Internet DRAFT - draft-vanrein-eap-sasl
draft-vanrein-eap-sasl
Network Working Group R. Van Rein
Internet-Draft ARPA2.net
Intended status: Standards Track August 14, 2017
Expires: February 15, 2018
Simple Authentication and Security Layers over the Extensible
Authentication Protocol (EAP-SASL)
draft-vanrein-eap-sasl-00
Abstract
This specification permits SASL authentication as an application of
EAP. This enhances SASL with several new protocols over which it can
be used. It enhances EAP with application-level credentials and
mechanisms.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
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This Internet-Draft will expire on February 15, 2018.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Inner and Outer Identities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. Transporting SASL Frames over EAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. Interactions with the EAP Lower Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5. Key Derivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5.1. Keying under EAP-SASL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5.2. Keying under EAP-TTLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6. Efficiency Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
7. Privacy Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
8. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
9. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
10.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
10.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1. Introduction
EAP, or the Extensible Authentication Protocol, is a pluggable
mechanism for the control of network or service access by users. It
is usually communicated with users during a login phase of IKEv2
[Section 3.16 of [RFC7296]], PPP [Section 3.2 of [RFC3748]], 802.1x
[Section 3.3 of [RFC3748]] or PANA [RFC5191] and passed on to backend
servers in a RADIUS attribute [Section 5.1 of [RFC2865]] or Diameter
AVP [Section 8.14 of [RFC6733]] set aside for EAP. Note that PPP is
used in technologies like PPPoE, PPPoA, L2TP and PPTP; and that
802.1x is used in EAPOL authentication for wired networks, as well as
for wireless ethernet where it is called WPA2; IKE is used to
negotiate IPsec security associations. In short, EAP is available in
most places that grant network access.
Although often used with password-based policies, EAP may also be
used with more advanced cryptographic approaches. What this
specification adds, is a facility for the Simple Authentication and
Security Layer, with a focus on the most generally used facilitation
of client authentication. Both EAP and SASL follow a request/
response interaction, which makes their integration into EAP-SASL
relatively straightforward.
Typical applications of EAP are network access, while SASL is more
oriented towards end-user applications. There is no reason however,
why the potential of SASL mechanisms should be held back from EAP.
What EAP stands to gain from this is an independently standardised
and implemented set of authentication mechanisms; depending on
implementation choices, these may be made to share credentials for
end-user applications, which can be helpful when networks move into
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the user view, such as is the case with VPNs and single-user network
logon (perhaps from a single-user machine). What SASL stands to gain
is the ability to be carried over widely used AAA backend protocols
such as RADIUS and Diameter. When a site is standardising its
authentication on SASL, it is possible for both network access and
end-user applications to isolate authentication sequences and relay
them to a shared AAA backend. This facilitates centralised
management of identities and credentials.
Some special attention is needed for one of the SASL mechanisms,
namely Kerberos5 over GSSAPI. This mechanism uses short-lived
credentials, which may mean that a bootstrapping sequence is needed
so these can be setup. The work in progress on IAKERB
[I-D.ietf-kitten-iakerb] enhances GSSAPI with just this facility.
This is more general, and therefore better, than earlier work done on
EAP-Kerberos [I-D.vanrein-eap-kerberos]. An explicit method for
Kerberos over EAP is an improvement over current-day implementations
that use the PAP method to pass the client password over RADIUS which
then addresses a KDC by authenticating on behalf of the user. It
should be noted that such submission of user passwords contradicts
Kerberos security design assumptions.
There is a SASL method for EAP over GSSAPI [RFC7055], which could be
combined with this specification to form stacks like EAP-SASL-GSSAPI-
EAP and SASL-GSSAPI-EAP-SASL, both of which seem useless and are
unintended. These stacks may however occur as a result of
abstraction layers that are unaware of lower or higher abstraction
layers. Although not a sign of good design, this specification
cannot forecast all possible uses, so it limits itself to stating
that such stacks are NOT RECOMMENDED.
