Internet DRAFT - draft-templin-dtn-ltpfrag
draft-templin-dtn-ltpfrag
Network Working Group F. L. Templin, Ed.
Internet-Draft Boeing Research & Technology
Intended status: Informational 23 October 2023
Expires: 25 April 2024
LTP Fragmentation
draft-templin-dtn-ltpfrag-16
Abstract
The Licklider Transmission Protocol (LTP) provides a reliable
datagram convergence layer for the Delay/Disruption Tolerant
Networking (DTN) Bundle Protocol. In common practice, LTP is often
configured over UDP/IP sockets and inherits its maximum segment size
from the maximum-sized UDP/IP datagram, however when this size
exceeds the path maximum transmission unit a service known as IP
fragmentation must be engaged. This document discusses LTP
interactions with IP fragmentation and mitigations for managing the
amount of IP fragmentation employed.
Status of This Memo
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This Internet-Draft will expire on 25 April 2024.
Copyright Notice
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Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
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extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. IP Fragmentation Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. LTP Fragmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5. Beyond "sendmmsg()" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
6. Advanced LTP Performance Enhancement . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6.1. LTP and GSO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6.2. LTP and GRO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6.3. LTP GSO/GRO Over OMNI Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6.4. IP Parcels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6.5. IP Fragmentation Revisited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
7. Implementation Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
8. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
9. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
10. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
11. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
11.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
11.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1. Introduction
The Licklider Transmission Protocol (LTP) [RFC5326] provides a
reliable datagram convergence layer for the Delay/Disruption Tolerant
Networking (DTN) Bundle Protocol (BP) [RFC9171]. In common practice,
LTP is often configured over the User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
[RFC0768] and Internet Protocol (IP) [RFC0791] using the "socket"
abstraction. LTP inherits its maximum segment size from the maximum-
sized UDP/IP datagram (i.e., 64KB minus header sizes), however when
that size exceeds the maximum transmission unit the path can support
a service known as IP fragmentation must be engaged.
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LTP breaks BP bundles into "blocks", then further breaks these blocks
into "segments". The segment size is a configurable option and
represents the largest atomic portion of data that LTP will require
underlying layers to deliver as a single unit. The segment size is
therefore also known as the "retransmission unit", since each lost
segment must be retransmitted in its entirety. Experimental and
operational evidence has shown that on robust networks increasing the
LTP segment size (up to the maximum UDP/IP datagram size of slightly
less than 64KB) can result in substantial performance increases over
smaller segment sizes. However, the performance increases must be
tempered with the amount of IP fragmentation invoked as discussed
below.
When LTP presents a segment to the operating system kernel (e.g., via
a sendmsg() system call), the UDP layer prepends a UDP header to
create a UDP datagram. The UDP layer then presents the resulting
datagram to the IP layer for packet framing and transmission over a
networked path. The path is further characterized by the path
Maximum Transmission Unit (Path-MTU) which is a measure of the
smallest link MTU (Link-MTU) among all links in the path.
When LTP presents a segment to the kernel that is larger than the
Path-MTU, the resulting UDP datagram is presented to the IP layer
which in turn performs IP fragmentation to break the datagram into
fragments that are no larger than the Path-MTU. For example, if the
LTP segment size is 64KB and the Path-MTU is 1280 octets IP
fragmentation results in 50+ fragments that are transmitted as
individual IP packets. (Note that for IPv4 [RFC0791], fragmentation
may occur either in the source host or in a router in the network
path, while for IPv6 [RFC8200] only the source host may perform
fragmentation.)
Each IP fragment is subject to the same best-effort delivery service
offered by the network according to current congestion and/or link
signal quality conditions; therefore, the IP fragment size becomes
known as the "loss unit". Especially when the packet loss rate is
non-negligible, however, performance can suffer dramatically when the
loss unit is significantly smaller than the retransmission unit
during periods of congestion. In particular, if even a single IP
fragment of a fragmented LTP segment is lost then the whole LTP
segment is considered lost and must be retransmitted in its entirety.
