| RFC : | rfc9660 |
| Title: | DNS Security Extensions (DNSSEC) |
| Date: | October 2024 |
| Status: | PROPOSED STANDARD |
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) H. Salgado
Request for Comments: 9660 NIC Chile
Category: Standards Track M. Vergara
ISSN: 2070-1721 DigitalOcean
D. Wessels
Verisign
October 2024
The DNS Zone Version (ZONEVERSION) Option
Abstract
The DNS ZONEVERSION option is a way for DNS clients to request, and
for authoritative DNS servers to provide, information regarding the
version of the zone from which a response is generated. The SERIAL
field from the Start of Authority (SOA) resource record (RR) is a
good example of a zone's version, and it is the only one defined by
this specification. Additional version types may be defined by
future specifications.
Including zone version data in a response simplifies and improves the
quality of debugging and diagnostics since the version and the DNS
answer are provided atomically. This can be especially useful for
zones and DNS providers that leverage IP anycast or multiple backend
systems. It functions similarly to the DNS Name Server Identifier
(NSID) option described in RFC 5001.
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9660.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2024 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
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in the Revised BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
1.1. Requirements Language
1.2. Terminology
2. The ZONEVERSION Option
2.1. Wire Format
2.2. Presentation Format
3. ZONEVERSION Processing
3.1. Initiators
3.2. Responders
3.2.1. Responding to Invalid ZONEVERSION Queries
3.2.2. ZONEVERSION Is Not Transitive
4. The SOA-SERIAL ZONEVERSION Type
4.1. Type SOA-SERIAL Presentation Format
5. Example Usage
6. IANA Considerations
6.1. DNS EDNS(0) Option Code Registration
6.2. ZONEVERSION TYPE Values Registry
6.2.1. Designated Expert Review Directives
7. Security Considerations
8. Normative References
9. Informative References
Appendix A. Implementation Considerations
Appendix B. Implementation References
Acknowledgements
Authors' Addresses
1. Introduction
The ZONEVERSION option allows DNS queriers to request, and
authoritative DNS servers to provide, a token representing the
version of the zone from which a DNS response was generated. It is
similar to the NSID option [RFC5001], which can be used to convey the
identification of a name server that generates a response.
The Domain Name System allows data to be loosely coherent [RFC3254],
because synchronization can never be instantaneous, and some uses of
DNS do not require strong coherency anyway. This means that a record
obtained by one response could be out of sync with other
authoritative sources of the same data at the same point in time.
This can make it difficult to debug some problems when there is a
need to couple the data with the version of the zone it came from.
Furthermore, in today's Internet, it is common for high volume and
important DNS zones to utilize IP anycast (Section 4.9 of [RFC4786])
and/or load-balanced backend servers. In general, there is no way to
ensure that two separate queries are delivered to the same server.
The ZONEVERSION option both simplifies and improves DNS monitoring
and debugging by directly associating the data and the version
together in a single response.
The SOA SERIAL field (Section 4.3.5 of [RFC1034]) is one example of
zone versioning. Its purpose is to facilitate the distribution of
zone data between primary and secondary name servers. It is also
often useful in DNS monitoring and debugging. This document
specifies the SOA SERIAL as one type of ZONEVERSION data.
Some DNS zones may use other distribution and synchronization
mechanisms that are not based on the SOA SERIAL number, such as
relational databases or other proprietary methods. In those cases,
the SOA SERIAL field may not be relevant with respect to the
versioning of its content. To accommodate these use cases, new
ZONEVERSION types could be defined in future specifications.
Alternatively, zone operators may use one of the Private Use
ZONEVERSION code points allocated by this specification.
The ZONEVERSION option is OPTIONAL to implement by DNS clients and
name servers. It is designed for use only when a name server
provides authoritative response data. It is intended only for hop-
to-hop communication and is not transitive.
