17487/RFC2983, October 2000,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2983>.

   [RFC3056]  Carpenter, B. and K. Moore, "Connection of IPv6 Domains
              via IPv4 Clouds", RFC 3056, DOI 10.17487/RFC3056, February
              2001, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3056>.

   [RFC3068]  Huitema, C., "An Anycast Prefix for 6to4 Relay Routers",
              RFC 3068, DOI 10.17487/RFC3068, June 2001,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3068>.







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   [RFC3168]  Ramakrishnan, K., Floyd, S., and D. Black, "The Addition
              of Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) to IP",
              RFC 3168, DOI 10.17487/RFC3168, September 2001,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3168>.

   [RFC3330]  IANA, "Special-Use IPv4 Addresses", RFC 3330,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3330, September 2002,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3330>.

   [RFC3366]  Fairhurst, G. and L. Wood, "Advice to link designers on
              link Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ)", BCP 62, RFC 3366,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3366, August 2002,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3366>.

   [RFC3684]  Ogier, R., Templin, F., and M. Lewis, "Topology
              Dissemination Based on Reverse-Path Forwarding (TBRPF)",
              RFC 3684, DOI 10.17487/RFC3684, February 2004,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3684>.

   [RFC3692]  Narten, T., "Assigning Experimental and Testing Numbers
              Considered Useful", BCP 82, RFC 3692,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3692, January 2004,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3692>.

   [RFC3810]  Vida, R., Ed. and L. Costa, Ed., "Multicast Listener
              Discovery Version 2 (MLDv2) for IPv6", RFC 3810,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3810, June 2004,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3810>.

   [RFC3819]  Karn, P., Ed., Bormann, C., Fairhurst, G., Grossman, D.,
              Ludwig, R., Mahdavi, J., Montenegro, G., Touch, J., and L.
              Wood, "Advice for Internet Subnetwork Designers", BCP 89,
              RFC 3819, DOI 10.17487/RFC3819, July 2004,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3819>.

   [RFC4122]  Leach, P., Mealling, M., and R. Salz, "A Universally
              Unique IDentifier (UUID) URN Namespace", RFC 4122,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4122, July 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4122>.

   [RFC4301]  Kent, S. and K. Seo, "Security Architecture for the
              Internet Protocol", RFC 4301, DOI 10.17487/RFC4301,
              December 2005, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4301>.

   [RFC4380]  Huitema, C., "Teredo: Tunneling IPv6 over UDP through
              Network Address Translations (NATs)", RFC 4380,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4380, February 2006,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4380>.



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   [RFC4389]  Thaler, D., Talwar, M., and C. Patel, "Neighbor Discovery
              Proxies (ND Proxy)", RFC 4389, DOI 10.17487/RFC4389, April
              2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4389>.

   [RFC4429]  Moore, N., "Optimistic Duplicate Address Detection (DAD)
              for IPv6", RFC 4429, DOI 10.17487/RFC4429, April 2006,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4429>.

   [RFC4541]  Christensen, M., Kimball, K., and F. Solensky,
              "Considerations for Internet Group Management Protocol
              (IGMP) and Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) Snooping
              Switches", RFC 4541, DOI 10.17487/RFC4541, May 2006,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4541>.

   [RFC4605]  Fenner, B., He, H., Haberman, B., and H. Sandick,
              "Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) / Multicast
              Listener Discovery (MLD)-Based Multicast Forwarding
              ("IGMP/MLD Proxying")", RFC 4605, DOI 10.17487/RFC4605,
              August 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4605>.

   [RFC4821]  Mathis, M. and J. Heffner, "Packetization Layer Path MTU
              Discovery", RFC 4821, DOI 10.17487/RFC4821, March 2007,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4821>.

   [RFC4963]  Heffner, J., Mathis, M., and B. Chandler, "IPv4 Reassembly
              Errors at High Data Rates", RFC 4963,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4963, July 2007,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4963>.

   [RFC5213]  Gundavelli, S., Ed., Leung, K., Devarapalli, V.,
              Chowdhury, K., and B. Patil, "Proxy Mobile IPv6",
              RFC 5213, DOI 10.17487/RFC5213, August 2008,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5213>.