Since LTP does not support flow control or congestion control, this
can result in a cascading flood of redundant information when
fragments are systematically lost in transit due to congestion or
disruption.
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This document discusses LTP interactions with IP fragmentation and
mitigations for managing the amount of fragmentation employed. It
further discusses methods for increasing LTP performance even when IP
fragmentation is engaged.
2. Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
14 [RFC2119][RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
3. IP Fragmentation Issues
IP fragmentation is a fundamental service of the Internet Protocol,
yet it has long been understood that its use can be problematic in
some environments. Beginning as early as 1987, "Fragmentation
Considered Harmful" [FRAG] outlined multiple issues with the service
including a performance-crippling condition that can occur at high
data rates when the loss unit is considerably smaller than the
retransmission unit during intermittent and/or steady-state loss
conditions.
Later investigations also identified the possibility for undetected
corruption at high data rates due to a condition known as "ID
wraparound" when the 16-bit IP identification field (aka the "IP ID")
increments such that new fragments overlap with existing fragments
still alive in the network and with identical ID values
[RFC4963][RFC6864]. Although this condition is most acute for the
IPv4 protocol (and much less so for IPv6 where the IP ID is 32-bits
in length), the IPv4 concerns along with the fact that IPv6 does not
permit routers to perform "network fragmentation" have led many to
discourage the use of fragmentation whenever possible.
Even in the modern era, investigators have seen fit to declare "IP
Fragmentation Considered Fragile" in an Internet Engineering Task
Force (IETF) Best Current Practice (BCP) reference [RFC8900].
Indeed, the BCP recommendations cite the Bundle Protocol LTP
convergence layer as a user of IP fragmentation that depends on some
of its properties to realize greater performance. However, the BCP
summarizes by saying:
"Rather than deprecating IP fragmentation, this document
recommends that upper-layer protocols address the problem of
fragmentation at their layer, reducing their reliance on IP
fragmentation to the greatest degree possible."
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This conclusion was based on the historical state of IP fragmentation
and did not seem to consider the opportunity for forward-looking
improvements. With the advent of "Identification Extension for the
Internet Protocol" [I-D.templin-intarea-ipid-ext], however, the
status of IP fragmentation may soon need to be recharacterized from
"fragile" to "robust". We therefore next discuss our systematic
approach to LTP fragmentation while considering IP fragmentation as a
potentially useful tool for performance maximization.
4. LTP Fragmentation
In common LTP implementations over UDP/IP (e.g., the Interplanetary
Overlay Network (ION)), performance is greatly dependent on the LTP
segment size. This is due to factors including that larger segments
reduce the number of segments LTP has to manage and that larger
segments presented to UDP/IP as single units incur only a single
system call with a single data copy from application to kernel space
via the sendmsg() system call. Once inside the kernel, each segment
incurs UDP/IP encapsulation and IP fragmentation.
During fragmentation, each fragment is transmitted immediately
following the previous without delay so that the fragments appear as
a "burst" of consecutive packets over the network path resulting in
high network utilization during the burst period. Additionally, the
use of IP fragmentation with a larger segment size conserves header
framing octets since the upper layer headers only appear in the first
IP fragment as opposed to appearing in all fragments.
Conventional wisdom has for many decades suggested that in order to
avoid retransmission congestion (i.e., especially when fragment loss
probability is non-negligible) the LTP segment size should be set to
no larger than the Path-MTU. Assuming the minimum IPv4 Effective MTU
to Receive (EMTU_R) of 576 octets, however, transmission of 64KB of
data using a 576B segment size would require well over 100
independent sendmsg() system calls and data copies as opposed to just
one when the largest segment size is used. This greatly reduces the
theoretical bandwidth advantage offered by IP fragmentation bursts.
Therefore, a means for providing the best aspects of both large
segment fragment bursting and small segment retransmission efficiency
would seem beneficial.