1.1. Requirements Language
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
1.2. Terminology
In this document, "original QNAME" is used to mean what the DNS
terminology document [RFC9499] calls "QNAME (original)":
| The name actually sent in the Question section in the original
| query, which is always echoed in the (final) reply in the Question
| section when the QR bit is set to 1.
In this document, an "enclosing zone" of a domain name means a zone
in which the domain name is present as an owner name or any parent of
that zone. For example, if B.C.EXAMPLE and EXAMPLE are zones but
C.EXAMPLE is not, the domain name A.B.C.EXAMPLE has B.C.EXAMPLE,
EXAMPLE, and the root as enclosing zones.
2. The ZONEVERSION Option
This document specifies a new EDNS(0) [RFC6891] option, ZONEVERSION,
which can be used by DNS clients and servers to provide information
regarding the version of the zone from which a response is generated.
2.1. Wire Format
The ZONEVERSION option is encoded as follows:
OPTION-CODE for the ZONEVERSION option is 19.
OPTION-LENGTH for the ZONEVERSION option MUST have a value of 0 for
queries and MUST have the value of the length (in octets) of the
OPTION-DATA for responses.
OPTION-DATA for the ZONEVERSION option is omitted in queries. For
responses, it is composed of three fields:
* an unsigned 1-octet Label Count (LABELCOUNT) indicating the number
of labels for the name of the zone that VERSION value refers to
* an unsigned 1-octet type number (TYPE) distinguishing the format
and meaning of VERSION
* an opaque octet string conveying the zone version data (VERSION)
+0 (MSB) +1 (LSB)
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
0: | LABELCOUNT | TYPE |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
2: | VERSION |
/ /
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
Figure 1: Diagram with the OPTION-DATA Format for the ZONEVERSION
Option
The LABELCOUNT field indicates the name of the zone that the
ZONEVERSION option refers to, by means of taking the last LABELCOUNT
labels of the original QNAME. For example, an answer with QNAME
"a.b.c.example.com" and a ZONEVERSION option with a LABELCOUNT of
value 2 indicates that the zone name in which this ZONEVERSION refers
to is "example.com.".
In the case of a downward referral response, the LABELCOUNT number
helps to differentiate between the parent and child zones, where the
parent is authoritative for some portion of the QNAME above a zone
cut. Also, if the ANSWER section has more than one RR set with
different zones (like a CNAME and a target name in another zone), the
number of labels in the QNAME disambiguates such a situation.
The value of the LABELCOUNT field MUST NOT count the null (root)
label that terminates the original QNAME. The value of the
LABELCOUNT field MUST be less than or equal to the number of labels
in the original QNAME. The Root zone (".") has a LABELCOUNT field
value of 0.
2.2. Presentation Format
The presentation format of the ZONEVERSION option is as follows:
The OPTION-CODE field MUST be represented as the mnemonic value
ZONEVERSION.
The OPTION-LENGTH field MAY be omitted, but if present, it MUST be
represented as an unsigned decimal integer.
The LABELCOUNT value of the OPTION-DATA field MAY be omitted, but if
present, it MUST be represented as an unsigned decimal integer. The
corresponding zone name SHOULD be displayed (i.e., LABELCOUNT labels
of the original QNAME) for easier human consumption.
The TYPE and VERSION fields of the option SHOULD be represented
according to each specific TYPE.
3. ZONEVERSION Processing
3.1. Initiators
A DNS client MAY signal its support and desire for zone version
information by including an empty ZONEVERSION option in the EDNS(0)
OPT pseudo-RR of a query to an authoritative name server. An empty
ZONEVERSION option has OPTION-LENGTH set to zero.
A DNS client SHOULD NOT send the ZONEVERSION option to non-
authoritative name servers.
A DNS client MUST NOT include more than one ZONEVERSION option in the
OPT pseudo-RR of a DNS query.
3.2. Responders
A name server that (a) understands the ZONEVERSION option, (b)
receives a query with the ZONEVERSION option, (c) is authoritative
for one or more enclosing zones of the original QNAME, and (d)
chooses to honor a particular ZONEVERSION request responds by
including a TYPE and corresponding VERSION value in a ZONEVERSION
option in an EDNS(0) OPT pseudo-RR in the response message.