   [RFC5214]  Templin, F., Gleeson, T., and D. Thaler, "Intra-Site
              Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol (ISATAP)", RFC 5214,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5214, March 2008,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5214>.

   [RFC5237]  Arkko, J. and S. Bradner, "IANA Allocation Guidelines for
              the Protocol Field", BCP 37, RFC 5237,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5237, February 2008,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5237>.

   [RFC5558]  Templin, F., Ed., "Virtual Enterprise Traversal (VET)",
              RFC 5558, DOI 10.17487/RFC5558, February 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5558>.




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   [RFC5614]  Ogier, R. and P. Spagnolo, "Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET)
              Extension of OSPF Using Connected Dominating Set (CDS)
              Flooding", RFC 5614, DOI 10.17487/RFC5614, August 2009,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5614>.

   [RFC5798]  Nadas, S., Ed., "Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP)
              Version 3 for IPv4 and IPv6", RFC 5798,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5798, March 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5798>.

   [RFC5880]  Katz, D. and D. Ward, "Bidirectional Forwarding Detection
              (BFD)", RFC 5880, DOI 10.17487/RFC5880, June 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5880>.

   [RFC5889]  Baccelli, E., Ed. and M. Townsley, Ed., "IP Addressing
              Model in Ad Hoc Networks", RFC 5889, DOI 10.17487/RFC5889,
              September 2010, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5889>.

   [RFC5942]  Singh, H., Beebee, W., and E. Nordmark, "IPv6 Subnet
              Model: The Relationship between Links and Subnet
              Prefixes", RFC 5942, DOI 10.17487/RFC5942, July 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5942>.

   [RFC6081]  Thaler, D., "Teredo Extensions", RFC 6081,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6081, January 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6081>.

   [RFC6214]  Carpenter, B. and R. Hinden, "Adaptation of RFC 1149 for
              IPv6", RFC 6214, DOI 10.17487/RFC6214, April 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6214>.

   [RFC6221]  Miles, D., Ed., Ooghe, S., Dec, W., Krishnan, S., and A.
              Kavanagh, "Lightweight DHCPv6 Relay Agent", RFC 6221,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6221, May 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6221>.

   [RFC6234]  Eastlake 3rd, D. and T. Hansen, "US Secure Hash Algorithms
              (SHA and SHA-based HMAC and HKDF)", RFC 6234,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6234, May 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6234>.

   [RFC6247]  Eggert, L., "Moving the Undeployed TCP Extensions RFC
              1072, RFC 1106, RFC 1110, RFC 1145, RFC 1146, RFC 1379,
              RFC 1644, and RFC 1693 to Historic Status", RFC 6247,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6247, May 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6247>.





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   [RFC6438]  Carpenter, B. and S. Amante, "Using the IPv6 Flow Label
              for Equal Cost Multipath Routing and Link Aggregation in
              Tunnels", RFC 6438, DOI 10.17487/RFC6438, November 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6438>.

   [RFC6495]  Gagliano, R., Krishnan, S., and A. Kukec, "Subject Key
              Identifier (SKI) SEcure Neighbor Discovery (SEND) Name
              Type Fields", RFC 6495, DOI 10.17487/RFC6495, February
              2012, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6495>.

   [RFC6543]  Gundavelli, S., "Reserved IPv6 Interface Identifier for
              Proxy Mobile IPv6", RFC 6543, DOI 10.17487/RFC6543, May
              2012, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6543>.

   [RFC6706]  Templin, F., Ed., "Asymmetric Extended Route Optimization
              (AERO)", RFC 6706, DOI 10.17487/RFC6706, August 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6706>.

   [RFC6935]  Eubanks, M., Chimento, P., and M. Westerlund, "IPv6 and
              UDP Checksums for Tunneled Packets", RFC 6935,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6935, April 2013,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6935>.

   [RFC6936]  Fairhurst, G. and M. Westerlund, "Applicability Statement
              for the Use of IPv6 UDP Datagrams with Zero Checksums",
              RFC 6936, DOI 10.17487/RFC6936, April 2013,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6936>.