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Common operating systems such as linux provide the sendmmsg() ("send
multiple messages") system call that allows the LTP application to
present the kernel with a vector of up to 1024 segments instead of
just a single segment. This theoretically affords the bursting
behavior of IP fragmentation coupled with the retransmission
efficiency of employing small segment sizes. (Note that LTP
receivers can also use the recvmmsg() ("receive multiple messages")
system call to receive a vector of segments from the kernel in case
multiple recent packet arrivals can be combined.)
A first approach to performance maximization therefore analyzed
implementations of LTP that employ a large block size, a conservative
segment size and a new configuration option known as the "Burst-
Limit" which determines the number of segments that can be presented
in a single sendmmsg() system call. When the implementation forwards
an LTP block, it carves Burst-Limit-many segments from the block and
presents the vector of segments to sendmmsg(). The kernel will
prepare each segment as an independent UDP/IP packet and transmit
them into the network as a burst in a fashion that parallels IP
fragmentation. The loss unit and retransmission unit will be the
same, therefore loss of a single segment does not result in a
retransmission congestion event.
It should be noted that the Burst-Limit is bounded only by the LTP
block size and not by the maximum UDP/IP datagram size. Therefore,
each burst can in practice convey significantly more data than a
single IP fragmentation event. It should also be noted that the
segment size can still be made larger than the Path-MTU in low-loss
environments without danger of triggering retransmission storms due
to loss of IP fragments. This would result in combined large UDP/IP
message transmission and IP fragmentation bursting for increased
network utilization in more robust environments. Finally, both the
Burst-Limit and UDP/IP message sizes need not be static values, and
can be tuned to adaptively increase or decrease according to time
varying network conditions.
5. Beyond "sendmmsg()"
In actual practice, implementation experience with the ION-DTN
distribution along with two recent studies have demonstrated only
very limited performance increases for employing sendmmsg() for
transmission over UDP/IP sockets. A first study used sendmmsg() as
part of an integrated solution to produce 1M packets per second
assuming only raw data transmission conditions [MPPS], while a second
study focused on performance improvements for the QUIC reliable
transport service [QUIC]. In both studies, the use of sendmmsg()
alone produced modest increases but complimentary enhancements were
identified that when combined with sendmmsg() produced considerable
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additional increases.
In [MPPS], additional enhancements such as using recvmmsg() and
configuring multiple receive queues at the receiver were introduced
in an attempt to achieve greater parallelism and engage multiple
processors and threads. However, the system was still limited to a
single thread until multiple receiving processes were introduced
using the "SO_REUSEPORT" socket option. By having multiple receiving
processes (each with its own socket buffer), the performance
advantages of parallel processing were employed to achieve the 1M
packets per second goal.
In [QUIC], a new feature available in recent linux kernel versions
was employed. The feature, known as "Generic Segmentation Offload
(GSO) / Generic Receive Offload (GRO)" allows an application to
provide the kernel with a "super-buffer" containing up to 64 separate
upper layer protocol segments. When the application presents the
super-buffer to the kernel, GSO segmentation then sends up to 64
separate UDP/IP packets in a burst. (Note that GSO requires each
UDP/IP packet to be no larger than the Path-MTU so that receivers can
invoke GRO without interactions with IP reassembly.) The GSO
facility can be invoked by either sendmsg() (i.e., a single super-
buffer) or sendmmsg() (i.e., multiple super-buffers), and the study
showed a substantial performance increase over using just sendmsg()
and sendmmsg() alone.
For LTP fragmentation, our ongoing efforts explore using these
techniques in a manner that parallels the effort undertaken for QUIC.
Using these higher-layer segmentation management facilities is
consistent with the guidance in "IP Fragmentation Considered Fragile"
that states:
"Rather than deprecating IP fragmentation, this document
recommends that upper-layer protocols address the problem of
fragmentation at their layer, reducing their reliance on IP
fragmentation to the greatest degree possible."
By addressing fragmentation at their layer, the LTP/UDP functions can
then be tuned to minimize IP fragmentation in environments where it
may be problematic or to adaptively engage IP fragmentation in
environments where performance gains can be realized without risking
sustained loss and/or data corruption.