The following Security Claims [Section 7.2 of [RFC3748]] are made for
EAP-Kerberos:
Mechanism: SASL mechanisms with operator approval
Ciphersuite negotiation: Only with supporting SASL mechanisms
Mutual authentication: Only with supporting SASL mechanisms
Integrity protection: No
Replay protection: Only with supporting SASL mechanisms
Confidentiality: No
Key derivation: Yes, except with plaintext passwords
Key strength: Follows SASL credential entropy
Dictionary attack protect: Follows SASL credential entropy
Fast reconnect: No
Cryptographic binding: No
Session independence: Yes, ensured through fresh random salts
Fragmentation: Yes
Channel binding: No
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2. Inner and Outer Identities
It is common for EAP to be encapsulated in a context that
communicates an identity, independently of what the EAP does with it.
This identity is sometimes referred to as the "outer" identity, to
contrast it with an "inner" identity negotiated within the EAP
transport. As an example, when EAP is transported in RADIUS or
Diameter, there is commonly a User-Name attribute at the same level
as the EAP-Message attribute holding an EAP packet; the contents of
this User-Name would be the outer identity.
Only the inner identities of EAP-SASL relate to authenticated
identities, at least when EAP approves the exchange. This remains
true when EAP-SASL is wrapped inside of EAP-TTLS, as described below.
An outer identity may be added for routing purposes alone, where the
realm part of the User-Name serves to indicate a backend to route to.
In fact, for reasons of privacy, the outer identity often lacks the
user name and may look like @example.com.
3. Transporting SASL Frames over EAP
Messages from the SASL client to the server are sent in an EAP packet
with Code set to Request. What is called a client in SASL is
referred to as a peer in EAP. Challenges from the server to the SASL
client are sent in EAP packets with Code set to Response. Both the
EAP packets, which shall be referred to as EAP Request and EAP
Response respectively, will set Type to TBD, as assigned by IANA.
The Type-Data field in both an EAP Request and EAP Responses is
referred to as EAP Payload below. The names EAP Success and EAP
Failure will be used to refer to an EAP packet with Code set to
Success and Failure, respectively.
The SASL specification [RFC4422] is often used with base64-encoding
of binary data, to avoid problems of textual protocols. EAP is a
binary protocol, so it can carry binary content directly in EAP. For
this reason, no base64 or other mapping to text will be used.
The EAP Payload consists of 20 bytes followed by the binary data for
the SASL mechanism, the latter of which may be 0 bytes long. The
first 20 bytes hold the SASL mechanism name or an instruction.
Instructions are easily recognised because they start with an
asterisk (U+002a). Note that instructions are not valid SASL
mechanism names; they are used to expand EAP with specific semantics
of EAP-SASL. The SASL mechanism name or instruction starts in the
first byte of the EAP Payload and is padded with space characters
(U+0020) to fill up the 20 bytes. Note that according to the syntax
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of SASL names [Section 3.1 of [RFC4422]], 20 bytes can hold the
longest SASL name.
The instruction *RESET can be sent by EAP peers to terminate a
current EAP session, if any; the EAP server responds with EAP
Failure, which only counts as a failed session inasfar as one was
currently active. This form of termination is never used by the EAP
server, which instead sends EAP Failure in its next EAP Response
message. The *RESET instruction is never followed by SASL mechanism
data bytes. The instruction SHOULD be used when the EAP Lower Layer
is a multiplex of EAP links without explicit link ends, and it MAY be
used when it uses a connection-less transport without any certainty
about the remote peer's state (such as after a software restart on
either end). When no EAP interaction is taking place, the EAP
Payload with this instruction has no effect. On connection-less EAP
transports, this instruction may be used to safely start an
interaction after one side is restarted while the other may still
keep state. When an EAP Payload with this instruction is used, both
its sender and recipient MUST discard any EAP-related state and
forward the error to any other protocol layers that may depend on it.