   [RFC6980]  Gont, F., "Security Implications of IPv6 Fragmentation
              with IPv6 Neighbor Discovery", RFC 6980,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6980, August 2013,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6980>.

   [RFC7042]  Eastlake 3rd, D. and J. Abley, "IANA Considerations and
              IETF Protocol and Documentation Usage for IEEE 802
              Parameters", BCP 141, RFC 7042, DOI 10.17487/RFC7042,
              October 2013, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7042>.

   [RFC7094]  McPherson, D., Oran, D., Thaler, D., and E. Osterweil,
              "Architectural Considerations of IP Anycast", RFC 7094,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7094, January 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7094>.

   [RFC7217]  Gont, F., "A Method for Generating Semantically Opaque
              Interface Identifiers with IPv6 Stateless Address
              Autoconfiguration (SLAAC)", RFC 7217,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7217, April 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7217>.



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   [RFC7401]  Moskowitz, R., Ed., Heer, T., Jokela, P., and T.
              Henderson, "Host Identity Protocol Version 2 (HIPv2)",
              RFC 7401, DOI 10.17487/RFC7401, April 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7401>.

   [RFC7421]  Carpenter, B., Ed., Chown, T., Gont, F., Jiang, S.,
              Petrescu, A., and A. Yourtchenko, "Analysis of the 64-bit
              Boundary in IPv6 Addressing", RFC 7421,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7421, January 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7421>.

   [RFC7542]  DeKok, A., "The Network Access Identifier", RFC 7542,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7542, May 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7542>.

   [RFC7739]  Gont, F., "Security Implications of Predictable Fragment
              Identification Values", RFC 7739, DOI 10.17487/RFC7739,
              February 2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7739>.

   [RFC7761]  Fenner, B., Handley, M., Holbrook, H., Kouvelas, I.,
              Parekh, R., Zhang, Z., and L. Zheng, "Protocol Independent
              Multicast - Sparse Mode (PIM-SM): Protocol Specification
              (Revised)", STD 83, RFC 7761, DOI 10.17487/RFC7761, March
              2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7761>.

   [RFC7847]  Melia, T., Ed. and S. Gundavelli, Ed., "Logical-Interface
              Support for IP Hosts with Multi-Access Support", RFC 7847,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7847, May 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7847>.

   [RFC8126]  Cotton, M., Leiba, B., and T. Narten, "Guidelines for
              Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26,
              RFC 8126, DOI 10.17487/RFC8126, June 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8126>.

   [RFC8402]  Filsfils, C., Ed., Previdi, S., Ed., Ginsberg, L.,
              Decraene, B., Litkowski, S., and R. Shakir, "Segment
              Routing Architecture", RFC 8402, DOI 10.17487/RFC8402,
              July 2018, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8402>.

   [RFC8726]  Farrel, A., "How Requests for IANA Action Will Be Handled
              on the Independent Stream", RFC 8726,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8726, November 2020,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8726>.







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   [RFC8892]  Thaler, D. and D. Romascanu, "Guidelines and Registration
              Procedures for Interface Types and Tunnel Types",
              RFC 8892, DOI 10.17487/RFC8892, August 2020,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8892>.

   [RFC8899]  Fairhurst, G., Jones, T., Tüxen, M., Rüngeler, I., and T.
              Völker, "Packetization Layer Path MTU Discovery for
              Datagram Transports", RFC 8899, DOI 10.17487/RFC8899,
              September 2020, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8899>.

   [RFC8900]  Bonica, R., Baker, F., Huston, G., Hinden, R., Troan, O.,
              and F. Gont, "IP Fragmentation Considered Fragile",
              BCP 230, RFC 8900, DOI 10.17487/RFC8900, September 2020,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8900>.

   [RFC8928]  Thubert, P., Ed., Sarikaya, B., Sethi, M., and R. Struik,
              "Address-Protected Neighbor Discovery for Low-Power and
              Lossy Networks", RFC 8928, DOI 10.17487/RFC8928, November
              2020, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8928>.