Otherwise, a server MUST NOT include a ZONEVERSION option in the
response.
A name server MAY include more than one ZONEVERSION option in the
response if it supports multiple TYPEs. A name server MAY also
include more than one ZONEVERSION option in the response if it is
authoritative for more than one enclosing zone of the original QNAME.
A name server MUST NOT include more than one ZONEVERSION option for a
given TYPE and LABELCOUNT.
Note: the ZONEVERSION option should be included for any response
satisfying the criteria above including, but not limited to, the
following:
* Downward referral (see "Referrals" in Section 4 of [RFC9499]),
even though the response's Authoritative Answer bit is not set.
In this case, the ZONEVERSION data MUST correspond to the version
of the referring zone.
* Name error (NXDOMAIN), even though the response does not include
any Answer section RRs.
* NODATA (Section 3 of [RFC9499]), even though the response does not
include any Answer section RRs.
* Server failure (SERVFAIL) when the server is authoritative for the
original QNAME.
3.2.1. Responding to Invalid ZONEVERSION Queries
A name server that understands the ZONEVERSION option MUST return a
FORMERR response when:
* The ZONEVERSION OPTION-LENGTH is not zero.
* More than one ZONEVERSION option is present.
3.2.2. ZONEVERSION Is Not Transitive
The ZONEVERSION option is not transitive. A name server (recursive
or otherwise) MUST NOT blindly copy the ZONEVERSION option from a
query it receives into a subsequent query that it sends onward to
another server. A name server MUST NOT send a ZONEVERSION option
back to a client that did not request it.
4. The SOA-SERIAL ZONEVERSION Type
The first and only ZONEVERSION option TYPE defined in this document
is a zone's serial number as found in the Start of Authority (SOA)
RR.
As mentioned previously, some DNS zones may use alternative
distribution and synchronization mechanisms that are not based on the
SOA SERIAL number, and the SERIAL field may not be relevant with
respect to the versioning of zone content. In those cases, a name
server SHOULD NOT include a ZONEVERSION option with type SOA-SERIAL
in a reply.
The value for this type is "0".
The mnemonic for this type is "SOA-SERIAL".
The EDNS(0) OPTION-LENGTH for this type MUST be set to "6" in
responses.
The VERSION value for the SOA-SERIAL type MUST be a copy of the
unsigned 32-bit SERIAL field of the SOA RR, as defined in
Section 3.3.13 of [RFC1035].
4.1. Type SOA-SERIAL Presentation Format
The presentation format of this type content is as follows:
The TYPE field MUST be represented as the mnemonic value "SOA-
SERIAL".
The VERSION field MUST be represented as an unsigned decimal
integer.
5. Example Usage
A name server that (a) implements this specification, (b) receives a
query with the ZONEVERSION option, (c) is authoritative for the zone
of the original QNAME, and (d) utilizes the SOA SERIAL field for
versioning of said zone should include a ZONEVERSION option in its
response. In the response's ZONEVERSION option, the EDNS(0) OPTION-
LENGTH would be set to 6 and the OPTION-DATA would consist of the
1-octet LABELCOUNT, the 1-octet TYPE with value 0, and the 4-octet
SOA-SERIAL value.
The example below demonstrates expected output of a diagnostic tool
that implements the ZONEVERSION option, displaying a response from a
compliant authoritative DNS server:
$ dig @ns.example.com www.example.com aaaa +zoneversion \
+norecurse +nocmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 7077
;; flags: qr aa; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 2
;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 1232
; ZONEVERSION: 02 00 78 95 a4 e9 ("SOA-SERIAL: 2023073001 \
; (example.com.)")
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;www.example.com. IN AAAA
;; ANSWER SECTION:
www.example.com. 43200 IN AAAA 2001:db8::80
;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
example.com. 43200 IN NS ns.example.com.