The instruction *DEFRAGMENT is used when an EAP Payload cannot be
sent in one whole; any but the last EAP Payload is sent with this
instruction. It may be sent by the EAP peer or server when the MTU
available for EAP is insufficient to carry a full EAP Reqeust or EAP
Response. The size of the data following this instruction and its
padding to 20 bytes MUST be non-zero and should make the EAP Payload
almost as large as the MTU will permit. Upon receiving an EAP
Payload with this instruction, it is held so that the next EAP
Payload may be attached to it; the reconstituted EAP Payload will
have its SASL mechanism name or instruction set to the first EAP
Payload to follow without the *DEFRAGMENT instruction. This
reconsituted EAP Payload is then used instead of its constituent
components, and processed as had it been sent without transport
fragmentation. The receiving party requests continuation with an EAP
Request or Response (as implied by their role) with the *CONTINUE
instruction and no appended bytes.
The instruction *RANDOMSALT may be exchanged once before EAP Success
or EAP Failure. It is initially sent by the EAP peer, and results in
the same instruction in an EAP server response. Each party is
allowed to send as much random bytes as it likes, but 16 bytes is the
REQUIRED minimum and no more than the size of MSK/EMSK that could be
generated from it, which means a maximum of 128 bytes under this
specification.
The first EAP Payload that names the SASL mechanism may just be 20
bytes in size, in which case its optional initial data is considered
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absent. When a *DEFRAGMENT instruction precedes it, the optional
initial data is considered present, even when it is 0 bytes long.
SASL requires distinction between empty and absent initial data
[Section 4 of [RFC3748]], which is implemented by these rules.
The instruction *LISTMECHANISMS enables the EAP peer to obtain a list
of server-supported SASL mechanism names. The EAP Request with this
instruction adds no data bytes; the EAP Response with this
instruction adds supported SASL mechanism names separated by a space
character (U+0020). The use of this instruction is optional, at the
discretion of the peer. When sent, this exchange precedes the
customary information.
Any *DEFRAGMENT instructions preceding an EAP Success count as the
optional data that a SASL mechanism may receive alongside a
successful finish. This even applies when the preceding instructions
provide 0 bytes. The absense of preceding *DEFRAGMENT instructions
cause an EAP Success to be delivered to the EAP peer without such
additional data. Note the distinction between absense of additional
data and empty but present This slightly contrived mechanism can fit
carrier protocols that allow only one EAP Payload at a time, notably
PPP [Section 2.2 of [RFC2284]] as well as others that depend on the
EAP Success to be reported over EAP and not merely be derivable from
this EAP-SASP instruction. When EAP Failure is reported by the
server, any preceding *DEFRAGMENT instructions from the server MUST
be ignored, and silently discarded before delivery to the EAP peer.
4. Interactions with the EAP Lower Layer
SASL requires a number of specifications from the protocol that
embeds it. Some of these can be resolved in EAP in a generic manner,
as was done in the preceding section; this section pushes a few
requirements to the layers below EAP, which we shall refer to as the
EAP Lower Layer, for which some possibilities are enumerated in the
Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) Registry maintained by IANA,
while others such as RADIUS and Diameter are only defined by
incorporation of EAP in their messages.
The Identity field in an EAP header [Section 4 of [RFC3748]] is the
only mechanism that can distinguish EAP packets, and it is used to
match a Response to a Request. Though it might be used to allow 128
or perhaps even 256 simultaneous EAP interactions, this is neither
forbidden nor specified herein. Instead, the RECOMMENDED place to
implement concurrency is in the EAP Lower Layer; a PPP stream is
always encapsulated into a session, as is the case for L2TP and PPPoE
and even dialup networking; a RADIUS stream can include an EAP-
Session-Id; a Diameter stream uses a Session-ID to connect parts of
the same flow; IKEv2 uses SPIs; PANA message headers have a Session
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Identifier field. Adding an interpretation to the Identity field for
reasons of concurrency would add complexity, but not functionality.
In line with this reasoning, multiple SASL authentications within the
same EAP session are not supported.
SASL requires a service name to be specified for use with GSSAPI.