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6. Advanced LTP Performance Enhancement
Some modern operating systems include Generic Segment Offload (GSO)
and Generic Receive Offload (GRO) services. For example, GSO/GRO
support has been included in linux beginning with kernel version
4.18. Some network drivers and network hardware also support GSO/GRO
at or below the operating system network device driver interface
layer to provide benefits of delayed segmentation and/or early
reassembly. The following sections discuss LTP interactions with GSO
and GRO.
6.1. LTP and GSO
GSO allows LTP implementations to present the sendmsg() or sendmmsg()
system calls with "super-buffers" that include up to 64 LTP segments
which the kernel will subdivide into individual UDP/IP datagrams.
LTP implementations enable GSO either on a per-socket basis using the
"setsockopt()" system call or on a per-message basis for
sendmsg()/sendmmsg() as follows:
/* Set LTP segment size */
unsigned integer gso_size = SEGSIZE;
...
/* Enable GSO for all messages sent on the socket */
setsockopt(fd, SOL_UDP, UDP_SEGMENT, &gso_size, sizeof(gso_size)));
...
/* Alternatively, set per-message GSO control */
cm = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&msg);
cm->cmsg_level = SOL_UDP;
cm->cmsg_type = UDP_SEGMENT;
cm->cmsg_len = CMSG_LEN(sizeof(uint16_t));
*((uint16_t *) CMSG_DATA(cm)) = gso_size;
Implementations must set SEGSIZE to a value no larger than the path
MTU via the underlying network interface, minus header overhead; this
ensures that UDP/IP datagrams generated during GSO segmentation will
not incur local IP fragmentation prior to transmission (Note: the
linux kernel returns EINVAL if SEGSIZE encodes a value that exceeds
the Path-MTU.)
Implementations should therefore dynamically determine SEGSIZE for
paths that traverse multiple links through Packetization Layer Path
MTU Discovery for Datagram Transports [RFC8899] (DPMTUD).
Implementations should set an initial SEGSIZE to either a known
minimum MTU for the path or to the protocol-defined minimum path MTU.
Implementations may then dynamically increase SEGSIZE without service
interruption if the discovered Path-MTU is larger.
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6.2. LTP and GRO
GRO allows the kernel to return "super-buffers" that contain multiple
concatenated received segments to the LTP implementation in recvmsg()
or recvmmsg() system calls, where each concatenated segment is
distinguished by an LTP segment header per [RFC5326]. LTP
implementations enable GRO on a per-socket basis using the
"setsockopt()" system call, then optionally set up per receive
message ancillary data to receive the segment length for each message
as follows:
/* Enable GRO */
unsigned integer use_gro = 1; /* boolean */
setsockopt(fd, SOL_UDP, UDP_GRO, &use_gro, sizeof(use_gro)));
...
/* Set per-message GRO control */
cmsg->cmsg_len = CMSG_LEN(sizeof(int));
*((int *)CMSG_DATA(cmsg)) = 0;
cmsg->cmsg_level = SOL_UDP;
cmsg->cmsg_type = UDP_GRO;
...
/* Receive per-message GRO segment length */
if ((segmentLength = *((int *)CMSG_DATA(cmsg))) <= 0)
segmentLength = messageLength;
Implementations include a pointer to a "use_gro" boolean indication
to the kernel to enable GRO; the only interoperability requirement
therefore is that each UDP/IP packet includes an integral number of
properly-formed LTP segments. The kernel and/or underlying network
hardware will first coalesce multiple received segments into a larger
single segment whenever possible and/or return multiple coalesced or
singular segments to the LTP implementation so as to maximize the
amount of data returned in a single system call. The "super-buffer"
thus prepared MUST contain at most 64 segments where each non-final
segment MUST be equal in length and the final segment MUST NOT be
longer than the non-final segment length.
Implementations that invoke recvmsg( ) and/or recvmmsg() will
therefore receive "super-buffers" that include one or more
concatenated received LTP segments. The LTP implementation accepts
all received LTP segments and identifies any segments that may be
missing. The LTP protocol then engages segment report procedures if
necessary to request retransmission of any missing segments.
