rfc2036
Network Working Group G. Huston
Request for Comments: 2036 Telstra Internet
Category: Informational October 1996
Observations on the use of Components of the Class A
Address Space within the Internet
Status of this Memo
This memo provides information for the Internet community. This memo
does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of
this memo is unlimited.
Abstract
This document is a commentary on the recommendation that IANA
commence allocation of the presently unallocated components of the
Class A address space to registries, for deployment within the
Internet as class-less address blocks.
The document examines the implications for service providers and end
clients within this environment. The document notes the major
conclusion that widespread adoption of class-less routing protocols
is required, within a relatively rapid timeframe for this
recommendation to be effective.
Introduction
The Address Lifetime Expectancy (ALE) Working Group of the IETF has
recorded the allocation of Internet addresses from the unallocated
address pool. ALE has noted that the existing practice of drawing
addresses from the Class C space (192/3 address prefix) will result
in near to medium term exhaustion of this section of the unallocated
address pool. The largest remaining pool is in the Class A space,
where some 25% of Internet addresses (the upper half of the Class A
space) remain, to date, unallocated.
This document is a commentary on the potential recommendation that
the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), through delegated
registries, commence allocation of the presently unallocated
components of the Class A address space to registries, for
deployment within the Internet through the mechanism of allocation of
class-less address prefixes.
The deployment of class-less address prefixes from the Class A space
within the Internet will require some changes to the routing
structure within Internet component network domains. The motivation
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for, and nature of, such changes as they effect network domains and
network service providers are outlined in this document.
Current Practice with Address Allocations
To date the allocation of class-less network prefixed address blocks
has followed a conservative practice of using address allocations
which are compatible superblocks of Class C addresses, while the
allocation of addresses within the space of Class A and Class B
networks has continued to be aligned with the class-based prefix
structure.
Within this address allocation environment for non-transit network
domains there is accordingly the option to continue to use address
deployment strategies which involve fixed subnet address structures
within contiguous areas, and use Class-full interior routing
protocols. In the situation where variable length subnet masks or
disconnected subnets are deployed within the network domain's routing
structure, interior routing protocols which use subnet-based routing
of Class-full networks can still be successfully deployed and the end
network has the option of using an explicit or implicit sink subnet
default route. Where such non-transit network domains are connected
to the Internet infrastructure the boundary exchange between the
non-transit network and the network service provider (this term is
used as a synonym for a transit network domain, which provides a
traffic transit service to other non-transit and peer transit network
domains) is either a class-full advertisement of routes, or an
aggregated address advertisement where the aggregate is a superblock
of the deployed component class-full networks. At the boundary points
of the non-transit network it is a requirement that the non-transit
network's subnet default route (if used explicitly) not be directed
to the network service provider's domain, to avoid a routing loop at
the domain boundary point.
For network service providers the interior routing protocol can use
either aggregated routing or explicit class-full routing within this
environment. At the network service provider's boundary peering
points the strongly recommended practice is to advertise aggregated
routes to transit peers, which in turn may be further aggregated
across the Internet, within the parameters of permissible policies.
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Implications of Address Allocation from the Class A space
Network Service Providers Must Use Class-less Routing
For network service providers within the deployed Internet the
implications from this recommendation to deploy prefixes from the
Class A address space add more pressure to the requirement to
uniformly deploy class-less routing protocols. While this is already
a mandatory requirement for any domain which operates without a
default route (ie. the provider carries full Internet routing and
effectively calculates default), other providers currently can use
an imported default route and operate within a class-full routing
configuration. This mode of operation is sub-optimal, in so far as
the task of aggregating routes falls on peer network service
providers performing proxy aggregation of contiguous class-full
address blocks.
In deploying components of the Class A the use of proxy aggregation
is no longer sufficient. Where a domain sees a default route and a
subnet of a Class A route the routing structure, in a class-full
configuration, may not necessarily follow the default route to reach
other parts of the Class A network not covered by the advertised
Class A subnet route.
Accordingly for Network Service Providers operating within the
Internet domain the deployment of components of the Class A space
entails a requirement to deploy class-less routing protocols, even in
the presence of a default route. It is noted that this absolute
requirement is not the case at present.
Consideration of Non-Transit Network Configurations
For disconnected network environments, where the network domain is
operated with no links to any peer networking domain, such networks
can continue to use class-full interior routing protocols with subnet
support. Allocation of addresses using prefix blocks from the Class A
space within such environments is possible without adding any
additional routing or address deployment restrictions on the network
domain.