   [RFC8981]  Gont, F., Krishnan, S., Narten, T., and R. Draves,
              "Temporary Address Extensions for Stateless Address
              Autoconfiguration in IPv6", RFC 8981,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8981, February 2021,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8981>.

   [RFC9000]  Iyengar, J., Ed. and M. Thomson, Ed., "QUIC: A UDP-Based
              Multiplexed and Secure Transport", RFC 9000,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC9000, May 2021,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9000>.

   [RFC9001]  Thomson, M., Ed. and S. Turner, Ed., "Using TLS to Secure
              QUIC", RFC 9001, DOI 10.17487/RFC9001, May 2021,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9001>.

   [RFC9002]  Iyengar, J., Ed. and I. Swett, Ed., "QUIC Loss Detection
              and Congestion Control", RFC 9002, DOI 10.17487/RFC9002,
              May 2021, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9002>.

   [WG]       WireGuard, W., "WireGuard, Fast, Modern, Secure VPN
              Tunnel, https://wireguard.com/", 7 March 2022.










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Appendix A.  OAL Checksum Algorithm

   The OAL Checksum Algorithm adopts the 8-bit Fletcher algorithm
   specified in Appendix I of [RFC1146] as also analyzed in [CKSUM].
   [RFC6247] declared [RFC1146] historic for the reason that the
   algorithms had never seen widespread use with TCP, however this
   document adopts the 8-bit Fletcher algorithm for a different purpose.
   Quoting from Appendix I of [RFC1146], the OAL Checksum Algorithm
   proceeds as follows:

      "The 8-bit Fletcher Checksum Algorithm is calculated over a
      sequence of data octets (call them D[1] through D[N]) by
      maintaining 2 unsigned 1's-complement 8-bit accumulators A and B
      whose contents are initially zero, and performing the following
      loop where i ranges from 1 to N:

         A := A + D[i]

         B := B + A

      It can be shown that at the end of the loop A will contain the
      8-bit 1's complement sum of all octets in the datagram, and that B
      will contain (N)D[1] + (N-1)D[2] + ... + D[N]."

   To calculate the OAL checksum, the above algorithm is applied over
   the N-octet concatenation of the OAL pseudo-header and the
   encapsulated original IP packet(s)/parcel(s).  Specifically, the
   algorithm is first applied over the 40 octets of the OAL pseudo-
   header as data octets D[1] through D[40], then continues over the
   entire length of the original IP packet(s)/parcel(s) as data octets
   D[41] through D[N].

Appendix B.  IPv6 ND Message Authentication and Integrity

   OMNI interface IPv6 ND messages are subject to authentication and
   integrity checks at multiple levels.  When an OMNI interface sends an
   IPv6 ND message over an INET interface, it includes an authentication
   sub-option with a valid signature if necessary and always includes an
   IPv6 ND message checksum.  The OMNI interface that receives the
   message verifies the OAL checksum as a first-level integrity check,
   then verifies the IPv6 ND message checksum followed by the
   authentication signature (if present) to ensure IPv6 ND message
   integrity and authenticity.

   When an OMNI interface sends an IPv6 ND message over an underlay
   interface connected to a secured network, it omits authentication
   (sub-)options but always calculates/includes an IPv6 ND message
   checksum beginning with a pseudo-header of the IPv6 header and



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   extending to the end of the IPv6 ND message only with the Checksum
   field itself set to 0.  When an OMNI interface sends an IPv6 ND
   message over an underlay interface connected to an unsecured network,
   it first includes an authentication (sub-)option and calculates the
   signature beginning with the first octet following the IPv6 ND
   message header Checksum field and extending to the end of the entire
   packet or super-packet with the authentication signature field set to
   0.  The OMNI interface next writes the signature into the signature
   field, then calculates the IPv6 ND message checksum as above.

   The OMNI interface that receives the message applies any lower-layer
   authentication and integrity checks, then verifies both the OAL
   checksum and the IPv6 ND message checksum.  If the checksums are
   correct, the OMNI interface next verifies the authentication
   signature.  The OMNI interface then processes the packet further only
   if all checksums and authentication signatures were correct.