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6.3. LTP GSO/GRO Over OMNI Interfaces
LTP engines produce UDP/IP packets that can be forwarded over an
underlying network interface as the head-end of a "link-layer service
that transits IP packets". UDP/IP packets that enter the link near-
end are deterministically delivered to the link-far end modulo loss
due to corruption, congestion or disruption. The link-layer service
is associated with an MTU that deterministically establishes the
maximum packet size that can transit the link. The link-layer
service may further support a segmentation and reassembly function
with fragment retransmissions at a layer below IP; in many cases,
these timely link-layer retransmissions can reduce dependency on
(slow) end-to-end retransmissions.
LTP engines that connect to networks traversed by paths consisting of
multiple concatenated links must be prepared to adapt their segment
sizes to match the minimum MTU of all links in the path. This could
result in a small SEGSIZE that would interfere with the benefits of
GSO/GRO layering. However, nodes that configure LTP engines can also
establish an Overlay Multilink Network Interface (OMNI)
[I-D.templin-intarea-omni] that spans the multiple concatenated links
while presenting an assured (64KB-1) MTU to the LTP engine.
The OMNI interface internally uses IPv6 fragmentation as an OMNI
Adaptation Layer (OAL) service invisible to the LTP engine to allow
timely link-layer retransmissions of lost fragments where the
retransmission unit matches the loss unit. The LTP engine can then
dynamically vary its SEGSIZE (up to a maximum value of (64KB-1) minus
headers) to determine the size that produces the best performance at
the current time by engaging the combined operational factors at all
layers of the multi-layer architecture. This dynamic factoring
coupled with the ideal link properties provided by the OMNI interface
support an effective layering solution for many DTN networks.
When an LTP/UDP/IP packet is transmitted over an OMNI interface, the
OAL inserts an IPv6 header and performs IPv6 fragmentation to produce
fragments small enough to fit within the Path-MTU. The OAL then
replaces the IPv6 encapsulation headers with OMNI Compressed Headers
(OCHs) which are significantly smaller that their uncompressed IPv6
header counterparts and even smaller than the IPv4 headers would have
been had the packet been sent directly over a physical interface such
as Ethernet using IPv4 fragmentation. These fragments are finally
wrapped in lower layer headers to produce "carrier packets" as
necessary to transit the path.
The end result is that the first fragment produced by the OAL will
include a small amount of additional overhead to accommodate the OCH
encapsulation header while all additional fragments will include only
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an OCH header which is significantly smaller than even an IPv4
header. The act of forwarding the large LTP/UDP/IP packet over the
OMNI interface will therefore produce a considerable overhead savings
in comparison with direct Ethernet transmission.
Using the OMNI interface with its OAL service in addition to the GSO/
GRO mechanism, an LTP engine can therefore theoretically present
concatenated LTP segments in a "super-buffer" of up to (64 * ((64KB-
1) minus headers)) octets for transmission in a single sendmsg()
system call, and may present multiple such "super-buffers" in a
single system call when sendmmsg() is used. (Note however that
existing implementations limit the maximum-sized "super-buffer" to
only 64KB total.) In the future, this service may realize even
greater benefits through the use of advanced IP Jumbograms ("advanced
jumbos") [I-D.templin-intarea-parcels] over paths that support them.
6.4. IP Parcels
The so-called "super-buffers" discussed in the previous sessions can
be applied for GSO/GRO only when the LTP application endpoints are
co-resident with the OAL source and destination, respectively.
However, it may be desirable for the future architecture to support
network forwarding for these "super-buffers" in case the LTP source
and/or destination are located one or more IP networking hops away
from nodes that configure their respective source and destination
OMNI interfaces. Moreover, if the OMNI virtual link spans multiple
OMNI intermediate nodes on the path from the OAL source to the OAL
destination it may be desirable to keep the "super-buffers" together
as much as possible as they traverse the intermediate hops. For this
reason, a new construct known as the "IP Parcel" has been specified
[I-D.templin-intarea-parcels].