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For non-transit network domains which are connected to one or more
peer network domains the situation does involve consideration of
additional factors. The observation which is made in the context of
this consideration is that there are at present relatively few non-
transit networks operating a fully class-less interior routing
protocol, as there has been no absolute requirement for this
functionality when using single class-full network addresses, or when
using block prefixed address allocations which are clusters of class-
full network addresses.
For non-transit network domains which support external peer
connections to a network service provider, deployment of a component
of the Class A space would be supportable using a fully class-less
interior routing protocol.
In this case there is an additional constraint placed on the external
connection such that the non-transit domain either agrees that the
network service will undertake proxy aggregation of the advertised
class-less address components, or the network domain is configured to
advertise to the provider an aggregate route. In both cases the
aggregate route must be either the allocated address block, or a
fully contained sub-block. Advertising aggregatable address blocks
without proxy aggregation permission, or advertising multiple sub-
blocks of the registry allocated address block is considered overly
deleterious to the provider's internetworking environment due to
considerations of consequent growth in routing table size.
If the externally connected non-transit network domain uses class-
full interior routing protocols then deployment of Class A address
space prefixes implies that the domain must configure the Class A
subnet default route along the same path as the default route to the
network service provider (which is noted to be the exact opposite of
the necessary routing configuration for those address prefixes which
are either aligned to class-full address boundaries or are super
blocks of such class-full address blocks). The network service
provider may also receive leaked explicit subnet reachability
information in such a routing configuration, potentially placing the
responsibility for advertising the correct aggregate address block
with the network service provider as a case of proxied aggregation.
Within this configuration model, even when explicit subnet default
routing is deployed, there is the risk of unintentional traffic
leakage and routing loops. If the network service provider is
undertaking proxy aggregation using the registry allocated address
block then traffic originating within the non-transit domain which is
(mis)directed to non-deployed components of the address block will
loop at the interface between the network domain and the provider. If
the network service provider is configured to explicitly route only
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those address components which are also explicitly routed within the
non-transit domain, such (mis)directed traffic will be passed through
the internetworking environment along the default route until a
default-less routing point is encountered, where it can then be
discarded. The outcome of this consideration is that the non-transit
network domain should explicitly configure sink subnet routes for all
non-deployed components of the allocated address block, and
conservative operational practice would be to configure the proxy
aggregation undertaken by the network service provider to aggregate
according to the registry allocated address block.
There is an additional constraint placed on the non-transit network
domain using class-full interior routing protocols, such that the
domain has no other exterior peer connections to other network
domains which deploy class-full routing interior routing protocols.
There is the further constraint placed on the of use of interior
class-full routing protocols within a non-transit network domain. In
the case where the non-transit network domain has multiple exterior
connections to Network Service Providers (ie the network domain is
multiply homed within a number of network providers) there is the
possibility that each provider may wish to announce components of the
same Class A parent. Accordingly the network domain must use a class-
less interior routing protocol in the case where the network domain
is multiply homed within network service providers.
There are also additional constraints placed on the non-transit
network domain where the network has exterior connections to other
peer networks. Even in the case where the network domain uses a
class-less interior routing protocol, there is the additional
consideration that this requirement for use of a class-less routing
domain is transitive to other connected network domains. An second
network domain, externally connected to the class-less domain routing
part of the Class A space, will interpret the boundary reachability
advertisement as a complete Class A network advertisement, if using
class-full routing. Even if both network domains are connected to the
same network provider the provider's default routing advertisement
default to the class-full domain will be overridden by the assumed
class A advertisement through the domain-to-domain connection,
leading to unintended traffic diversion. The diversion occurs in this
case as the traffic directed to parts of the Class A network which
are not deployed within the first domain will transit the first
domain before entering the network service provider's domain.
It is also possible to have configurations with unintended routing
holes. An example of such a configuration is two stub clients of
different network service providers, both using class-less interior
routing (X and Y), both directly connected to a third network domain
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(Z), which uses class-full interior routing, which is configured as a
transit between X and Y. X's advertisement of a component of a Class
A to Z will be assumed by Z to be a complete Class A network, and as
such will be advertised to Y, overriding Y's default route received
from the network service provider. Y will pass all Class A addressed
traffic to Z, who will in turn pass it to X. As X is configured as a
non-transit stub network X must discard all non-locally addressed
traffic.