;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:
ns.example.com. 43200 IN AAAA 2001:db8::53
;; Query time: 15 msec
;; SERVER: 2001:db8::53#53(2001:db8::53) (UDP)
;; WHEN: dom jul 30 19:51:04 -04 2023
;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 129
Figure 2: Example Usage and Dig Output
6. IANA Considerations
6.1. DNS EDNS(0) Option Code Registration
This document defines a new EDNS(0) option, entitled "ZONEVERSION"
(see Section 2), with the assigned value of 19 from the "DNS EDNS0
Option Codes (OPT)" registry:
+=======+=============+==========+===========+
| Value | Name | Status | Reference |
+=======+=============+==========+===========+
| 19 | ZONEVERSION | Standard | RFC 9660 |
+=======+=============+==========+===========+
Table 1: DNS EDNS0 Option Codes (OPT) Registry
6.2. ZONEVERSION TYPE Values Registry
IANA has created and will maintain a new registry called "ZONEVERSION
TYPE Values" in the "Domain Name System (DNS) Parameters" registry
group as follows:
+=========+=========================+
| Range | Registration Procedures |
+=========+=========================+
| 0-245 | Specification Required |
+=========+=========================+
| 246-254 | Private Use |
+=========+=========================+
| 255 | Reserved |
+=========+=========================+
Table 2: Registration Procedures
for the ZONEVERSION TYPE Values
Registry
Initial values for the "ZONEVERSION TYPE Values" registry are given
below; future assignments in the 1-245 values range are to be made
through Specification Required [RFC8126]. Assignments consist of a
TYPE value as an unsigned 8-bit integer recorded in decimal, a
Mnemonic name as an uppercase ASCII string with a maximum length of
15 characters, and the required document reference.
+==================+==========================+===========+
| ZONEVERSION TYPE | Mnemonic | Reference |
+==================+==========================+===========+
| 0 | SOA-SERIAL | RFC 9660 |
+==================+==========================+===========+
| 1-245 | Unassigned | |
+==================+==========================+===========+
| 246-254 | Reserved for Private Use | RFC 9660 |
+==================+==========================+===========+
| 255 | Reserved | RFC 9660 |
+==================+==========================+===========+
Table 3: ZONEVERSION TYPE Values Registry
The change controller for this registry is IETF.
6.2.1. Designated Expert Review Directives
The allocation procedure for new code points in the "ZONEVERSION TYPE
Values" registry is Specification Required, thus review is required
by a designated expert as stated in [RFC8126].
When evaluating requests, the expert should consider the following:
* Duplication of code point allocations should be avoided.
* A Presentation Format section should be provided with a clear code
point mnemonic.
* The referenced document and stated use of the new code point
should be appropriate for the intended use of a ZONEVERSION TYPE
assignment. In particular, the reference should state clear
instructions for implementers about the syntax and semantic of the
data. Also, the length of the data must have proper limits.
The expert reviewing the request MUST respond within 10 business
days.
7. Security Considerations
The EDNS extension data is not covered by RRSIG records, so there's
no way to verify its authenticity nor integrity using DNSSEC, and it
could theoretically be tampered with by a person in the middle if the
transport is made by insecure means. Caution should be taken to use
the EDNS ZONEVERSION data for any means besides troubleshooting and
debugging.
If there's a need to certify the trustworthiness of ZONEVERSION, it
will be necessary to use an encrypted and authenticated DNS
transport, a transaction signature (TSIG) [RFC8945], or SIG(0)
[RFC2931].
If there's a need to authenticate the data origin for the ZONEVERSION
value, an answer with the SOA-SERIAL type as defined above could be
compared to a separate regular SOA query with a DO flag, whose answer
shall be DNSSEC signed. Since these are separate queries, the
caveats about loose coherency already stated in the Introduction
(Section 1) would apply.
With the SOA-SERIAL type defined above, there's no risk on disclosure
of private information, as the SERIAL of the SOA record is already
publicly available.