   OAL destinations also discard carrier packets with unacceptable
   Identifications and submit the encapsulated fragments in all others
   for reassembly.  The reassembly algorithm rejects any fragments with
   unacceptable sizes, offsets, etc. and reassembles all others.
   Following reassembly, the OAL checksum algorithm provides an
   integrity assurance layer that compliments any integrity checks
   already applied by lower layers as well as a first-pass filter for
   any checks that will be applied later by upper layers.

Appendix C.  VDL Mode 2 Considerations

   ICAO Doc 9776 is the "Technical Manual for VHF Data Link Mode 2"
   (VDLM2) that specifies an essential radio frequency data link service
   for aircraft and ground stations in worldwide civil aviation air
   traffic management.  The VDLM2 link type is "multicast capable"
   [RFC4861], but with considerable differences from common multicast
   links such as Ethernet and IEEE 802.11.

   First, the VDLM2 link data rate is only 31.5Kbps - multiple orders of
   magnitude less than most modern wireless networking gear.  Second,
   due to the low available link bandwidth only VDLM2 ground stations
   (i.e., and not aircraft) are permitted to send broadcasts, and even
   so only as compact layer 2 "beacons".  Third, aircraft employ the
   services of ground stations by performing unicast RS/RA exchanges
   upon receipt of beacons instead of listening for multicast RA
   messages and/or sending multicast RS messages.

   This beacon-oriented unicast RS/RA approach is necessary to conserve
   the already-scarce available link bandwidth.  Moreover, since the
   numbers of beaconing ground stations operating within a given spatial
   range must be kept as sparse as possible, it would not be feasible to



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   have different classes of ground stations within the same region
   observing different protocols.  It is therefore highly desirable that
   all ground stations observe a common language of RS/RA as specified
   in this document.

   Note that links of this nature may benefit from compression
   techniques that reduce the bandwidth necessary for conveying the same
   amount of data.  The IETF lpwan working group is considering possible
   alternatives: [https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/lpwan/documents].

Appendix D.  Client-Proxy/Server Isolation Through Link-Layer Address
             Mapping

   Per [RFC4861], IPv6 ND messages may be sent to either a multicast or
   unicast link-scoped IPv6 destination address.  However, IPv6 ND
   messaging should be coordinated between the Client and Proxy/Server
   only without invoking other nodes on the underlay network.  This
   implies that Client-Proxy/Server control messaging should be isolated
   and not overheard by other nodes on the link.

   To support Client-Proxy/Server isolation on some links, Proxy/Servers
   can maintain an OMNI-specific unicast link-layer address ("MSADDR").
   For Ethernet-compatible links, this specification reserves one
   Ethernet unicast address TBD5 (see: IANA Considerations).  For non-
   Ethernet statically-addressed links MSADDR is reserved per the
   assigned numbers authority for the link-layer addressing space.  For
   still other links, MSADDR may be dynamically discovered through other
   means, e.g., link-layer beacons.

   Clients map the L3 addresses of all IPv6 ND messages they send (i.e.,
   both multicast and unicast) to MSADDR instead of to an ordinary
   unicast or multicast link-layer address.  In this way, all of the
   Client's IPv6 ND messages will be received by Proxy/Servers that are
   configured to accept carrier packets destined to MSADDR.  Note that
   multiple Proxy/Servers on the link could be configured to accept
   carrier packets destined to MSADDR, e.g., as a basis for supporting
   redundancy.

   Therefore, Proxy/Servers must accept and process carrier packets
   destined to MSADDR, while all other devices must not process carrier
   packets destined to MSADDR.  This model has well-established
   operational experience in Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIP)
   [RFC5213][RFC6543].

Appendix E.  Change Log

   << RFC Editor - remove prior to publication >>




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   Differences from earlier versions:

   *  Submit for RFC publication.

Author's Address

   Fred L. Templin (editor)
   The Boeing Company
   P.O. Box 3707
   Seattle, WA 98124
   United States of America
   Email: fltemplin@acm.org







































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