Thus reasonable operational practice would be to ensure that if a
network domain deploys a component of the Class A address space, the
network domain is configured to use class-less interior routing
protocols, and the network has a single exterior connection to a
class-less network provider domain, with the boundary configured as a
class-less routing exchange. Multiply homed network domains do infer
a common requirement of class-less routing exchanges and interior
class-less routing protocols across all peer connected network
domains.
It is possible to propose that multi homed network domains should
probably not get subnets of a class A for these reasons, although
with an increasing diversity of network service providers instances
of multi-homed network domains may become more prevalent, and the
requirement to transition to an interior class-less routing structure
as a consequence of moving to a multi-homed configuration may not be
explicitly apparent to all network domains.
Potential Guidelines for Allocation of an Address Prefix from the Class
A Address Space
To summarise the possible guidelines for allocation from the Class A
space, such addresses should only be assigned to network domains
which:
- have no exterior connection (in which case the domain can use
either class-full or class-less interior routing protocols without
further implication),
or
- are a component of a private internet domain which uses class-full
routing exchanges and no other part of the same Class A is
assigned into the domain (this is probably an unlikely scenario
given a probable direction to use the Class A space as the major
resource for the unallocated pool of addresses for allocation),
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or
- have a single default exterior connection to a class-less routing
domain, use class-full routing protocols and explicitly direct a
subnet default route to the exterior connection,
or
- use class-less interior routing protocols and connect only to
other network domains which also use class-less interior routing
protocols.
It is a reasonable objective to nominate a transition objective to
the final configuration (uniform use of class-less routing domains
within the Internet) which would enable deployment of components of
the Class A space uniformly across the Internet.
Related Potential Activities
Given the pressures on the remaining Class C address space in the
unallocated address pool, it is noted that there would be widespread
deployment of components of the remaining Class A space in class-less
allocation guidelines. There is a consequent requirement for
widespread deployment of class-less interior routing protocols in
order to ensure continued correct operation of the routed Internet.
This is a more significant transition than that deployed to date with
the network service providers' deployment of Class-less Inter-Domain
Routing (CIDR) protocols, in that there is a necessary transition to
deploy Class-less Interior Routing Protocols (CIRP) within a large
number of network domains which are currently configured with class-
full routing.
However this would appear to be a necessary task if we wish to
continue to utilise a pool of globally unique Internet addresses to
allocate to new systems and networks, but one requiring significant
effort considering the space of the routing transition required to
make this work.
There are a number of directed activities which can assist in this
transition:
- The network registries commence initial class-less allocation from
the unallocated Class A space to those entities who either:
o operate a CIRP environment, and either have no external
connectivity, or are singly homed to a network service provider
using a CIDR environment, with no other exterior connections,
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or
o operate a class-full routing protocol, and either have no
external connectivity, or are singly homed to a network service
provider using a CIDR environment, with no other exterior
connections, and are willing to point the subnet default route
towards the network service provider.
- In deploying the Class A space there is a requirement within the
vendors' product sets to allow explicit configuration of whether
the router operates in a class-less or class-full mode, with
correct behaviour of the default route in each case. Class-full
mode of operation must also allow explicit configuration of
subnet default behaviour as to whether to follow the default
route, or to operate a subnet default sink.
- There is a similar, but longer term, activity within the host
configuration environment to support a mode of address
configuration which uses a local network prefix and host address,
possibly in addition to the current configuration mode of class-
full network, subnet and host address
- Internet Service Providers also must support full class-less
configurations in both interior routing configurations and
interdomain peering routing exchanges, and provide support to
client network domains operating a class-less boundary routing
exchange configuration and be able to undertake proxy aggregation
as permitted.
Security Considerations
Correct configuration of the routing environment of the Internet is
essential to the secure operation of the Internet.
The potential use of the Class A space raises no additional
considerations in this area.
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References
[CIDR]
Fuller, V., T. Li, J. Yu, and K. Varadhan, "Classless Inter-
Domain Routing (CIDR): an Address Assignment and Aggregation
Strategy", RFC 1519, BARRnet, cisco, MERIT, OARnet, September
1993.
Author's Address
Geoff Huston
Telstra Internet
Locked Bag 5744
Canberra ACT 2601
Australia
phone: +61 6 208 1908
email: gih@telstra.net
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ERRATA