This service name is easy to establish when protocols serve a
specific application, but EAP is more general. Therefore, the
responsibility of selecting a service name must in general be
specific to the EAP Lower Layer. The name TBD:net is allocated as a
default service name for the EAP Lower Layer protocols 1-7 and 9, as
registered by IANA. The EAP peer drives this choice. When carried
over RADIUS or Diameter, the EAP-Lower-Layer attribute [Section 7.2
of [RFC6677]] SHOULD be used. For EAP Lower Layer protocol 8 (GSS-
API), this specification cannot assign a default service name,
because it is another generic lower layer. Also, it may be better to
avoid the SASL method GSSAPI when GSSAPI is the EAP Lower Layer.
SASL requires a standard syntax and semantics, as well as
normalisation rules, for authorisation identifiers. In general, this
depends on the EAP Lower Layer. We can provide a default mechanism,
however, which is of use to customary EAP Lower Layers such as PPP
and 802.1x. This is either the format of a Fully Qualified Domain
Name [Section 5.2 of [RFC1594]] or a Network Access Identitifier
[RFC7542].
TODO: channel binding, like in GS2-KRB5-PLUS and SCRAM-SHA1-PLUS
requires a notion of the TLS channel; relaying it to a backend over
EAP is not helpful; an attribute such as the NAS-Port-Instance may
help?
5. Key Derivation
There are two mechanisms that may be used for key derivation; either
directly using the SASL credentials, or by using an EAP-TTLS wrapper
around EAP-SASL. When both are used, EAP-TTLS is the RECOMMENDED
choice on account of its stronger security.
5.1. Keying under EAP-SASL
Keying under SASL uses what shared secret is available in order to
generate MSK/EMSK [RFC5247] for use in the EAP Lower Layer. To
enable this additional function, the shared secret MUST NOT be passed
over EAP-SASL in an unprotected form, not even when protected with
EAP-TTLS, meaning that the SASL PLAIN and OAUTHBEARER mechanisms are
barred. Some form of active use of the credential MUST pass over
EAP-SASL, meaning that the SASL ANONYMOUS and EXTERNAL mechanisms are
also barred. Furthermore, the EAP-SASL method MUST have exchanged at
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least 16 bytes from each side in precisely one *RANDOMSALT
instruction exchange.
SASL mechanisms that can negotiate a security layer are RECOMMENDED
to use this facility to find a sesssion key for key generation under
SASL; other SASL mechanisms may have to use a shared key that is
fixed as the session key. One SASL mechanism that SHOULD negotiate a
session key when used is GSSAPI with Kerberos5.
The session key is used in a variation on the EAP-TTLS computation:
KeyMaterial = PRF-128 (eap_sasl.session_key,
"EAP-SASL keying material",
peer.RANDOMSALT + server.RANDOMSALT)
MSK = KeyMaterial [ 0.. 63]
EMSK = KeyMaterial [64..127]
The PRF-128 function is as used with EAP-TTLS [Section 7.8 of
[RFC5281]]. Note the reversed order of the random material relative
to TLS; as for EAP-TLS and EAP-TTLS, this intends to avoid clashes
with similar TLS computations. The EMSK may be used to derive root
keys [RFC5295].
5.2. Keying under EAP-TTLS
Some SASL mechanisms cannot reliably be sent in plaintext; in such
cases, it is customary to run the containing protocol in a secure
transport such as TLS. There is an EAP mechanism to do just that,
namely EAP-TTLS [RFC5281]. The EAP-SASL flow can be embedded in EAP-
TTLS if such is required.
Wrapping EAP-SASL inside EAP-TTLS is not only of interest for
protecting the credential, but also in assuring that the response is
sent to an authentic server, thus mitigating man-in-the-middle
attacks. Finally, EAP-TTLS can be useful because it standardises a
key that can be used to encrypt further traffic, for instance under
the WPA2 technology.
Finally, when EAP-TTLS wrapping is used, there is the option of using
Keying Material Export [RFC5705] to derive a key. Unlike the MSK/
EMSK that EAP-TTLS shares with the EAP authenticator to establish
one-hop encryption, this constitutes a key that reaches out to the
site that performed authentication. Such applications use the ASCII
label "EAP-SASL key derivation" (without the quotes). The context
value is only provided when EAP-SASL has exchanged *RANDOMSALT, in
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which case it is set to the concatenation of the peer and server
random salt bytes.