An IP parcel is a special form of an IP Jumbogram that includes a
non-zero value in the IP {Total, Payload} Length field. The value
sets the segment size for the first segment included in the parcel,
while the value coded in the Jumbo Payload header provides the full
length of the parcel and determines the number of segments included.
Each segment "shares" a single IP header, and the parcel can be
broken down into sub-parcels if necessary to traverse paths with
length restrictions. The parcel therefore is a "packet-of-packets"
that offers more efficient packaging in the same way that postal
service shipping parcels containing multiple items offer more
efficient shipping.
IP parcels as well as another new form of IP Jumbogram known as the
"advanced jumbo" can also be forwarded as whole packets over paths
that traverse links with sufficiently large MTUs (e.g., space domain
laser links). The source performs path probing to determine whether
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IP parcels and/or advanced jumbos are supported, after which it may
begin forwarding packets that employ these new constructs. A full
discussion of IP parcels and advanced jumbos is found in
[I-D.templin-intarea-parcels].
6.5. IP Fragmentation Revisited
More recent studies have demonstrated a clear performance advantage
for LTP/UDP when using conventional segment sizes that significantly
exceed the Path-MTU. For example, widely-deployed LTP/UDP
implementations show a multiplicative performance increase for using
maximum-sized conventional LTP segments in comparison to smaller
segments. Indeed, increasing the LTP segment size in live network
tests over 100Gbps links significantly exceeded the performance
characteristics for Path-MTU or smaller-sized segments.
Significant performance increases were also observed when the Path-
MTU itself was increased, with the greatest performance occurring
when both the segment size and Path-MTU approached their maximum
values. When the segment size exceeds the Path-MTU, fragmentation at
some layer is a natural consequence but in our experiments IP
fragmentation had no adverse performance impact. This proves that
using larger LTP segments (and therefore reducing the number of
segments LTP must manage) is the key enabler for greater performance.
The questions of how to avoid the possibility of reassembly
corruption due to IP ID wraparound at high data rates and how to
mitigate congestive fragment loss have for many decades impeded full
dependence on fragmentation. However, these questions and others
have now been addressed in "Identification Extension for the Internet
Protocol" [I-D.templin-intarea-ipid-ext]. The new ability to extend
the IP Identification field to 32-bit, 64-bit or even larger sizes
obviates the vulnerability documented in [RFC4963], while the
fragmentation control message feedback supports adaptive congestion
mitigation. These new functions allow LTP senders and receivers to
fully engage the fragmentation and reassembly services which were
always intended as core aspects of the Internet architecture. This
results in an internetworking service for LTP that is adaptive,
efficient and not subject to wasted transmissions.
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The encouraging results with conventional segment sizes as large as
65535 octets invites the question of whether even greater performance
increases are possible using still larger segments. Such large
segments must be carried in packets known as jumbograms for which no
fragmentation and reassembly are possible. Although no links
currently configure MTUs larger than 65535 octets, future experiments
with larger link MTU sizes using Forward Error Correction (FEC)
instead of traditional packet integrity checks should yield even
greater performance benefits. These links can only be discovered and
utilized using Path MTU Discovery (PMTUD).
In conclusion, the answer to the LTP/UDP performance optimization
question under conventional packet sizes is not simply unmitigated
fragmentation and reassembly but rather intelligently managed and
adaptive services that can tune the system for optimum performance
under any conditions. As a result, "Identification Extension for the
Internet Protocol" provides a near-term solution for LTP performance
maximization, while "IP Parcels and Advanced Jumbos" promises to
advance performance to its ultimate aspirations.
7. Implementation Status
Supporting code for invoking the sendmmsg() facility is included in
the official ION source code distribution, beginning with release
ion-4.0.1.
Working code for GSO/GRO has been incorporated into a pre-release of
ION and scheduled for integration following the next major release.
An implementation of LTP/UDP/IP Parcels over OMNI interfaces is
available in github. A multi-threaded LTP receiver implementation is
currently under investigation.
8. IANA Considerations
This document introduces no IANA considerations.