Please note that the ZONEVERSION option cannot be used for checking
the correctness of an entire zone in a server. For such cases, the
ZONEMD record [RFC8976] might be better suited for such a task.
ZONEVERSION can help identify and correlate a specific answer with a
version of a zone, but it has no special integrity or verification
function besides a normal field value inside a zone, as stated above.
8. Normative References
[RFC1034] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - concepts and facilities",
STD 13, RFC 1034, DOI 10.17487/RFC1034, November 1987,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1034>.
[RFC1035] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and
specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, DOI 10.17487/RFC1035,
November 1987, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1035>.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC6891] Damas, J., Graff, M., and P. Vixie, "Extension Mechanisms
for DNS (EDNS(0))", STD 75, RFC 6891,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6891, April 2013,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6891>.
[RFC8126] Cotton, M., Leiba, B., and T. Narten, "Guidelines for
Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26,
RFC 8126, DOI 10.17487/RFC8126, June 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8126>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
9. Informative References
[ImplRef] "Zoneversion Implementations", commit f5f68a0, August
2023, <https://github.com/huguei/rrserial>.
[RFC2931] Eastlake 3rd, D., "DNS Request and Transaction Signatures
( SIG(0)s )", RFC 2931, DOI 10.17487/RFC2931, September
2000, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2931>.
[RFC3254] Alvestrand, H., "Definitions for talking about
directories", RFC 3254, DOI 10.17487/RFC3254, April 2002,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3254>.
[RFC4786] Abley, J. and K. Lindqvist, "Operation of Anycast
Services", BCP 126, RFC 4786, DOI 10.17487/RFC4786,
December 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4786>.
[RFC5001] Austein, R., "DNS Name Server Identifier (NSID) Option",
RFC 5001, DOI 10.17487/RFC5001, August 2007,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5001>.
[RFC8945] Dupont, F., Morris, S., Vixie, P., Eastlake 3rd, D.,
Gudmundsson, O., and B. Wellington, "Secret Key
Transaction Authentication for DNS (TSIG)", STD 93,
RFC 8945, DOI 10.17487/RFC8945, November 2020,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8945>.
[RFC8976] Wessels, D., Barber, P., Weinberg, M., Kumari, W., and W.
Hardaker, "Message Digest for DNS Zones", RFC 8976,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8976, February 2021,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8976>.
[RFC9499] Hoffman, P. and K. Fujiwara, "DNS Terminology", BCP 219,
RFC 9499, DOI 10.17487/RFC9499, March 2024,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9499>.
Appendix A. Implementation Considerations
With very few exceptions, EDNS(0) option values in a response are
independent of the queried name. This is not the case for
ZONEVERSION, so its implementation may be more or less difficult,
depending on how EDNS(0) options are handled in the name server.
Appendix B. Implementation References
There is a patched NSD server (version 4.7.0) with support for
ZONEVERSION as well as live test servers installed for compliance
tests. Also, there is a client command "dig" with added zoneversion
support, along with test libraries in Perl, Python, and Go. See
[ImplRef] for more information.
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful for all the support and comments made in the
DNSOP Working Group mailing list, chats, and discussions. A special
thanks for suggestions to generalize the option using a registry of
types from Petr Špaček and Florian Obser, suggestions for
implementation from Stéphane Bortzmeyer, clarifications on security
from George Michaelson, zone name disambiguation from Joe Abley and
Brian Dickson, and reviews from Tim Wicinski and Peter Thomassen.
Authors' Addresses
Hugo Salgado
NIC Chile
Miraflores 222, piso 14
CP 8320198 Santiago
Chile
Phone: +56 2 29407700
Email: hsalgado@nic.cl
Mauricio Vergara Ereche
DigitalOcean
101 6th Ave
New York, NY 10013
United States of America
Email: mvergara@digitalocean.com
Duane Wessels
Verisign
12061 Bluemont Way
Reston, VA 20190
United States of America
Phone: +1 703 948-3200
Email: dwessels@verisign.com
URI: https://verisign.com
ERRATA