6. Efficiency Considerations
EAP is a lock-stepped request/response protocol, which means that
there are no window buffers, and so efficiency can be low, especially
when EAP-SASL is run over EAP-TTLS. This is agravated in setups with
a backend AAA server, especially when the backend is dynamically
switched to a remote site. Since EAP is mostly used to bootstrap
network connections, rather than consistently recurring events, this
is usually considered acceptable.
Some EAP-SASL mechanisms or encapsulations may derive an end-to-end
secret key that cannot be observed by intermediates. This may speed
up further processing, for instance for the setup of IPsec shared
keys.
SASL is present in many protocols, each of which could be candidates
for backend authentication. Many protocols (like IMAP and SMTP) do
not allow reuse of connections for multiple authentications. LDAP
does allow such reuse, and overcomes MTU-caused fragmentation, but
only one LDAP bind interaction can be active at any time. The best
performance is to be expected from the multiplexed authentication
sessions over AAA protocols. Of these, Diameter over SCTP is likely
the most efficient, because it (1) avoids head-of-line blocking by
sending out-of-order, (2) avoids resend logic and timers with
reliable delivery, (3) avoids fragmentation by allowing large user
messages, (4) handles resends at the protocol level, and can notice
intermediate frames being dropped, (5) can combine multiple small
messages in one network packet.
7. Privacy Considerations
The EAP-SASL mechanism is as private as SASL is. So, when a user
identity is revealed in plaintext SASL, then it will also be visible
in plaintext EAP-SASL. A layer of EAP-TTLS can remedy any problems
with this.
In addition, EAP-SASL may be transported with a so-called outer
identity. If this is the case, then additional data may leak from
there too. The customary approach is then to avoid mentioning the
username portion, but just the realm, as in @example.com User-Id
attributes.
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8. Security Considerations
Anything that cannot travel securely in plaintext over SASL, also
cannot travel securely over EAP-SASL. Where needed, a layer of EAP-
TTLS can be used to remedy that.
SASL mechanisms are not only subjected to public showing of
credentials, but also to the danger of entering in a challenge/
response interaction with an unverified peer, which may then function
as a man in the middle. Such men are usually called Eve. A wrapper
of EAP-TTLS can remedy this, by supplying end-to-end server
authenticity.
Whether plaintext suffices for EAP-SASL depends largely on the
intermediate network; when routing to an external network it is
almost certainly not a good idea but when routing to a nearby AAA
backend within a secure network premises or over a secure AAA
backlink it can be made secure.
When producing MSK/EMSK from EAP-SASL, it is vital to have good
entropy from all the available places: the session key, the EAP peer
and EAP server should all provide an ample amount of entropy. The
*RANDOMSALT provided by EAP peer and server helps each side to direct
scattering of the MSK/EMSK, and thereby influence that other parties
could attempt replay attacks; but regardless of the quality and size
of these *RANDOMSALT fragments, the session key is still subject to
password attacks upon observation of the MSK/EMSK and must therefore
be carefully selected; this is especially a concern when the session
key is just a shared secret, such as a password, which may be used
without change over a prolonged period.
9. IANA Considerations
This specification requests the registration of a Method Type in the
Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) Registry, from the range
granted through the Designated Expert with Specification Required
procedure. IANA has assigned TBD to the EAP method specified herein.
This specification defines an additional entry in the registry
"Generic Security Service Application Program Interface
(GSSAPI)/Kerberos/Simple Authentication and Security Layer (SASL)
Service Names" namely:
Service Name: net
Usage: authentication for network access
Reference: TBD:this specification
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This specification defines an entry in the TLS Exporter Label
registry, referencing this specification, namely: EAP-SASL key
derivation
10. References
10.1. Normative References
[I-D.ietf-kitten-iakerb]
Kaduk, B., Schaad, J., Zhu, L., and J. Altman, "Initial
and Pass Through Authentication Using Kerberos V5 and the
GSS- API (IAKERB)", draft-ietf-kitten-iakerb-03 (work in
progress), March 2017.