9. Security Considerations
Communications networking security is necessary to preserve
confidentiality, integrity and availability.
10. Acknowledgements
The NASA Space Communications and Networks (SCaN) directorate
coordinates DTN activities for the International Space Station (ISS)
and other space exploration initiatives.
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Akash Agarwal, Madhuri Madhava Badgandi, Keith Philpott, Bill
Pohlchuck, Vijayasarathy Rajagopalan, Bhargava Raman Sai Prakash and
Eric Yeh are acknowledged for their significant contributions. Tyler
Doubrava was the first to mention the "sendmmsg()" facility. Scott
Burleigh provided review input, and David Zoller provided useful
perspective.
Honoring life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
11. References
11.1. Normative References
[RFC0768] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768,
DOI 10.17487/RFC0768, August 1980,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc768>.
[RFC0791] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791,
DOI 10.17487/RFC0791, September 1981,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc791>.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC5326] Ramadas, M., Burleigh, S., and S. Farrell, "Licklider
Transmission Protocol - Specification", RFC 5326,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5326, September 2008,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5326>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
[RFC8200] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6
(IPv6) Specification", STD 86, RFC 8200,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8200, July 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8200>.
11.2. Informative References
[FRAG] Mogul, J. and C. Kent, "Fragmentation Considered Harmful,
ACM Sigcomm 1987", August 1987.
[I-D.templin-intarea-ipid-ext]
Templin, F., "Identification Extension for the Internet
Protocol", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-
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Internet-Draft LTP Fragmentation October 2023
templin-intarea-ipid-ext-21, 13 October 2023,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-templin-
intarea-ipid-ext-21>.
[I-D.templin-intarea-omni]
Templin, F., "Transmission of IP Packets over Overlay
Multilink Network (OMNI) Interfaces", Work in Progress,
Internet-Draft, draft-templin-intarea-omni-49, 18 October
2023, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-
templin-intarea-omni-49>.
[I-D.templin-intarea-parcels]
Templin, F., "IP Parcels and Advanced Jumbos", Work in
Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-templin-intarea-parcels-
79, 13 October 2023,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-templin-
intarea-parcels-79>.
[MPPS] Majkowski, M., "How to Receive a Million Packets Per
Second, https://blog.cloudflare.com/how-to-receive-a-
million-packets/", June 2015.
[QUIC] Ghedini, A., "Accelerating UDP Packet Transmission for
QUIC, https://calendar.perfplanet.com/2019/accelerating-
udp-packet-transmission-for-quic/", December 2019.
[RFC2675] Borman, D., Deering, S., and R. Hinden, "IPv6 Jumbograms",
RFC 2675, DOI 10.17487/RFC2675, August 1999,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2675>.
[RFC4963] Heffner, J., Mathis, M., and B. Chandler, "IPv4 Reassembly
Errors at High Data Rates", RFC 4963,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4963, July 2007,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4963>.
[RFC6864] Touch, J., "Updated Specification of the IPv4 ID Field",
RFC 6864, DOI 10.17487/RFC6864, February 2013,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6864>.
[RFC8899] Fairhurst, G., Jones, T., Tüxen, M., Rüngeler, I., and T.
Völker, "Packetization Layer Path MTU Discovery for
Datagram Transports", RFC 8899, DOI 10.17487/RFC8899,
September 2020, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8899>.
[RFC8900] Bonica, R., Baker, F., Huston, G., Hinden, R., Troan, O.,
and F. Gont, "IP Fragmentation Considered Fragile",
BCP 230, RFC 8900, DOI 10.17487/RFC8900, September 2020,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8900>.
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Internet-Draft LTP Fragmentation October 2023
[RFC9171] Burleigh, S., Fall, K., and E. Birrane, III, "Bundle
Protocol Version 7", RFC 9171, DOI 10.17487/RFC9171,
January 2022, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9171>.
Author's Address
Fred L. Templin (editor)
Boeing Research & Technology
P.O. Box 3707
Seattle, WA 98124
United States of America
Email: fltemplin@acm.org
Templin Expires 25 April 2024 [Page 16]