[RFC1594] Marine, A., Reynolds, J., and G. Malkin, "FYI on Questions
and Answers - Answers to Commonly asked "New Internet
User" Questions", RFC 1594, DOI 10.17487/RFC1594, March
1994, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1594>.
[RFC2284] Blunk, L. and J. Vollbrecht, "PPP Extensible
Authentication Protocol (EAP)", RFC 2284,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2284, March 1998,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2284>.
[RFC3748] Aboba, B., Blunk, L., Vollbrecht, J., Carlson, J., and H.
Levkowetz, Ed., "Extensible Authentication Protocol
(EAP)", RFC 3748, DOI 10.17487/RFC3748, June 2004,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3748>.
[RFC4422] Melnikov, A., Ed. and K. Zeilenga, Ed., "Simple
Authentication and Security Layer (SASL)", RFC 4422,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4422, June 2006,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4422>.
[RFC5247] Aboba, B., Simon, D., and P. Eronen, "Extensible
Authentication Protocol (EAP) Key Management Framework",
RFC 5247, DOI 10.17487/RFC5247, August 2008,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5247>.
[RFC5281] Funk, P. and S. Blake-Wilson, "Extensible Authentication
Protocol Tunneled Transport Layer Security Authenticated
Protocol Version 0 (EAP-TTLSv0)", RFC 5281,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5281, August 2008,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5281>.
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[RFC5295] Salowey, J., Dondeti, L., Narayanan, V., and M. Nakhjiri,
"Specification for the Derivation of Root Keys from an
Extended Master Session Key (EMSK)", RFC 5295,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5295, August 2008,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5295>.
[RFC5705] Rescorla, E., "Keying Material Exporters for Transport
Layer Security (TLS)", RFC 5705, DOI 10.17487/RFC5705,
March 2010, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5705>.
[RFC6677] Hartman, S., Ed., Clancy, T., and K. Hoeper, "Channel-
Binding Support for Extensible Authentication Protocol
(EAP) Methods", RFC 6677, DOI 10.17487/RFC6677, July 2012,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6677>.
[RFC7542] DeKok, A., "The Network Access Identifier", RFC 7542,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7542, May 2015,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7542>.
10.2. Informative References
[I-D.vanrein-eap-kerberos]
Rein, R., "Kerberos in the Extensible Authentication
Protocol (EAP-Kerberos)", draft-vanrein-eap-kerberos-00
(work in progress), March 2016.
[RFC2865] Rigney, C., Willens, S., Rubens, A., and W. Simpson,
"Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)",
RFC 2865, DOI 10.17487/RFC2865, June 2000,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2865>.
[RFC5191] Forsberg, D., Ohba, Y., Ed., Patil, B., Tschofenig, H.,
and A. Yegin, "Protocol for Carrying Authentication for
Network Access (PANA)", RFC 5191, DOI 10.17487/RFC5191,
May 2008, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5191>.
[RFC6733] Fajardo, V., Ed., Arkko, J., Loughney, J., and G. Zorn,
Ed., "Diameter Base Protocol", RFC 6733,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6733, October 2012,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6733>.
[RFC7055] Hartman, S., Ed. and J. Howlett, "A GSS-API Mechanism for
the Extensible Authentication Protocol", RFC 7055,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7055, December 2013,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7055>.
Van Rein Expires February 15, 2018 [Page 12]
Internet-Draft EAP-SASL August 2017
[RFC7296] Kaufman, C., Hoffman, P., Nir, Y., Eronen, P., and T.
Kivinen, "Internet Key Exchange Protocol Version 2
(IKEv2)", STD 79, RFC 7296, DOI 10.17487/RFC7296, October
2014, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7296>.
Author's Address
Rick van Rein
ARPA2.net
Haarlebrink 5
Enschede, Overijssel 7544 WP
The Netherlands
Email: rick@openfortress.nl
Van Rein Expires February 15, 2018 [Page 13]
